Management of oesophageal cancer at Westmead Hospital from 1979-1985

The aim of this study was to evaluate the various treatment options, including radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy, when all patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus were assessed and managed by the same team. From December 1, 1979 to December 31, 1985, 144 patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus were referred to Westmead Hospital. Eighty-five patients were men, 59 patients were women and the median age was 63 years. Twenty-five patients were at stage I, 75 patients were at stage II, 24 patients were at stage III and 20 patients were at stage IV of oesophageal cancer. Forty-two patients underwent surgical resection. Fifty patients underwent radical radiotherapy, 30 patients underwent palliative radiotherapy and 22 patients underwent palliative intubation. The operative mortality of those patients who underwent surgery was zero. The treatment mortality of those who underwent radical radiotherapy was 6%, and for those who underwent palliative radiotherapy, was 16.7%. The mortality after intubation was 12.5%. The prevalence of benign strictures was 7.5% after surgery, 33% after radical radiotherapy and 8% after palliative radiotherapy. The prevalence of malignant strictures (recurrent disease) was 2.5% after surgery, 21% after radical radiotherapy and 20% after palliative radiotherapy. The median survival after surgery was 12 months; that after radical radiotherapy, 12 months; that after palliative radiotherapy, six months; and that after intubation, 3.5 months. Where all patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus were managed by a team approach the treatment mortality was low but the long-term survival remained poor.     

结直肠多原发癌的诊断及外科治疗

目的探讨结直肠多原发癌（MPCC）的诊断及治疗。方法对本院1997～2001年收治的1224例原发性结直肠癌病人中发现的28例（2.29%）MPCC病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组28例MPCC中,同时多原发癌（SC）21例（1.72%）,异时多原发癌（MC）7例（0.57%）。共发现癌灶58处,癌灶部位以右半结肠、乙状结肠和直肠居多。21例SC中,术前行纤维结肠镜及钡灌肠检查发现12例,术中发现7例,术后3月内复查结肠镜发现2例。本组28例全部行手术治疗,其中行规范化的根治性手术22例,术后5年存活16例;6例行非根治性手术病人术后5年仅生存1例。结论术前行纤维结肠镜检查和术中仔细探查是提高SC发现率的重要手段,同时应强调结直肠单癌的术后随访以早期发现MC。早期诊断并行根治性切除是提高术后生存率的关键。     

鼻咽癌根治性放疗后发生远处转移患者的预后及其影响因素分析

目的 研究鼻咽癌根治性放疗后发生远处转移患者的预后并分析其影响因素.方法 随访150例鼻咽癌根治性放疗后发生远处转移的患者,采集其临床数据进行预后分析及影响因素分析.结果 随访患者的中位生存时间为13.50个月,1年生存率49.8%,2年生存率31.0%,3年生存率19.3%.Cox模型单因素分析结果表明初诊N分期、初诊是否化疗、完成放疗到发生远处转移的时间间隔、转移部位、发生远处转移后化疗与否及化疗期数、是否进行姑息性放疗为预后相关影响因素(均P<0.05),其中初诊N分期、转移部位、发生远处转移后化疗与否、完成放疗到发生远处转移的时间间隔、是否进行姑息性放疗为预后的独立影响因素(均P<0.05).结论 鼻咽癌根治性放疗后发生远处转移患者预后的独立影响因素有初诊N分期、转移部位、发生远处转移后化疗与否、完成放疗到发生远处转移的时间间隔、是否进行姑息性放疗.     

胸腺瘤的诊断与外科治疗

目的总结胸腺瘤的临床病理特点、手术方法及预后因素。方法66例胸腺瘤患者按Masaoka临床分期,根据肿瘤的生长情况确定术式,包括采用胸部正中切口或胸前外侧切口,完整或姑息切除胸腺瘤。结果在66例胸腺瘤中伴重症肌无力者14例（21．2％）,MasaokaⅠ期29例（43．9％）,Ⅱ期16例（24．2％）,Ⅲ期19例（28．8％）,Ⅳ期2例（3．0％）。全胸腺及胸腺瘤切除14例,单纯胸腺瘤切除40例,肿瘤部分切除5例,开胸探查肿瘤活检6例,颈部淋巴结活检1例。合并心包切除7例,上腔静脉部分切除2例,肺部分切除1例。术后30d内死亡1例,术后24例辅助放疗,2例辅助化疗,4例复发。结论胸腺瘤应尽量手术切除,即使不能完整切除,也应部分切除肿瘤,术后辅助放化疗。     

