低氧诱导肺间质纤维化的相关机制

肺间质纤维化（pulmonary interstitial fibrosis,PIF）是一种组织学和／或影像学表现为寻常型间质性肺炎,呈慢性进行性加重的间质性肺疾病。目前其病因不明、发病机制尚不清楚,主要累及肺间质、肺泡和／或细支气管。肺间质纤维化主要病理改变为肺组织局灶性纤维细胞增殖、     

基质金属蛋白酶-9及其抑制剂在COPD合并肺间质纤维化大鼠中的作用

目的 观察基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)及组织型蛋白酶抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)在慢阻肺继发肺间质纤维化(PIFCOPD)大鼠肺组织中的变化,评价其与PIF-COPD的病理变化及发病机制的相关性.方法 雄性大鼠24只,随机分为正常对照组(1组),21天(2组)和42天(3组)模型组.以烟熏联合气管内滴注脂多糖建立PIF-COPD模型.免疫组化法检测肺组织中MMP-9及TIMP-1水平.结果 MMP-9和TIMP-1在1组有少量表达;在2和3组MMP-9为0.1970±0.0017和0.2414 ±0.0017;TIMP-1为0.1265 ±0.0018和0.2171 ±0.0023(与l组相比P＜0.05)水平逐渐增高且与肺间质纤维化的严重程度成正相关.结论 MMP-9及TIMP-1的水平与PIF-COPD的发病机制及病程有关.     

TGF-β/Smad信号通路在肺间质纤维化中的机制研究及干预治疗

肺间质纤维化是多种常见慢性肺部疾病发展的最终结局,由于该病的病死率极高,因此严重威胁人类健康和生命.目前肺间质纤维化具体发病机制尚未明确.尽管已形成的纤维化病理改变不能被逆转,但肺间质纤维化是一个进行性慢性的过程,因此探索肺间质纤维化发病的分子机制及干预靶点,对延缓或阻止肺间质纤维化进展具有重要意义.本文就TGF-β/Smad信号转导途径在肺间质纤维化中的机制研究及干预治疗进行综述.     

肺间质纤维化的分子生物学发病机制及治疗新进展

肺间质纤维是各种不同病因肺间质疾病的共同结局,其机制是多种炎症细胞与介质参与的炎症损伤与纤维增生修复过程,最终导致肺纤维化。本文基于目前对IPF新的国际共识与研究进展,对肺间质纤维化的细胞和分子生物学发病机制及治疗进展作扼要综述。     

间质性肺疾病的X线与CT诊断

间质性肺疾病是由一组异质性疾病组成的弥漫性．累及肺间质为主的疾病。以肺间质的炎症和纤维化为特征的疾病。间质性肺疾病主要侵犯肺泡单位和肺泡周围组织．尽管其病因各异,但临床表现、影像学特点、肺功能测定、发病机制及病理学物质征等均有某些相似之处或共性。     

microRNA在肺纤维化发病机制中的作用

肺间质纤维化是各种不同病因肺间质疾病的共同结局,是呼吸衰竭的重要病因,其发病机制至今仍不明了.microRNA(miRNA)自发现以来即成为生命科学研究的重要热点,已发现miRNA的异常表达与多种人类疾病紧密相关.近年来的研究发现miRNA在肺间质纤维化的发病机制中起着重要作用,预示miRNA有望成为肺间质纤维化治疗的新靶点.     

PM2.5与特发性肺间质纤维化相关性的研究进展

<正>特发性肺间质纤维化(Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis,IPF)是一种不可逆的肺组织结构损伤性疾病,预后差,生存期短,故该疾病防重于治。近年来多项动物实验及临床研究也证实PM2.5暴露与肺间质纤维化的发病及进展有关,故本文着重就PM2.5与特发性肺间质纤维化的相关性作如下综述。特发性肺间质纤维化特发性肺间质纤维化是间质性肺炎中较为常见的类型,病因尚不完全明确,好发于60岁以上的老     

氧化应激促进肺间质纤维化的机制

肺间质纤维化是许多间质性肺疾病的共同结局,迄今为止发病机制还不是十分明确.目前发现氧化应激过程在肺纤维化的过程中发挥了重要促进作用,所以抗氧化治疗也越来越受到人们的重视.     

糖尿病大鼠肺组织基质金属蛋白酶-2，9的变化及罗格列酮的作用

目的探讨罗格列酮（RGZ）对DM大鼠肺间质纤维化的作用。方法通过高糖、高脂饮食加小剂量链尿佐菌素（STZ）建立DM大鼠模型,随机分为对照组（Con组）、DM组、RGZ组。采用Mas—Son染色观察肺组织胶原含量;免疫组化法观察肺组织基质金属蛋白酶-2,9（MMP-2,9）的变化。结果DM大鼠肺组织出现了胶原纤维聚集,细胞外基质增加,RGZ大鼠肺组织的胶原聚集明显减轻;DM大鼠肺组织MMP-2,MMP-9的水平明显高于Con组,RGZ组MMP-2,MMP-9的水平显著低于DM组。结论DM大鼠出现了肺间质纤维化,肺组织MMP-2,MMP-9的水平升高与肺间质纤维化的发生有关,RGZ降低了DM大鼠肺组织MMP-2,MMP-9的含量,减轻了DM大鼠肺间质纤维化的程度。     

5-羟色胺7受体与功能性胃肠病

5-羟色胺及其受体广泛分布于胃肠道.5-羟色胺7受体有多种生理功能,对胃肠运动和感觉的调控有重要作用.对5-羟色胺7受体的分子结构、组织分布、生理功能已进行了相关研究,并日益受到重视.深入开展5-羟色胺7受体在消化道的生理功能和功能性胃肠病中的病理机制的研究,有助于进一步阐明功能性胃肠病的发病机制及开发新的有效治疗药物.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.