支气管扩张症发病的免疫机制研究进展

支气管扩张症是一种常见的慢性支气管疾病。其发病基础为支气管壁的炎性损伤和支气管阻塞的相互作用。病因涉及诸多方面，其中免疫学方面的有关发病机制受到了各国学者的关注。本文就体液免疫、细胞免疫、其它致病因素及治疗方面阐述了支气管扩张症发病机制中可能存在的免疫学因素。     

纤毛异常与支气管扩张发病机制研究进展

支气管扩张是一种临床常见的呼吸系统疾病,严重影响患者生活质量.常见发病原因有感染、免疫因素、遗传因素等,发病机制未完全明确.随着对纤毛结构、功能研究的深入,纤毛异常与支气管扩张症的关系逐渐受到关注.深入了解纤毛结构、功能及调控机制,对支气管扩张症发病机制的了解和其诊断及控制有着指导意义.     

支气管扩张症的诊治进展

支气管扩张症临床上比较多见,本文综述其可能的病因如感染、原发性纤毛运动障碍、免疫缺陷、囊性纤维化、风湿性疾病与其它原因引起的支气管扩张及其可能的发病机制;诊断手段如影像学检查进展与肺功能变化、急性加剧期的判断;处理方面如抗生素的选择、雾化吸入治疗、支气管卫生保健的方法与祛除痰液的手段,外科手术治疗的适应证与咯血的处理原则与进展等。     

成人非囊性纤维化性支气管扩张的诊治进展

支气管扩张是慢性气道损伤引起支气管管壁肌肉和弹力支撑组织破坏所导致的一组支气管不可逆性扩张.其发病率在3.9/10万到52/10万左右,不发达国家发病率相对较高.在我国,支气管扩张被当做气道的一般化脓性炎症来治疗,但其病因、发病机制、针对性的治疗手段均研究甚少.文中结合目前的文献及2010年英国胸科学会的支气管扩张诊治指南,对非囊性纤维化性支气管扩张的诊治最新进展作简要述评。     

炎症细胞和细胞因子在支气管扩张症中的作用

支气管扩张症是一种常见的慢性支气管疾病.其发病基础为支气管壁的炎性损伤和支气管阻塞的相互作用.炎症细胞、细胞因子在支气管扩张症的气道炎症中起重要作用,抗炎治疗受到了各国学者的关注.     

非囊性纤维化支气管扩张治疗进展

非囊性纤维化支气管扩张是慢性气道破坏性疾病,其可造成严重的社会经济负担.近年来,随着诊疗技术尤其是高分辨率CT的应用,支气管扩张症的早期诊断率随之提高,但治疗效果仍不尽如人意.非囊性纤维化支气管扩张的病理生理基础为持续存在的病原微生物的定植、感染、气道损伤的恶性循环.在治疗方面尤其是高效、不良反应小的吸入性抗生素的地位越来越凸显.本文就非囊性纤维化支气管扩张症的病理、病因以及治疗策略的进展作一综述.     

非囊性纤维化性支气管扩张症的免疫调节机制

支气管扩张症是慢性炎症性支气管疾病的一种,病理上表现为一个或多个支气管的永久性扩张。非囊性纤维化性支气管扩张症的发病往往与反复感染、免疫缺陷或自身免疫性疾病相关,也有相当一部分呈特发性。细菌定植、气道炎症和气道结构损伤这样一个恶性循环导致了支气管扩张症的发生,其中气道炎症承前启后,是整个恶性循环的关键,因此研究气道炎症的免疫调节机制对理解其发病机理具有重要意义,并可指导支气管扩张症的药物研发。本文着重讨论了与支气管扩张症的发病密切相关的细胞与分子免疫调节机理,并阐述了细菌慢性定植的机理,还结合免疫调节讨论了支气管扩张症的新药研发。     

椎基底动脉迂曲扩张症研究进展

通过回顾和归纳所有关于椎基底动脉迂曲扩张症的研究资料,进行整理、分析,分别从流行病学、发病机制、影像学诊断、临床表现及其治疗进展等方面对椎基底动脉迂曲扩张症进行了综述。     

支气管扩张症的近代认识

支气管扩张症（支扩）被临床医师所认识已有很久历史,由于其症状典型,临床诊断多无困难,治疗亦多规范,因此,支扩的诊治目前并非临床关注热点。本文将聚焦于支扩的发病机理、诊断及治疗策略方面的近代认识。     

贲门失弛缓症的治疗进展

贲门失弛缓症是一种少见的食管运动障碍性疾病, 其病因及发病机制至今仍未确定. 目前本症的治疗多以缓解症状为主, 主要的治疗方法包括: 药物治疗、内镜下治疗及外科手术治疗. 本文就近年来贲门失弛缓症的治疗进展作一综述.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.