胃原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤的诊治分析

目的 探讨胃原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)临床表现特点、诊断及治疗方式,提高对本病的认识.方法 我院2001年1月-2011年1月收治的35例确诊为胃原发性NHL进行回顾性分析患者的临床表现,诊断及治疗方法.结果 胃原发性NHL的临床表现缺乏特异性,X线误诊率高,35例患者均行胃镜或X线造影仅16例确诊,诊断率仅45.7％. 16例根治术+化疗或放疗5年生存率达93％,姑息性手术+化疗或放疗5年生存率为75％.结论 熟悉胃原发性NHL的临床特点,通过X线检查、内窥镜多次多处取点检查,提高对本病的认识,降低误诊率.采用以手术为主,术后辅助化疗和/或放疗的综合性治疗可提高患者生存率.了解影响本病预后的因素与临床病理分期及治疗方法.     

Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌保守手术组织间插植配合根治性放射治疗临床观察

为探讨Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌保守手术组织间插植配合根治性放射治疗的方法、疗效和美容效果,对Ⅰ期１例,Ⅱ期７例共８例早期乳腺癌保守术后组织间插植配合根治性放射治疗的效果进行临床观察研究。全部病例均于术后１个月内接受根治性放射治疗。放射治疗范围包括病侧乳腺、胸壁、内乳区以及腋窝和锁骨上淋巴结引流区。组织间插植于乳腺、胸壁外照射开始１～２周后进行,靶区范围包括手术疤痕及其周围１５～２ｃｍ乳腺组织。随访１０个月～５年余,全部病例健在。３年和５年生存率均达１００％,无不良反应,未见局部复发及远处转移征象,并有良好的保留乳房、保持美容、保持功能状态和提高生存质量的效果。认为Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌保守手术组织间插植配合根治性放射治疗,是能取代根治手术的一种可靠有效的治疗方法,符合Ⅰ～Ⅱ期的早期乳腺癌病人应给予保留乳房的治疗。     

Peptic ulcer surgery at a rural hospital in Kenya

In this study, 157 patients who underwent surgery for peptic ulcer disease in a 215-bed mission hospital in Nyeri, Kenya were evaluated. One hundred and thirty seven patients (87.3%) had duodenal ulcer. Vagotomy and drainage was performed in 82.8% with an overall mortality of 1.3%. There were no serious complications during operation but side effects were experienced during the post operative period. Various aspects of peptic ulcer surgery are discussed.     

高龄结肠癌的临床特点与围手术期处理

目的 探讨高龄结肠癌外科治疗与围手术期处理的有关问题。方法 分析1994年1月至2005年5月外科治疗70岁以上高龄结肠癌113例患者的临床资料。结果 根治性手术切除71例（62．8％），姑息性手术切除36例（31．9％），单纯结肠造瘘及捷径手术6例（5．3％），术后有21例（18．6％）出现各种并发症，围手术期死亡2例（1．8％）。结论 高龄不应视为手术禁忌；重视合并症的诊断及治疗，加强围手术期的监护与防治术后并发症是降低手术风险的关键。     

盆腔短程姑息放疗在晚期直肠癌中的疗效观察

目的 评估盆腔短程姑息放疗在合并局部症状晚期直肠癌中的疗效及安全性,为晚期直肠癌姑息放疗提供治疗策略.方法 选取2016年5月-2020年4月就诊于浙江大学医学院附属金华医院共51例晚期直肠癌患者为研究对象.年龄为43～ 74岁,中位年龄为61岁;男性28例,女性23例;51例患者中合并疼痛、出血、肠梗阻比例分别为66...     

