紫草素明胶-海藻酸钠微囊制备

目的:优选紫草素明胶-海藻酸钠微囊的制备工艺条件。方法:以紫草素微囊载药量、包封率、粒径大小及分布为制备工艺的优化指标,通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验,考察了乳化剂种类、乳化温度、明胶/海藻酸钠最佳浓度与比例、芯壁比、Ca Cl2浓度等因素对微囊形成的影响。结果:紫草素复合微囊的最佳制备条件为:2%的明胶和海藻酸钠(比例为1∶3),芯壁比为1∶1,Ca Cl2浓度为5%,吐温-司盘(1∶1)为乳化剂,乳化温度55℃;所得微囊成球性好、粒径分布均匀,载药量和包封率分别为18.27%、81.90%。结论:优选工艺所制备的紫草素明胶-海藻酸钠微囊包封率和载药率都较高,粒径均一,为紫草素微囊的进一步研究奠定基础。     

乳化外凝聚法制备姜油树脂海藻酸钠-壳聚糖微囊的工艺优化研究

目的:优化姜油树脂海藻酸钠-壳聚糖微囊的制备工艺,并对其稳定性进行考察。方法:采用乳化外凝聚法制备微囊,以微囊粒径和包封率为测定指标,用均匀设计表U11(116)优选处方工艺;影响因素实验考察微囊的稳定性。结果:优化后的工艺条件为:海藻酸钠浓度2.0%、海藻酸钠与姜油树脂的质量比3∶1、CaCl2浓度1.0%、壳聚糖浓度1.2%,所得微囊外观形态良好,平均粒径为842μm、跨距为0.14,包封率为(69.82±1.05)%。微囊在高温、高湿和强光实验条件下,载药量与外观形态稳定。结论:在均匀设计所得优化条件下,姜油树脂海藻酸钠-壳聚糖微囊的制备工艺重现性好,微囊化是提高姜油树脂稳定性的有效方法之一。     

荆芥内酯聚乳酸乙醇酸纳米粒的制备及其稳定性研究

目的制备荆芥内酯聚乳酸乙醇酸纳米粒,并优化其制备工艺。方法以粒径、分散度、包封率和载药量为指标,对溶剂挥发法、溶剂扩散法和溶剂-非溶剂法制备荆芥内酯纳米粒进行比较。在单因素考察基础上,采用正交设计法对纳米粒的处方和溶剂-非溶剂法制备工艺进行优化,并考察了4℃和25℃条件下纳米粒溶液的稳定性。结果溶剂-非溶剂法制备的荆芥内酯纳米粒形态圆整,大小均匀,平均粒径(80.3±1.75)nm,分散度0.0144±0.00625,包封率可达52.53%±0.97%,载药量27.56%±0.91%,显著优于溶剂挥发法和溶剂扩散法,且具有良好的稳定性。结论溶剂-非溶剂法制备荆芥内酯纳米粒具有工艺简便,粒径和分散度小,包封率和载药量高,重复性好,质量稳定的优点。     

BSA载药微囊的制备、表征及体外释放行为

采用复乳法-液中干燥法制备了一系列含有牛血清蛋白(BSA)的聚乙二醇-b-聚(6-(乙酸苄酯)-ε-己内酯-co-ε-己内酯(PEBCL)微囊.分别研究了聚合物结构以及制备条件对微囊粒径、载药量和包封率的影响,同时研究了载药微囊在pH=7.4的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中的体外释放行为.研究表明:微囊的平均粒径13～30 μm,微囊对BSA的载药量和包封率分别最高可以达到14.18%和75.90%,药物的释放行为可控,PEBCL微囊作为蛋白质类药物载体有望在临床上获得应用.     

盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱肝动脉栓塞微球处方工艺研究

目的:从新疆民族药蒺藜科植物骆驼蓬种子中提取的抗肿瘤活性生物碱成分——盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱(HM) ,制成可供肝动脉栓塞的微球新剂型 ,对其处方设计及制备工艺进行研究。方法:选择具有生物可降解性、无毒、价廉且与盐酸 HM无相互作用的明胶为载体 ,采用乳化分散法制备盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱明胶微球 ,以外观、粒径、载药量、包封率等为考察指标 ,采用正交设计确定了盐酸去氢骆驼蓬碱微球的制备工艺。结果:含药微球为淡黄色粉末 ,光镜及电镜观察微球球形圆整 ,表面附有少量药物结晶。平均产率为 86 .6 3% ,表面药量平均值为 (2 6 .2 4±0 .30 ) % (g/ g) ;载药量为 (34.4 5± 0 .35 ) % (g/ g) ;包封率为 (8.19± 0 .5 1) % (g/ g)。平均算术径为 6 3.0μm ,平均体积径为 6 9.6μm,粒径分布基本属正态 ,跨度 Span为 0 .76 9。 结论:所研制微球符合肝动脉栓塞微球剂的要求     

