The Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation Questionnaire was successfully translated to Persian

IntroductionThe Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) is designed to evaluate pain and disability in subjects with lateral elbow tendinopathy. This questionnaire is available in Swedish, Italian, and some other languages. A Persian language version of the questionnaire is needed for both research and clinical purposes.Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the PRTEE questionnaire into the Persian language and to determine its validity and reliability.MethodsThe PRTEE was translated and culturally adapted from English into Persian (PRTEE-P) according to the established guidelines. The PRTEE-P was completed by 68 Iranian subjects (44 women, 24 men) diagnosed with chronic lateral elbow tendinopathy. To assess test-retest reliability, all subjects filled out the PRTEE-P on a second admission within one week. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha were measured to report reliability. The validity was determined by correlating the PRTEE-P questionnaire with the Persian version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire.ResultsThe Persian version of the PRTEE showed a high internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.99, demonstrating good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.99). It was well correlated with Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (r = 0.80).ConclusionThe PRTEE-P is a reliable and valid tool designed for measuring pain and disability in subjects with lateral elbow tendinopathy.     

Validation of the Patient-rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation Questionnaire

The aim of this study was to determine the reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the Patient-rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) Questionnaire in 78 tennis playing subjects who had chronic, unilateral, MRI-confirmed lateral elbow tendinopathy and who concomitantly participated in an outcome study. The PRTEE results were compared with results of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS); the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Questionnaire; the Roles and Maudsley score; and the Upper Extremity Function Scale. Questionnaires were completed at baseline and 12 weeks. Reliability and internal consistency were excellent (PRTEE pain subscale, 0.94; PRTEE specific activities subscale, 0.93; PRTEE usual activities, 0.85). Correlations were good between the PRTEE subscales and total scale and the VAS and DASH. Standardized response means (SRM) were higher in the PRTEE (SRM = 2.1) than in the other outcome measures (SRM, 1.5–1.7). The PRTEE was a reliable, reproducible, and sensitive instrument for assessment of chronic lateral elbow tendinopathy in a tennis playing cohort. It was at least as sensitive to change as the other outcome tools tested. The PRTEE may become the standard primary outcome measure in research of tennis elbow.     

Cross-cultural Adaptation of the Patient-rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation to Canadian French

IntroductionNo questionnaire is available to evaluate disability levels in French-speaking patients suffering from tennis elbow.Purpose of the StudyTo perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the English version of the Patient-rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) into Canadian French.MethodsThe PRTEE was cross-culturally adapted to Canadian French according to well-established guidelines. Thirty-two patients with tennis elbow completed the prefinal version of the PRTEE. The construct validity, longitudinal validity, and responsiveness were assessed through comparisons with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) measuring pain and the pain-free grip (PFG) at baseline, six weeks and three months. The internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha and the item-total correlations.ResultsThe adaptation process resolved the discrepancy between the forward and back translation. The scores of PRTEE were adequately distributed without floor or ceiling effect. Item completion was good. The correlation between the PRTEE and the VAS was moderate to high (r = 0.64–0.77) and statistically significant. There was also a low but significant correlation between the PRTEE and PFG (r = ?0.38 to ?0.48). For the longitudinal construct validity, the correlation with the VAS was moderate to high and statistically significant (r = 0.68 and 0.88, p < 0.01). The effect size (0.8; 1.0) and the standardized response mean (0.9; 1.0) were high and at least as good as the other outcomes. Internal consistency of the total score was high (Cronbach alpha = 0.93) and item-total correlations were substantial for all items (0.58–0.85).ConclusionsThis study supports linguistic and conceptual equivalence of our Canadian French version. Because this version of the PRTEE demonstrated good acceptability, construct validity, internal consistency, and responsiveness, it may be used in both research and clinical setting.Level of EvidenceN/A.     