192例胰腺癌的外科治疗及随访

目的 探讨胰腺癌的治疗方法对患者生存时间及生存率的影响。总结胰腺癌的治疗经验。方法 回顾分析1995年1月至2000年12月收治的192例胰腺癌患者的外科治疗情况。并对部分患者的随访结果进行研究。结果 146例手术治疗的患者手术切除率为47.26%，根治性切除率为32.19%，获得随访的55例患者中根治性切除组，姑息性切除组，姑息性捷径组，未手术组的1年生存率分别为51.14%,20.41%,8.04%,0。结论 根治性切除仍是唯一有效的治疗方法，姑息性治疗并不能延长胰腺癌患者的生命，胰腺癌进行单一外科治疗的效果不乐观，应寻求一种更为有效的治疗模式。     

肝胆管结石并肝内胆管癌的诊治研究

目的对肝胆管结石并肝内胆管癌的诊疗方法进行分析和探讨。方法以2005年1月至2008年1月来我院治疗并通过手术和病理证实为肝胆管结石合并肝内胆管癌的47例患者的临床资料作为研究对象,47例患者均行开腹手术,其中根治性切除16例、姑息性切除15例、无法切除16例。结果根据随访调查,根治切除术患者术后半年、1年和2年的生存率分别为100%、93.75%、68.75%;姑息切除术为93.33%、40%、20%;无法切除术术后半年的生存率为31.25%,在之后的半年内患者全部死亡。结论肝胆管结石并肝内胆管癌缺乏特异性表现,因此在对肝内胆管结石症状反复出现的病人进行诊断时,应加强对实验室、影像学检查的应用,以免因漏诊而延误治疗的最佳时期。     

145例老年胃癌的外科治疗体会

目的:探讨老年胃癌的外科治疗和围术期处理方法。方法:回顾性分析145例60岁以上胃癌患者的临床资料。4例胃癌穿孔者行急诊手术,其中2例行穿孔修补,2例行姑息性切除,余141例均行择期手术。结果:145例老年胃癌患者术后39例(26.9%)出现并发症,死亡4例(2.8%)。结论:手术切除是老年胃癌最好的治疗方法,合理的手术方案及加强围术期处理是提高疗效、降低死亡率的重要措施。     

Management of recurrent cervical cancer

Approximately 30% of cervical cancer patients will ultimately fail after definitive treatment. The reported 5-year survival rates of patients with treatment failure are between 3.2% and 13%. Management of recurrences depends on the extent of disease, primary treatment, and performance status/comorbidity. Primary treatment, relapse pattern, and characteristics at presentation are determinants for prognosis after recurrence. Concurrent chemoradiation achieves significantly better outcome than radiation alone in patients with recurrences after primary radical hysterectomy. Isolated paraaortic lymph node metastasis and local recurrence confined to cervix were associated with better outcome in failure after definitive radiotherapy. When definitive radiotherapy or surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy has failed, pelvic exenteration is usually necessary for those had central relapse with clear pelvic side-wall and free of distant metastasis. Radical hysterectomy with or without pelvic node dissection is considered feasible for small uterine and/or vaginal recurrences with high operative morbidity. For patients who have recurrences involving the irradiated pelvic wall, pelvic exenteration is usually not an option for curative intent. Intraoperative radiotherapy, combined operative radiotherapeutic treatment, and laterally extended endopelvic resection have been used in such situations with some success. Chemotherapy alone is basically palliative. Generally, combination chemotherapy could attain higher response rates with no significant improvement in overall survival than cisplatin alone. Recent investigations indicated benefits of positron emission tomography in more accurate restaging of recurrent disease. The impact of various post-treatment surveillance strategies to early detect treatment failure remains to be evaluated.     

青海高原宫颈癌Ⅱb期的综合治疗-附80例临床分析

目的：探讨青海高原宫颈癌Ⅱb期综合治疗对预后的作用.方法：回顾性分析1994年5月-1999年5月该院收治的80例经手术病例证实的Ⅱb期宫颈癌.结果：Ⅱb期宫颈癌1年,3年,5年生存率分别为100%,85%,68%.结论：Ⅱb期宫颈癌的预后除了与临床分期、病理类型、术后残留的癌灶相关外,彻底的根治术配合术前、术后正确足量的化疗、放疗可提高疗效,延长生存期.     