去甲斑蝥素N-乳糖酰壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及其特性研究

目的 合成N-乳糖酰壳聚糖作为肝靶向载体,制备去甲斑蝥素纳米粒。方法 通过碳二亚胺缩合法制备N-乳糖酰壳聚糖,并以之为载体,采用离子诱导法制备去甲斑蝥素N-乳糖酰壳聚糖纳米粒。以粒径分布、包封率、载药量为综合指标,正交试验设计优化载药纳米粒的制备工艺,并考察其体外释放特性。结果 合成的N-乳糖酰壳聚糖的取代度为8.92%。优化工艺制备的N-乳糖酰壳聚糖载药纳米外观圆整,平均粒径(118.7±8.84) nm,包封率(57.92±0.40)%,载药量(10.38±0.06)%,其体外释药遵循Higuchi方程。结论 半乳糖修饰壳聚糖载药纳米粒具有良好的缓释特性。     

硝苯地平微囊的制备及体外释放度研究

目的采用复凝聚法制备硝苯地平(NF)微囊,并对其进行体外释放研究.方法 采用复凝聚法制备NF微囊,采用光学显微镜观察微囊外形、粒径,并对微囊的载药量、包封率和体外释放度进行研究.结果 本实验制得的微囊平均粒径为23.8±2.6μm,载药量为15.8%,包封率为80.6%,NF微囊体外释放符合Higuchi方程.结论 采用复凝聚法制备的NF微囊,粒径均匀,载药量及包封率较高,具有很好的缓释作用.     

复方总黄酮聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物微囊的制备及体外释药特性

目的：以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）作为载体材料制备复合骨碎补总黄酮（TFRD）和野菊花总黄酮（TFC）的TF-PLGA缓释微囊,探讨微囊的最佳制备工艺及其体外缓释特性。方法：以PLGA、TFRD和 TFC为原料,采用复乳-溶剂挥发法制备TF-PLGA缓释微囊;以包封产率（EE）为评价指标,通过单因素实验及正交实验进行工艺优化,筛选最佳的工艺参数;光学显微镜（LM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）下观察微囊的形态特征、粒径大小和分布情况;采用提取法测定TF-PLGA微囊的体外累计释药率并绘制累计释放曲线。结果：单因素实验和正交实验优化的最佳制备工艺,PLGA浓度为140 g·L^-1,油相体积为1.4 mL,乳化速度为1500 r·min^-1,乳化时间为5 min。优化后微囊平均EE为（83.89±2.30）%,平均实际载药量（DL）为（5.90±0.07）%;LM和SEM下观察,微囊形态圆整,平均粒径为（44.34±14.68）μm,粒径分布较窄;体外释放实验检测,24h累计释药率达40%,第50天后累积释药率超过90%。结论：TF-PLGA缓释微囊具有优良的载药及缓释效果,制备工艺简单,重复性良好。     

载阿霉素混合胶束的制备及制剂工艺优化

目的制备载阿霉素（DOX）的混合胶束,并优化其冻干制剂工艺。方法以TPGS-甘草次酸偶联物（TG偶联物）和TPGS修饰的羧甲基壳聚糖-大黄酸偶联物（TCR偶联物）为混合胶束载体材料（TCR-TG）,利用透析法制备载DOX的混合胶束（DOX/TCR-TG胶束）,以载药量、包封率、粒径为评价指标,考察TG偶联物和TCR偶联物的投料比、DOX与TCR-TG的投料比,确定DOX/TCR-TG胶束最佳制备工艺。考察冻干保护剂的种类及用量,确定DOX/TCR-TG胶束的最佳冻干工艺。结果 DOX/TCR-TG胶束平均粒径为（121.3±8.49）nm,PDI为（0.21±0.02）,Zeta电位为（-21.9±0.2）mV,载药量为（31.22±3.19）%,包封率为（62.59±6.39）%,其中TG偶联物和TCR偶联物最佳投料比为1∶2,DOX和TCR-TG的最佳投料比为1∶1.7,DOX/TCR-TG混合胶束冻干制剂的最佳保护剂为0.1%甘露醇。结论 TG偶联物与TCR偶联物形成的混合载体材料包载DOX,可制备成载药量和包封率较好,粒径分布均匀,形态圆整的聚合物胶束制剂。     

均匀设计法优选头孢唑林钠毫微球的制备工艺研究

目的:寻找制备头孢唑林钠毫微球的最佳工艺.方法:选择氰基丙烯酸正丁酯为载体材料,用乳化聚合法制备CS-PBCA-NP,通过单因素试验初选、均匀设计优化制备工艺.结果:在优化条件下制备的CS-PBCA-NP为乳白色胶体溶液,毫微粒外形圆整光滑、分布均匀、不粘连,平均粒径86±6 nm,包封率为(92.65±1.87)%,载药量为(68.52±1.56)%.结论:该优化条件可作为CS-PBCA-NP的最佳制备工艺.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.