四肢筋膜蒂皮瓣改良手术的临床应用

目的对四肢筋膜蒂皮瓣手术方法进行改良及总结,进一步提高疗效。方法1999年2月～2005年12月,应用筋膜蒂皮瓣修复四肢皮肤、软组织缺损58例。男39例,女19例;年龄10～68岁,平均30岁。21例小腿中下段胫前皮肤缺损,12例足跟部皮肤缺损,16例踝关节皮肤缺损,3例膝关节周围皮肤缺损,1例骶尾部巨大褥疮,5例手腕背部皮肤缺损。创面范围5cm×3cm～18cm×12cm。根据创面不同采取四肢不同部位筋膜蒂皮瓣修复创面,其中4例前臂内侧皮神经、贵要静脉筋膜蒂皮瓣,1例前臂外侧皮神经、头静脉筋膜蒂皮瓣,3例顺行带隐神经、大隐静脉的筋膜蒂皮瓣,1例左大腿股后皮神经筋膜蒂皮瓣,32例带腓肠神经、小隐静脉逆行筋膜蒂皮瓣,17例带隐神经、大隐静脉筋膜蒂皮瓣。皮瓣范围6cm×4cm～18cm×13cm。供区创面39例直接缝合,19例取大腿或下腹部全厚皮片6cm×3cm～13cm×6cm植皮修复。结果术后16例皮瓣肿胀、淤血,经远端小切口切开放血3～5d,其中12例皮瓣成活,创面期愈合;4例远端皮缘部分坏死,经再次手术清创植皮后成活。余患者皮瓣均成活,创面期愈合。供区创面期愈合,植皮成活。58例患者均获随访1～20个月,平均8个月。皮瓣色泽正常,质地柔软,外形和功能满意。结论四肢筋膜蒂皮瓣是修复四肢皮肤、软组织缺损的理想治疗方法,通过手术方法的改良,可使皮瓣成活率进一步提高。     

皮神经营养血管组织瓣的临床应用原则与命名

目的 探讨皮神经营养血管组织瓣的临床应用原则，并提出新的命名方法。方法 总结皮神经营养血管组织瓣的解剖研究和临床经验。结果 皮神经多与皮静脉伴行，在其周围均存在丰富的链式吻合血管丛，显著增加了这类组织瓣的血供。临床以远端(31例)或近端(3例)为蒂，在前臂(26例)和小腿(8例)切取带皮神经和皮静脉营养血管的岛状筋膜皮瓣(20例)和筋膜皮下组织瓣(14例)共34例，长宽比例2．7～5．1：1，平均3．5：1，完全成活。结论 带皮神经营养血管的组织瓣是传统筋膜皮瓣和筋膜皮下组织瓣的特殊范例，临床应用应遵循一定的原则。     

上臂内侧筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的　探讨上臂内侧由肱动脉肌间隔皮支供血的筋膜皮瓣的临床应用。方法　 1994年以来 ,应用由肱动脉内侧肌间隔皮支供血的上臂内侧筋膜皮瓣修复腋窝、肘关节屈侧瘢痕挛缩和胸前放射性溃疡 18例。其中顺行皮瓣 3例 ,逆行皮瓣 15例 ;皮瓣最大范围为 2 3 cm× 11cm ,最小为 10 cm× 6 cm。结果　术后皮瓣全部成活 ,肘部及腋窝功能、外形良好。结论　上臂内侧筋膜皮瓣薄 ,质地柔软 ,无毛 ,适合修复腋窝及肘关节部位软组织缺损 ,且手术操作简便 ,血供可靠。     

Comparison of fasciocutaneous V‐Y and rotational flaps for defect coverage of sacral pressure sores: a critical single‐centre appraisal