Determinants of primary therapy of early stage breast cancer

Controversy exists in the local treatment of early stage breast cancer. In an effort to determine what criteria are used in selection of therapy for patients with breast cancer, we reviewed the experience of early stage breast cancer at Crawford Long Hospital of Emory University during 1986 and 1987. One hundred eighty-three patients were identified with Stage 0, I, or II breast cancer. A total of 11% of patients were treated by lumpectomy and radiotherapy. Residence distant from the hospital was associated with a low rate of utilization of lumpectomy and radiotherapy (p = .05). The strongest predictor of therapy was the surgeon involved in the patient's care (p = 0.001). For surgeons who cared for five or more patients with breast cancer over this time period, rates of utilization of lumpectomy and radiotherapy ranged from 0 to 20% of patients. The results of this study suggest that the surgeon consulted is the major determinant of the type of therapy used in the primary management of breast cancer.     

Costs of waiting for gall bladder surgery

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly awaited general surgical procedures in the UK. However, many patients awaiting a cholecystectomy are admitted with recurrent gallstone related symptoms while on the waiting list, resulting in significant morbidity. The aim of this study was to quantify this problem, and also to analyse the cost implications of these admissions for the NHS. A retrospective study was performed of all patients who underwent an elective cholecystectomy by three consultants in a district general hospital between January 1999 and January 2000. The demographic details, indications for surgery, details of the emergency admissions while on the waiting list, and the treatment given during these episodes were recorded. One hundred and fifty six patients were included in the study, of which 122 (78%) were females. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 54 (5) years. The mean waiting time for surgery in these patients was 12 (3) months. Thirty seven patients (23.7%) were admitted as an emergency due to gallstone related symptoms and complications while awaiting surgery. There were 47 episodes of admissions in total, of which 32 were for biliary colic, 13 were for acute cholecystitis, and two were for acute pancreatitis. In addition to routine blood tests, 20 abdominal radiographs, 10 chest radiographs, three endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography tests, five ultrasonograms, and one computed tomogram were carried out in these patients. The mean duration of each episode of admission was three days. The cost of treatment per episode was pound 946 and the total cost of treating the 37 patients was calculated to be pound 44 462. Performing early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis may help to reduce costs by preventing recurrent emergency admissions in these patients. Further studies to identify risk factors associated with recurrent symptoms and complications in patients with gallstone disease may help to prioritize them for early surgery.     

鼻咽癌放疗后颞骨骨坏死的手术治疗

目的探讨鼻咽癌放疗后颞骨放射性骨坏死的有效治疗方法。方法对8例8耳鼻咽癌放疗后并发的颞骨放射性骨坏死行手术治疗：2耳行乳突根治术,1耳行扩大乳突根治术,5例采用乳突根治术＋耳周带蒂组织瓣术腔填塞术。结果8耳中共5耳（62．5％）获得干耳,无死骨再形成,2耳（25％）症状明显改善。其中行乳突根治＋耳周带蒂软组织瓣术腔填塞术者获得干耳4耳,症状明显改善1耳,但术腔仍有感染及肉芽,均无死骨再形成;行乳突根治术者1耳获得干耳,另1耳术后半年游离死骨形成,再次手术切除,未能完全上皮化及干耳,需定期换药;扩大乳突根治术者1耳症状明显改善,但局灶性骨面暴露,未再见游离死骨形成。结论对鼻咽癌放射后颞骨放射性骨坏死治疗困难,手术治疗的主要目的是局部引流及预防并发症,采用乳突根治＋耳周带蒂组织瓣术腔填塞是有效的治疗方法。     

