支气管色素沉着纤维化合并支气管内膜结核3例并文献复习

目的分析3例支气管色素沉着纤维化合并支气管内膜结核。方法3例支气管色素沉着纤维化合并支气管内膜结核的病史特征、气管镜下表现及病理特征等进行分析，并结合文献加以总结。结果（1）气管镜下表现为支气管黏膜有不同程度的黑色素沉着，相应的支气管有较明显的支气管狭窄或闭塞，黑色素沉着程度与支气管狭窄程度无关。（2）肺CT：多表现为叶、段肺实变影，伴或不伴纵隔、肺门淋巴结肿大或钙化，易误诊为肺癌。（3）病理表现为支气管粘膜慢性炎症、或肉芽肿伴黑色素沉着，支气管周围严重纤维化。（4）支气管色素沉着纤维化多伴随有活动性肺结核。结论：支气管色素沉着纤维化和活动性结核或陈旧性肺结核密切相关，目前国内对本病的诊断尚罕见。     

支气管内型错构瘤临床病理学特征及气管镜下热消融联合冷冻治疗

目的探讨支气管内型错构瘤的临床诊断、病理学特征及经气管镜下热消融联合冷冻治疗方法。方法收集北京友谊医院呼吸科2010—2012年间,经气管镜下切除及病理确诊的支气管内型错构瘤病例3例,探讨支气管内型错构瘤的临床病理学特征和经气管镜下介入治疗方法。结果经气管镜下可完全切除支气管内肿瘤。肿瘤病理结果为良性错构瘤。术后气道完全开通,术后无严重并发症,随访无复发。结论支气管内型错构瘤发病以成人为主,影像学表现为叶段支气管开口处软组织影伴远端炎症及肺不张,气管镜下常规活检取得组织体积小,不易确诊,需取大块瘤体进行病理确诊。气管镜下热消融联合冷冻治疗,能快速切除瘤体,同时避免切除部位瘢痕狭窄,效果良好。     

40例纵隔及支气管旁淋巴结结核CT及气管镜检查特点分析

对40例经手术病理及气管镜活检病理检查等确诊的纵隔淋巴结结核患者的CT及气管镜检查特征进行回顾性分析.结果 CT示病灶不均匀强化、环形强化、分隔样强化,液化及钙化较少;气管镜示支气管腔内大小不等、高低不平结节灶,部分溃破有乳白色豆渣样脓性物,或伴管腔肿胀阻塞狭窄.认为纵隔及气管旁淋巴结结核在CT扫描及气管镜下有特征性表现,此有利于临床诊断与鉴别诊断.     

前列腺癌支气管黏膜转移一例并文献复习

目的 分析前列腺癌支气管黏膜转移的临床、影像、病理特征以及诊断和治疗方法 .方法 报告1例累及支气管黏膜的前列腺癌并结合文献报道的有病理证据确诊的9例患者的病例资料.对其临床、影像、病理特征以及诊断和治疗进行分析. 结果 支气管黏膜受累的晚期前列腺癌确诊时年龄偏大,平均65.5岁,多出现咯血(5/10)、咳嗽(4/10)、呼吸困难(4/10)和体质量下降(5/10),影像学表现为纵隔及肺门淋巴结增大(4/10)、肺门肿物(3/10)、肺不张(2/10)等,支气管镜下更多表现为单一叶或段分布(6/10),双肺上叶支气管更易受累(7/10),多数呈现息肉或肿块样腔内肿物(8/10),也可呈现为浸润性病变(2/10),均不同程度地导致管腔狭窄.免疫组化法检测前列腺特异抗原和(或)酸性磷酸酶阳性.多数患者对内分泌治疗反应良好. 结论 前列腺癌支气管黏膜转移在临床、影像特征上与支气管源性恶性肿瘤相似,免疫组化检测有助于鉴别诊断,内分泌治疗可取得显著的短期疗效.     

气管支气管结核早期多层螺旋CT诊断（附22例报告分析）

目的了解气管支气管结核的早期16层螺旋CT影像表现，评价多层螺旋CT诊断支气管结核的价值。方法对22例经手术病理和纤维支气管镜活检证实的气管支气管结核分别进行MPR重建成像，分析其影像学表现。结果支气管结核的16层螺旋CT表现有以下特点：（1）多支段受累，好发于上肺叶及中肺叶；（2）病变支气管范围长，多为主支气管、叶支气管、段支气管连续或间断受累；（3）管腔多为不规则狭窄；（4）管壁多为不规则增厚，密度增高或钙化。22例气管支气管结核患者中，16支病变支气管表现为支气管壁不同程度向心性增厚，内壁呈浅波浪状。22例均合并肺内结核，肺内结核病灶多数分布于病变支气管所属肺组织。结论16层螺旋CT对显示气管、支气管内膜结核的累及范围有一定的优势，对支气管结核的早期诊断及治疗方法的选择有较高的临床应用价值。     

支气管肺淀粉样变1例报道并文献复习

目的探讨支气管肺淀粉样变的临床表现、诊断、治疗和预后。方法对我院确诊的1例和国内报道的47例支气管肺淀粉样变进行回顾性总结。结果①常见症状为咳嗽,咳痰,咯血,呼吸困难等,大部分肺部无异常体征。②胸片或CT常见表现为气管或支气管肥厚、狭窄,斑片浸润影,结节或肿块,肺不张等,亦可有正常胸片。③纤支镜常见表现为支气管黏膜结节、隆起或息肉。④48例患者中有37例经纤支镜取得病理标本。⑤治疗方法有激素等免疫抑制剂、激光、微波和手术治疗等,但无特效疗法。⑥易复发但病程多为良性经过。结论该病临床表现无特异性,纤支镜活检是确诊最有效的方法,无特效疗法,预后与病理类型有关,多数较好。     