Pressure sore rates remain high in both nursing homes as well as in hospitals. Numerous surgical options are available for defect coverage in the sacral region. However, objective data is scarce as to whether a specific flap design is superior to another. Here, we aim to compare two fasciocutaneous flap designs for sacral defect coverage: the gluteal rotation flap and the gluteal V‐Y flap. All primary sacral pressure sores of grades III–IV that were being covered with gluteal fasciocutaneous rotational or V‐Y flaps between January 2008 and December 2014 at our institution were analysed. A total of 41 patients received a total of 52 flaps. Of these, 18 patients received 20 gluteal rotational flaps, and 23 patients received 32 V‐Y flaps. Both groups were comparable with regards to demographics, comorbidities and complications. Significantly more V‐Y flaps were needed to cover smaller defects. Mean length of hospital stay was significantly prolonged when surgical revision had to be carried out. Both flap designs have proven safe and reliable for defect coverage after sacral pressure sores. Gluteal rotational flaps appear to be more useful for larger defects. Both flap designs facilitate their reuse in case of pressure sore recurrence. Complication rates appear to be comparable in both designs and to the current literature.     

筋膜皮瓣愈合强度和柔顺性动态变化

为比较筋膜皮瓣与普通皮瓣的愈合强度和柔顺性变化,在猪两后肢外侧,设计长宽比为2.5∶1的带蒂筋膜皮瓣或普通皮瓣,术后两型皮瓣愈合处拉力下降,远端切口愈合强度明显低于近端;筋膜皮瓣者高于普通皮瓣相应部位。随愈合时间延长,两型皮瓣切口愈合强度均增加,于第4周末,筋膜皮瓣各部间已无明显差异.普通皮瓣远端者仍不及近端。两型皮瓣术后应力—应变曲线左移、分散。筋膜皮瓣术后各部位曲线分散但差异不显著;普通皮瓣分散且差异显著。筋膜皮瓣具有切口愈合强度大,组织柔顺性好等生物力学特点,适于修复复杂、特殊部位软组织缺损、但长宽比宜有限度。     

指背筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣修复同指指腹皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨一种新的筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣修复指腹皮肤软组织缺损的有效方法。方法 于指背形成筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣并移转至指腹创面。结果 临床已应用6例，皮瓣全部成活。结论 指背筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣可以安全、简便地修复同指指腹的创面。     

筋膜皮下组织瓣加植皮术修复足部创面

目的：探讨小腿逆行筋膜皮下组织瓣加植皮术修复足部创面的应用情况。方法：应用小腿逆行筋膜皮下组织瓣加植皮术修复13例足部创面缺损,筋膜皮下组织瓣面积为12cm×7cm～8cm×4cm。结果：1例筋膜瓣边缘坏死面积1.5cm2,经换药处理后愈合,12例筋膜瓣全部成活。结论：应用小腿逆行筋膜皮下组织瓣加植皮术修复足部创面缺损,不损伤主要血管,操作方便,皮瓣成活率高,值得推广。     

Comparison of the outcomes of adipofascial and two–staged fasciocutaneous reverse sural flap in patients with lower leg trauma

BackgroundDistal one – third trauma of the lower limb is a complex condition to treat. The reverse sural flap is a time tested procedure for reconstruction of such defects especially in patients where free flaps are ruled out due to comorbidities. The purpose of this study is to compare the two modifications of the classical technique of reverse sural flap (adipofascial and fasciocutaneous) which is lacking in the literature.Material & methodsIn this study, the authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 67 patients with lower one-third leg defects reconstructed with either adipofascial reverse sural flap (Group A, n = 37) or two-staged fasciocutaneous reverse sural flap (Group B, n = 30) in a tertiary care hospital in North India between 2015 and 2019. An evaluation of the different flap characteristics of the two variants of the reverse sural flap was done and compared. Mean follow up period was 12 months.ResultsThe adipofascial group showed shorter operative time, was a single-stage and with better reach and aesthetic outcome. The complications did not differ except that for the adipofascial group was associated with unstable skin graft over the flap initially which did not require any treatment.DiscussionLower one-third defect of the lower limb has been a challenge for reconstructive surgeons all over the world. The goal of reconstruction is a functional lower limb. Although free tissue transfer is the preferred modality of treatment of such cases but it may not be possible in all cases due to various reasons. Reverse sural flap is a very lucrative local option for such reconstructions as it is easy to perform, reliable, low profile and bulk, require minimal facilities with less operative time. Adipofascial flaps represent an extremely useful modification of the reverse sural flap which is quick to perform with minimal donor site morbidity.ConclusionAdipofascial reverse sural artery flap is a good option for patients with lower limb trauma with the added advantage of being single-stage and with better donor site cosmesis as compared to the fasciocutaneous reverse sural artery flap.     

