早期乳腺癌保留乳房治疗42例分析

目的本文探讨了早期乳腺癌的最佳治疗方式。方法对42例早期乳腺癌进行保乳手术并与传统根治术进行比较。其中0期2例,I期29例,Ⅱ期11例。42行乳房区段切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫,全部患者术后2周内放疗。结果两组术后均获随诊,随诊满5～9年,平均随诊时间65个月,保乳手术和传统根治术在5年生存率和复发率比较差异无明显意义(P>0.05)。结论早期乳腺癌采用保乳手术治疗效果满意。     

保乳手术治疗早期乳腺癌美容效果分析

目的研究提高保留乳房手术治疗早期乳腺癌美容效果的相关外科技巧。方法1999年11月~2005年1月,对52例临床0,Ⅰ,Ⅱ期乳腺癌病人,实施了保留乳房手术。术前检查明确有无手术指征,按自愿选择的原则采用保留乳房手术。原发灶做局部广泛切除,术后常规行根治性放疗。于放疗前和放疗后分别评价保乳手术的美容效果。结果52例病人中,50例美容效果良好,只有2例美容效果不理想。结论早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术美容效果良好,保留乳房手术加放疗,可显著提高乳腺癌患者生活质量。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术40例临床观察

目的研究规范病例的选择、手术的范围及术后辅助治疗的方式。方法对40例早期乳腺癌病例实施了保乳治疗。手术指征:肿瘤最大直径≥2cm,周围型肿块,病人有保乳意愿。手术方式为肿块广泛切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫;肿块位于乳腺外上象限,原发灶与腋窝行整块切除,术后常规行辅助治疗。结果手术标本各个切缘的组织病理切片检查未发现肿瘤累及,随访期5～9年,其5年生存率97.5%,局部复发率5%,乳房总优良率90%。结论对早期乳腺癌,如病例选择适当,在其有良好的外科手术和放疗技术的单位,采用保守性手术加放疗可取得长期满意的肿瘤局部控制和良好的乳房美观效果。     

乳腺癌保乳手术300例报告

目的:探讨乳腺癌保乳手术的技巧和近期疗效。方法:临床Ⅰ～Ⅱ期女性乳腺癌300例行保乳手术,肿瘤直径<2 cm行区段切除,肿瘤直径≤3 cm行象限切除。标本切缘取标本作快速冰冻切片病理检查并行常规腋窝淋巴结清扫,切缘阴性时整形乳房,腺体拉拢间断缝合。术后残留乳房行全乳照射,剂量5 000 cGy,术后1周开始接受全身化疗。放疗后ER+者结合内分泌治疗5年,对300例患者进行复查随访。结果:300例手术全部成功,术后腋下积液30例,积液愈合后放疗。无残留乳腺术后并发症,因局部乳房缺损修复8例,余均整形乳房,腺体拉拢间断缝合。术后随访24～80个月,平均57月,随访率为85.0%(255/300)。局部复发率9.8%(25/255),行残乳切除术,现复查良好。对侧腋窝淋巴结转移发生率1.2%(3/255),时间平均为术后38个月。远处转移率2.0%(5/255),时间平均为术后48个月。死亡率2.0%(5/255),5年无病生存率85.1%(217/255),总生存率98.0%(250/255)。该组病例美容效果良好74.0%,一般17.0%,差9.0%。结论:保乳手术临床效果良好,应该大力推广。     

原发性早期乳腺癌保乳手术后五年原位复发特点分析

目的 总结原发性早期乳腺癌保乳手术后5年原位复发的特点.方法 2000年5月至2005年5月保乳手术治疗原发性早期乳腺癌47例,行象限切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫39例,单纯肿块局部广泛切除术无腋窝淋巴结清扫8例,其中术后行全乳切线加瘤床放疗40例.结果 随访5～10(7.0±1.5)年,原位复发3例,占6.4%(3/47),均为非浸润性癌.术后行全乳切线加瘤床放疗者原位复发率(2.5%,1/40)低于未行全乳放疗者(28.6%,2/7)(P=0.035),行象限切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫者原位复发率(2.6%,1/39)低于行单纯肿块局部广泛切除术无腋窝淋巴结清扫者(25.0%,2/8)(P=0.029).结论 原发性早期乳腺癌保乳手术后放疗及象限切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫是必要的,可降低5年原位复发率.     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术个体化治疗近期疗效评价