肺结核合并支气管结核97例临床分析

目的探讨肺结核合并支气管结核的临床特点。方法回顾性分析97例肺结核合并支气管结核临床资料。结果临床以咳嗽(82.5%)、咳痰(80.4%)、发热(45.4%)、不同程度咯血或血丝痰(23.7%)等为主要症状,胸部CT以肺不张或膨胀不全(44.2%)及浸润增殖性病灶(37.9%)为主要表现,并可见支气管狭窄阻塞、支气管扩张、支气管播散、支气管充气征、纵隔淋巴结增大、纵隔淋巴结钙化等表现,痰涂片或培养检查抗酸杆菌阳性率较高(63.9%),尤其在多叶段浸润增殖病灶患者中其阳性率高达83.3%。纤支镜检查以主支气管及叶支气管开口受累显著(64.8%),多气管支气管受累患者达81.4%,且多种支气管镜下表现类型并存,纤支镜刷检抗酸杆菌、组织活检阳性率分别为55.9%、69.4%。接受纤支镜介入治疗的患者仅有18例,其中6例支气管狭窄闭塞并肺不张患者行气管镜下支气管球囊扩张术治疗,5例支气管狭窄好转。结论肺结核合并支气管结核患者临床表现无特异性。胸部CT对观察支气管损伤及淋巴结病变能提供较大帮助。气管镜检查仍为其重要诊断手段,镜下可见多气管支气管受累,且镜下表现类型相互重叠。球囊扩张术可有效改善支气管狭窄。     

经支气管镜高频电凝治疗支气管结核48例临床分析

支气管结核(endobronchial tuberculosis,EBTB)起病隐匿,临床症状常不典型,部分病例长时间漏诊,发现时已形成较严重的气管、支气管、肺的结构与功能损害。随着对结核病认识不断提高和气管镜技术的广泛应用,越来越多的支气管结核为人们所发现。常规的抗结核治疗方法对支气管结核形成的增生性肉芽组织、干酪样坏死物质、瘢痕狭窄的作用差。我院对支气管结核患者,在全身化疗的基础上,联用电子支气管镜下高频电凝介入治疗方法,取得了显著的疗效。现将48例支气管结核患者气管镜下高频电凝治疗的资料,总结报告如下。临床资料1.一般资料:本组48例患者来源于兰州大学第二医院呼吸科2003年1月至2007年1月门诊及住院部,其中男性17例,女性31例。年龄6~67岁,平均年龄33.5岁。咳嗽症状为主29例,气喘症状为主17例,咯血症状为主2例。右上叶不张13例,右中叶不张5例,右下叶不张2例。左上叶不张17例,左下叶不张1例。2.气管镜下表现及确诊方式:本组所选48例患者气管镜检查见:19例表现为气管、支气管黏膜糜烂溃疡或弥漫分布黄白色干酪样坏死物;21例表现为管腔内结节样肿物或息肉样增生;8例表现为支气管管腔扭曲变形...     

支气管结核的CT表现及动态观察

目的 分析支气管结核的CT及支气管镜表现，探讨支气管结核的影像特征及其病理基础。方法 收集痰菌、病理及临床证实的支气管结核50例，均做胸部CT及支气管镜检查，将CT及支气管表现对照分析。对有多次CT检查的病例，分析各次检查的动态变化。结果 支气管结核CT表现有以下特点：（1）支气管病变范围广泛；（2）多数病例可见肺内播散病变；（3）支气管狭窄、阻塞不伴有肺门部肿块；（4）病变管壁内可见点状或线状钙化。CT与支气管镜表现对照分析显示：管腔狭窄主要由支气管粘膜充血、水肿及溃疡引起，支气管阻塞多由肉芽肿和陈旧斑痕造成。治疗后，动态观察多数病例肺内播散病灶明显吸收。结论 CT是诊断及鉴别支气管结核的有效手段，也可评价病变的动态变化。     

肺结节病46例病理及胸部CT特征

目的探讨肺结节病的病理和影像学特征，提高临床诊断水平。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2005年8月在北京协和医院住院的46例肺结节病患者的病理和影像学资料。结果46例肺内结节病患者支气管肺泡灌洗液中淋巴细胞为0．47±0．18，CD4／CD8为6．63±4．51，血清血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）水平为（47±16）U／L。12例胸部CT表现为纵隔肺门淋巴结对称性肿大。16例表现为肺内结节影，沿支气管纹理分布或散在随机分布，呈粟粒状。多发斑片状（实变影）为13例。双肺磨玻璃样变为5例；13例经开胸、胸腔镜和纵隔镜取病理，33例行经皮肺活检、经支气管镜黏膜或肺活检。镜下可见病变内无干酪坏死上皮样结节。结节间可见无细胞成分的玻璃样变物质。结节围绕血管、淋巴管及支气管黏膜下分布，部分病例可见肉芽肿性血管炎。结论肺结节病胸部CT表现多样，确诊需要临床、支气管肺泡灌洗液检测结果和病理学表现并结合糖皮质激素疗效综合判断。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.