易位筋膜皮瓣修复儿童腹股沟区瘢痕挛缩畸形

目的　介绍股前内侧易位筋膜皮瓣修复儿童腹股沟区烧伤愈合后瘢痕挛缩畸形。方法　 1989年8月～ 1999年 8月 ,收治 33例腹股沟区瘢痕挛缩病人 ,年龄 3～ 11岁。手术在股前内侧设计一个由大的舌形主皮瓣和蒂在对侧的三角皮瓣 ,缺损缘与主皮瓣的夹角三部分组成的易位筋膜皮瓣修复腹股沟区缺损 ,切取皮瓣最大为18cm× 10 cm,最小为 13cm× 8cm,易位夹角 6 0°～ 80°,主皮瓣修复腹股沟缺损区 ,三角形皮瓣修复供瓣区 ,手术一期完成。结果　 33例 5 1个移位皮瓣均成活 ,术后下肢、会阴部功能及外观满意。结论　股前内侧易位筋膜皮瓣适用于儿童腹股沟烧伤瘢痕挛缩畸形的修复 ,且不需植皮修复供瓣区     

Radiological Evaluation of Postsurgical Course of Perforators in Retrograde Posterior Tibial Fasciocutaneous Flaps for Distal Leg and Foot Defects

Background Mapping of vascular perforators by various methodologies have been described for planning of a variety of flaps in the lower limbs. We attempted to assess the changes in posterior tibial perforators after transfer of fasciocutaneous flaps for leg defects. Methods 20 patients with distal leg and foot defects were studied by computed tomography angiography (CTA) and preoperative audio Doppler to ascertain perforators of posterior tibial artery. Fasciocutaneous flaps were raised, based on these perforators, depending on the site and size of soft-tissue defects. The number of perforators and their distance from the medial malleolus were also studied. Postoperative CTA was performed on the 7th to 10th day, with emphasis on postoperative changes of the perforators on which the flaps were based. Results One to four posterior tibial perforators were found between 5 cm and 8 cm proximal to the medial malleolus. After flap transfer, the perforators could be traced to variable distance through the total length of the flap. The perforators formed small vascular loop in 12 patients, following retrograde posterior tibial flap transfer. The height of the loop, the number of such loops, the dilatation and tortuosity of the perforators, and their longitudinal orientation were studied in detail. Most of the findings can be explained by mechanical realignment of perforators as well as by the delay phenomenon associated with retrograde fasciocutaneous flaps. Conclusion It was concluded that the morphological changes associated with the perforators explained the vascular rationality and success of these flaps.     

改良小腿内侧筋膜蒂皮瓣的临床应用和筋膜蒂位置分区的研究

目的 讨论在小腿不同分区内改良小腿内侧筋膜蒂皮瓣的设计及临床效果. 方法 自2005年1月至2008年2月,将小腿均分为三个区,按皮瓣筋膜蒂位置的分区不同分别采用逆行或顺行的改良小腿内侧筋膜蒂皮瓣修复膝前、小腿及足踝部软组织缺损45例.皮瓣面积最大25.0 cm×10.0cm,最小5.0 cm×3.0 cm. 结果 43例皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合;小腿上1/3内有2例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后愈合.术后随访4～20个月,皮瓣颜色及质地好,外形及功能恢复满意. 结论 改良小腿内侧筋膜蒂皮瓣设计灵活、切取简单,不牺牲主干血管,血供可靠,可根据皮瓣筋膜蒂位置的不同选择合适皮瓣,是一种修复下肢软组织缺损的理想皮瓣.     