目的:探讨早期乳腺癌保乳手术治疗的适应症和方法及评价个体化治疗近期疗效。方法:2005年5月~2007年3月我院21例早期乳腺癌保乳手术病例,采用肿块局部扩大切除或象限切除加腋淋巴结清扫治疗临床单发的、肿瘤直径<3.0cm、无腋窝淋巴结转移的女性乳腺癌患者,手术切缘距瘤缘1.5~2.0cm,术后辅助放疗、化疗及内分泌治疗。结果:所有保乳手术病例均实施综合治疗,无局部复发和远处转移。结论:早期乳腺癌患者接受保乳手术个体化治疗可以取得满意的临床和美容效果,建议早期乳腺癌首选此手术治疗方法。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术治疗68例临床分析

目的:探讨早期乳腺癌保乳手术的临床疗效,为普及早期乳腺癌保乳手术和综合治疗提供参考。方法:回顾性分析2005年1月～2008年7月完成的早期乳腺癌保乳手术68例。手术方式为肿瘤区段切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫。术后综合治疗。结果:68例患者至今存活,随访时间4～42个月,仅5例局部复发。结论:早期乳腺癌保乳手术疗效满意,可进行临床推广。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术加放疗32例临床分析

目的探讨保乳手术加放疗对早期乳腺癌的临床疗效。方法选择2006年1月—2007年9月,收治的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者32例,采用肿瘤扩大切除术,术后3周开始根治性放疗。结果全部患者患侧乳房与对侧乳房基本对称,无明显纤维化,患者上肢活动灵活,无水肿,局部无复发,皮肤弹性良,均对术后乳房外观较满意。结论保乳手术加放疗能够兼顾治疗效果与美容效果,适用于早期乳腺癌的治疗,但尚需远期随访。     

60例老年乳腺癌保乳治疗临床效果

目的通过老年人乳腺癌保乳治疗和改良根治术的比较，探讨保乳治疗老年人乳腺癌的疗效。方法回顾分析2003年1月-2006年3月于我院接受保乳手术治疗的60例老年乳腺癌患者临床资料，其中Ⅰ期41例，Ⅱ期19例（ⅡA期16例、ⅡB期3例）。手术方式为肿瘤广泛切除术或象限切除术，联合腋窝淋巴结清扫。术后常规行辅助放疗、化疗和内分泌治疗。并与同期60例行改良根治术常规综合治疗的老年乳腺癌患者（Ⅰ期32例、ⅡA期16例、ⅡB期12例）做临床疗效对比研究。结果经过术后2年的随访，保乳手术组无局部复发及远处转移，全部生存。改良根治术组局部复发率为0（0／60），远处转移率1．67％（1／60），手术至远处转移时间16个月，转移部位为左锁骨上淋巴结。两个组的近期疗效差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论老年人乳腺癌保乳治疗与仿根治术相比较能取得满意的疗效。规范化的切除和术后化疗、放疗、内分泌治疗等综合治疗是保乳治疗成功的关键。保乳治疗是老年乳腺癌理想的治疗方法。     

136例早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的临床研究

目的:观察早期乳腺癌保乳手术治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析该院乳腺二科2000~2005年0~Ⅱb期女性乳腺癌患者136例行保乳手术的疗效。采用肿瘤局部扩大切除及腋淋巴结清扫,术后辅以化疗、放疗或内分泌治疗。残留腺体缝合或不缝合以保证乳腺外形。结果:保乳术后乳房外形总体满意。皮下积液发生率为7.3%。随访结果局部复发率为0.7%。无远处转移,无死亡病例。其中1例病人因心理因素于保乳术后1年自行在外院行全乳切除。结论:保乳手术具有创伤小,并发症少,外形改变小,疗效满意,生存质量高等优点。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.