HPLC法同时测定四物合剂中芍药内酯苷和芍药苷的含量

目的:建立四物合剂中芍药内酯苷和芍药苷同时含量测定的反相高效液相色谱法。方法:色谱柱为Kromasil C18(250mm×4．6mm i．d．,5μm),流动相为乙腈-甲醇-水-磷酸(10:15:75:0．02),检测波长为230nm,测定5批四物合剂中芍药内酯苷和芍药苷的含量。结果:芍药内酯苷和芍药苷的线性范围分别为0．01488～0．1488mg·mL-1(r=0．9998)和0．01874-0．1874mg·mL-1(r=0．9997),平均加样回收率分别为98．2％(n=9)和98．8％(n=9)。结论:本法简便,准确、重复性好,为四物合剂的质量评价提供了方法。     

HPLC法测定平肝颗粒中芍药苷的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定平肝颗粒中芍药苷的含量。方法:色谱柱:HYPERSIL ODS-2(150 mm×4．6 mm,5μm)。乙腈:水(17:83)为流动相。流速为0．8 ml·min-1,检测波长230 nm,柱温30℃。结果:芍药苷在0．04-0．23μg范围内线性关系良好,r=1．000 0,平均回收率为99．6％,RSD为0．9％。结论:方法灵敏准确,适用于该制剂的含量测定。     

RP-HPLC测定小鼠口服赤芍吴茱萸复方后血浆中芍药苷的浓度

目的　建立测定小鼠口服赤芍吴茱萸复方后血浆中芍药苷的方法。方法　采用HPLC法,C1 8柱(2 5 0mm×4 .6mm ,7μm) ,甲醇-水(38∶6 2 )为流动相,流速0 .5ml·min-1 ,检测波长2 30nm。结果　芍药苷与血浆中其他成分能很好分离,芍药苷在5 .0～2 5 0 . 0ng·μl-1 范围内线性关系良好(r=0 .9999) ,RSD <1 0 %,平均回收率95 . 5 2 %,最低检测浓度1 .49ng·μl-1 。结论　本法快速、灵敏、准确,可用于芍药吴茱萸复方在小鼠体内芍药苷的血浆浓度分析。     

HPLC法测定盆炎净胶囊中芍药苷的含量

目的建立 HPLC法测定盆炎净胶囊中芍药苷的含量测定方法。方法采用Kromasil KR100-5 C18色谱柱（250 mm ×4．6 mm ,5μm）;以乙腈-0．5 mL · L -1三乙胺溶液（用磷酸调节pH值至2．5）（14∶86）为流动相;流速为1．0 mL · min-1;检测波长为230 nm。结果芍药苷的线性范围为68～1692 ng ,回归方程为Y＝1．3424 X＋0．2891,r＝1．000;平均回收率为100．3％, RSD为1．8％（n＝9）。结论该方法结果准确,灵敏度高,重复性好,可用于盆炎净胶囊的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定黄连上清片中黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立测定黄连上清片中黄芩苷含量的RP-HPLC方法。方法:Kromasil C18柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(50∶50∶0．2),流速1．0 ml·min-1,检测波长:276nm。结果:黄芩苷线性范围为0．16～3．14μg(r= 0．999 8),平均回收率为98．2％,RSD 0．7％。结论:方法简便、准确、重现性好,可作为该片的质量控制。     

HPLC测定清肝化瘀合剂中芍药苷的含量

目的 采用HPLC法对清肝化痪合剂中的特征成分芍药苷进行含量测定。方法应用Hypersil ODS2色谱柱（4．6×250mm,5vm）;以乙腈-0．8％磷酸水溶液-水（16：11：73,v／v）为流动相;流速为0．8mL·min^-1;检测波长为230nm;柱温为25℃。结果芍药苷为16．5-82．5μg·mL^-1。（r=0．9999）时呈良好线性关系。芍药苷平均加样回收率为98．97％,RSD为1．41％。结论 该方法简单、快速、准确．可用于清肝化瘀合剂中芍药苷含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定增乳膏中芍药苷的含量

目的：建立增乳膏中芍药苷的含量测定方法。方法：高效液相色谱法测定增乳膏中芍药苷的含量。选用Ultimate^TM XB—C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;乙腈-0．1％磷酸（14：86）为流动相;流速0．8ml·min^-1检测波长230nm。结果：芍药苷在0．10—1．97μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9998）,平均回收率为100．2％,RSD0．7％（n=6）。结论：方法简便,快速,准确,可用于增乳膏中芍药苷的含量测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定胃灵颗粒中芍药苷含量

目的建立胃灵颗粒中芍药苷的含量测定方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Thermo ODS柱(250mm×4．6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0．1％磷酸溶液(15:85),流速为1 mL／min,检测波长为230 nm。结果芍药苷进样量线性范围是0．055 10-0．771 4μg, r=0．999 6(n=5),平均回收率为99．5％,RSD为1．25％。结论该方法准确、可靠。     

HPLC法测定参茸补酒中芍药苷的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定参茸补酒中芍药苷的含量。方法选用Lichrospher-C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;以乙腈-水（11：89）为流动相;检测波长230nm;流速1．0mL·min^-1;柱温30℃。结果芍药苷在6．624μg·mL^-1～66．240μg·mL^-1范围内具有良好的线性关系,r=0．9999,平均回收率为98．29％,RSD为1．68％。结论该方法准确可靠,能有效的控制制剂的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定偏瘫康复丸中芍药苷的含量

目的：建立HLPC法测定偏瘫康复丸中白芍成分芍药苷的含量。方法：色谱柱为ZORBAXSBC18柱（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相为乙腈-水（14：86）,流速1．0ml·min-1,检测波长为230nm。结果：芍药苷的线性范围为0．0095-0．0760mg·ml-1（r=0．9998）,平均回收率为99．4％,RSD为0．96％。结论：该方法快速、准确、重复性好,适用于偏瘫康复丸的含量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.