足背动脉内侧筋膜支为蒂的足内侧皮瓣移植

目的报道足背动脉内侧筋膜支为蒂的足内侧皮瓣的设计及临床应用结果。方法对足内侧区皮肤筋膜血供的进一步观测,发现足背动脉内侧筋膜支恒定,为该区的重要血供来源。据此设计了可达10cm×8cm 的足内侧皮瓣。临床用于修复足背、踝部、前足、小腿下端及手部软组织缺损18例。结果术后皮瓣全部成活,效果良好,供区损害轻。结论足背动脉内侧筋膜分支是足内侧皮瓣的可靠血管蒂。该皮瓣是修复足背、踝部、小腿下端及前足软组织缺损的一种理想的组织瓣。     

Reversed anterolateral thigh adipofascial flap for knee and proximal calf defects

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of defects involving the knee and proximal one third of the lower leg presents a challenging problem in plastic surgery. AIM: To evaluate the reversed anterolateral thigh adipofascial flap for covering such defects. METHODS: Between September 2006 and May 2007, one man and four women with defects around the knee and upper calf underwent reconstruction with reversed anterolateral thigh adipofascial flaps. The patients' average age was 45 years (25-72 years). The size of the transferred flap ranged from 6cmx8cm to 12cmx13cm. RESULTS: Four flaps with overlying skin grafts healed uneventfully; one skin graft showed minor necrosis due to haematoma, but the adipofascial flap survived well. Postoperatively the appearance of the reconstructive flap was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: The reversed anterolateral thigh adipofascial flap is an effective option for covering defects of the knee and proximal calf.     

岛状股前外侧皮瓣修复腹股沟及会阴部创面

目的探讨一种皮瓣修复会阴部及腹股沟创面的方法。方法设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为血管蒂的岛状股前外侧皮瓣,掀起皮瓣后经过皮下隧道将其转移至会阴部及腹股沟创面。结果临床治疗12例,皮瓣面积为8cm×11cm～18cm×20cm。除1例皮瓣靠近肛门处部分表皮坏死外,其余成活良好,外形恢复满意。结论以旋股外侧动脉降支为血管蒂的岛状股前外侧皮瓣是修复会阴部及腹股沟创面较好的方法。     

Cornerstones in reconstructive plastic surgery: Argentinian development of muscular,myocutaneous, and fasciocutaneous flaps

This article pays tribute to two Argentinian surgeons whose work has been published in their local journals but is unknown internationally. Goldtraj's pioneering work on the treatment of vascular ulcers of the leg using a muscular flap, presented in 1954, and Spadafora's work on the treatment of tissue defects with myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps, presented in 1964, are discussed. Both papers deserve a place among the pioneering contributions on the subject of muscular as well as myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps.     

足背动脉内侧筋膜支为蒂的足内侧皮瓣移植

目的报道足背动脉内侧筋膜支为蒂的足内侧皮瓣的设计及临床应用结果。方法对足内侧区皮肤筋膜血供的进一步观测,发现足背动脉内侧筋膜支恒定,为该区的重要血供来源。据此设计了可达１０ｃｍ×８ｃｍ的足内侧皮瓣。临床用于修复足背、踝部、前足、小腿下端及手部软组织缺损１８例。结果术后皮瓣全部成活,效果良好,供区损害轻。结论足背动脉内侧筋膜分支是足内侧皮瓣的可靠血管蒂。该皮瓣是修复足背、踝部、小腿下端及前足软组织缺损的一种理想的组织瓣。     