放射治疗结合介入治疗对原发性肝癌骨转移瘤的疗效观察

目的探讨放射治疗结合介入治疗对原发性肝癌骨转移瘤的疗效及其应用价值。材料与方法对5例先后行放射治疗及介入治疗的原发性肝癌骨转移瘤患者进行回顾性分析。5例患者均为男性,年龄37～68岁。病理证实其肝脏原发肿瘤为肝细胞癌。外科手术切除或射频消融治疗术后1～15个月CT或MRI检查提示不同部位骨转移瘤,伴不同程度局部疼痛。其中1例为胸骨上段转移瘤;1例为右第十前肋局灶性膨胀性骨质破坏;2例右髂骨区出现不规则骨质破坏并有软组织肿块;另1例第4腰椎骨转移合并椎旁软组织肿块及神经根压迫症。5例患者均先后接受常规放射治疗及不同方式的介入治疗。联合治疗前后以目测模拟法（VAS法）对患者疼痛程度进行分级,并以影像学复查评价转移灶局部治疗效果。结果5例患者治疗前其疼痛VAS评分均在7分以上。联合治疗后完全缓解（VAS评分降至0分）2例,明显缓解（VAS评分降至1～3分）1例,中度缓解（VAS评分降至4～6分）1例,无缓解（VAS评分仍为7～10分）0例。5例患者联合治疗后AFP下降均〈50%。影像学复查提示骨转移病灶局部骨质破坏基本停止,软组织肿块明显缩小。病人治疗后生活质量明显提高,在不依赖镇痛药物的前提下基本可达到无痛睡眠,无痛休息和无痛活动。结论放射治疗结合介入治疗对原发性肝癌骨转移瘤有协同作用，可提高疗效，改善患者生存质量。     

Medical cost of curing childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Between 1970 and 1979 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was diagnosed in 378 children at this hospital. The outcome for the 181 survivors was examined six or more years after diagnosis to assess morbidity in an unselected group of long term survivors. One hundred and thirty seven of the survivors were in first remission and probably cured (group I). Forty four (group II) had had one or more relapses, some of whom, who had isolated extramedullary relapses, also have a good chance of cure. In group I 136 patients had prophylactic cranial or craniospinal irradiation, while patients in group II, in addition to having that treatment, received local testicular (17) or craniospinal radiation (seven) for testicular or central nervous system relapse. Eight had additional prophylactic cranial radiotherapy after bone marrow relapse, and six had total body irradiation before bone marrow transplantation. The incidence of clinically important growth and endocrine morbidity was 20% in group I and 68% in group II. The morbidity in patients in group I was mainly attributable to early pubertal maturation. In group II 30 patients had growth failure, of whom 19 had gonadal failure from testicular or total body irradiation, 14 had growth hormone deficiency after doses of cranial irradiation of over 2400 cGy, and 10 had spinal growth impairment after craniospinal irradiation. Two also had early pubertal maturation. Five out of six patients who received total body irradiation had multiple endocrine deficiency. Neuropsychological sequelae of treatment were seen in 40 (42%) of 96 schoolchildren in group I and in 12 (38%) of 32 schoolchildren in group II. Postinfective sequelae of treatment were found in patients in both groups. These results show that the survivors who were in their first remission had a 42% residual morbidity related to treatment compared with an 82% morbidity in the survivors of one or more relapses who had multiple treatments.     

乳腺癌根治术患者放化疗前后甲状腺功能变化情况及其临床意义

目的 分析乳腺癌行根治术患者经化疗及放疗后甲状腺功能的变化情况及其临床意义。方法 选取云南省肿瘤医院2015年1月至2018年12月收治的行乳腺癌根治术并接受化疗及胸锁联合野放疗,且定期复查甲状腺功能的患者为研究对象,分别在化疗前、放疗前、放疗后3月、6月、9月、12月、18月、24月对患者甲状腺功能指标进行检测。结果 乳腺癌根治术后患者放疗结束6月后TSH对比化疗前明显升高（P <0.05）;与化疗前比较,放疗结束12月后TG-Ab升高（P <0.05）;放疗结束3月后TSH与放疗前对比明显升高（P <0.05）;放疗结束6月后TG-Ab、TPO-Ab与放疗前对比升高（P <0.05）。结论 乳腺癌根治术患者接受化疗、放射治疗可导致甲状腺功能减退的发生,引起甲状腺自身免疫反应,应定期检测并及时治疗。