股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣经和血管吻合游离移植修复面部凹陷畸形

目的 探讨应用股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣经血管吻合游离移植修复面部凹陷畸形的手术方法及临床效果.方法 1996年10月至2007年1月,根据面部凹陷的范围及深度,应用相应大小和厚度的股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣游离移植修复32例面部凹陷畸形,其中8例伴有骨骼缺损的患者同期行Medpor骨膜下植入修复骨骼缺损.结果 修复32例面部凹陷畸形共应用33块股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣,单侧应用31例,双侧应用1例.股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣的大小为12 cm×8 cm～20 cm×11 cm(平均16.5 cm×10.5 cm).30块股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣完全存活,另3块于术后半年内出现了边缘的吸收.32例中有23例经一期修复即获得满意效果,其余9例于术后半年行二期修整,其中6例因面部臃肿行脂肪抽吸修薄术矫正,另3例因周边吸收行自体脂肪移植术修复.术后随访6个月至2年半,所有患者面部凹陷畸形均得到显著改善,双侧面部接近对称.供区切口一期愈合,瘢痕隐蔽,未出现功能障碍.结论 股前外侧脂肪筋膜瓣町利用的面积大,可修剪成合适厚度用于三维重建,解剖较恒定、切取安全等,必要时可辅以骨骼支架的重建,能使面部凹陷得到较满意的修复.     

《整形外科手术图谱》出版

《整形外科手术图谱》出版由著名整形外科专家张涤生、辛时林、易传勋等教授主编，国内十余所医学院校的二十余位专家教授共同编著的大型专业参考书《整形外科手术图谱》已由湖北科技出版社出版发行。该书以其普及性与实用性为特点，通过近３０００幅精细逼真的线条图和彩...     

Distally based radial forearm flap with preservation of the radial artery: anatomic,experimental, and clinical studies

In this article we report on the anatomical, experimental, and clinical investigations of the distally adipofascial pedicled radial forearm flap based on the small perforators around the radial styloid process. There are about 10 small perforators (0.3-0.5 mm in diameter) from the distal radial artery around the radial styloid process. The longitudinal chain-linked vascular plexuses (suprafascial, paraneural, and perivenous) formed by the forearm ascending and descending branches of septofasciocutaneous perforators meet and cross over with the transverse carpal vascular plexuses around the radial styloid region. Based on these directional-oriented plexuses, distally based adipofascial pedicled radial forearm fasciocutaneous and adipofascial flaps were designed and successfully applied in 34 clinical cases. The pivot point was located at 1-2 cm above the radial styloid. The skin island plus adipofascial pedicle measured between 9-18 cm in length, with the adipofascial pedicle 3-4 cm in width. The length-to-width ratio is 3-5:1. The venous drainage of this distally based flap was investigated anatomically and experimentally. The cephalic vein has no positive role for venous drainage in distally based flaps. The difference between distally based flaps and reverse-flow flaps, clinical selection of fasciocutaneous and adipofascial flaps, advantages and disadvantages, and technical tips for operative success are discussed.     

股前外侧组织瓣临床应用112例分析

目的 总结分析股前外侧组织瓣解剖规律及其在组织缺损修复重建中的适应证和应用价值。方法1985年3月-2004年8月，对112例股前外侧组织瓣移植进行临床总结。其中男67例，女45例。年龄5～65岁，平均38．5岁。针对受区不同情况，将股前外侧组织瓣切取分为4类：吻合血管的游离皮瓣移植78例；吻合血管的游离脂肪筋膜瓣移植22例；带蒂顺行岛状皮瓣移位5例；远端为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣移位7例。对面、颈、肢体、躯干等部位的软组织缺损所致功能障碍或外观缺陷进行修复，并对术后效果和供区恢复情况进行评价。结果营养股前外侧组织瓣的动脉皮支出现率100％，具有肌间隙皮穿支（33％）和肌皮穿支（67％）两种基本解剖类型。组织瓣源血管均为旋股外侧动脉降支或横支。皮瓣移植成活107例，成活率达95．6％。术后33例获随访6个月～11年，远期随访效果满意率91％，供区无功能受限。结论股前外侧组织瓣解剖恒定，具有多种突出优点，是修复软组织缺损的理想材料。尤其是穿支皮瓣形式，可保持受区形态，降低供区损伤，成为应用趋势。