The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Elbow Questionnaire: Cross-cultural Adaptation into German and Evaluation of Its Psychometric Properties

The purpose of this clinical measurement (longitudinal) study was to cross-culturally adapt the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons standardized elbow assessment questionnaire (pASES-e) into German (pASES-eG) and evaluate its reliability and validity. Cross-cultural adaptation of the pASES-e was performed according to international guidelines. Seventy-five patients who had undergone elbow arthroplasty, on average of 11 years previously, were assessed using the pASES-eG, the German version of the Patient-Rated Elbow Evaluation (PREE-G), the Short Form-36 (SF-36), the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), and the clinical ASES-e to assess the construct validity of the pASES-eG. Its retest reliability was examined on 55-second assessments completed within two weeks. For reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.93 for the pASES-eG total score. Its internal consistency was 0.90 (Cronbach's α). The pASES-eG total score correlated excellently with the PREE-G (0.92), well with the DASH (0.73), moderate with the physical component summary (0.62), and not with the mental component summary scores of the SF-36 (0.02). The pASES-eG correlated moderately with certain clinical findings (clinical ASES-e) (0.40–0.63). The pASES-eG represents a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating self-rated outcome in German-speaking patients with elbow pathology.     

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) into Spanish (Chile)

PurposeTo adapt and validate the English version of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) into Spanish FAOS-CL, following the WHO guidelines.MethodsA cross-sectional study including 318 outpatients with non-traumatic conditions. Validity, acceptability and internal consistency including correlations with the Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 are reported.ResultsThe preliminary version resulted from the forward and back-translation and a pilot administration. Validation response rate was 99.22%. Substantial ceiling effects were observed for Symptoms and ADL and floor effect for QoL sub-scales. The FAOS-CL had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.98). The principal component analysis gave five factors explaining the 72.6% of the variance. The FAOS-CL items significantly correlate with their sub-scales. FAOS-CL sub-scales significantly correlated with SF-36 components and subcomponents.ConclusionThe first Spanish version of the FAOS was generated. Culturally adapted and validated with high reliability capable of evaluating different foot and ankle conditions.     

Spanish translation and cultural adaptation of the 5-D itch scale in burn patients

The objective of this study was to make an equivalent and culturally adapted translation of an already existing scale for itching, the 5-D itch scale (5-D IS), developed as a short questionnaire and designed to measure pruritus, in order to be applied in a Spanish-speaking population. The 5-D IS consists of five sections that evaluate duration, degree, direction, disability and distribution of itching. The adequate translation process was performed according to the guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Two forward translations, one backwards translation, harmonization by an expert panel, and cognitive interviews with patients were included. The result was a culturally adapted Spanish version of the 5-D IS which was then field-tested in a burn population with an internal reliability of 0,83, considered good. As pruritus and pain are bothersome symptoms present in more that 90% of burned patients during the rehabilitation phase, this culturally adapted scale allows Spanish speakers clinicians to easily objectivize the severity of pruritus and measure the impact of any intervention or treatment.     

Cultural Adaptation Into Spanish of the Airways Questionnaire 20, a Short Health-Related Quality-of-Life Questionnaire for the Clinical Evaluation of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background and ObjectiveThe routine use of health-related quality-of-life questionnaires in patients with chronic respiratory disease is limited due to the time required to complete them. The Airways Questionnaire 20 (AQ20) contains 20 easy-to-answer questions, making it ideal for use in routine practice. However, a Spanish version is not available. Our aim was to create a version of the AQ20 for use in Spain that would be equivalent to the original English questionnaire.MethodThe original questionnaire was adapted using the translation-backtranslation method. We evaluated the conceptual equivalence of the translation to the original questionnaire, classifying items as type A if they were fully equivalent, type B if they contained questionable wording, and type C if there were doubts about their equivalence. The items in categories B and C were re-examined by the researchers and translators, with input from the author of the original questionnaire and a group of patients. The final version was piloted among 30 patients.ResultsLow difficulty ratings were given to both the translation (3.45) and backtranslation (3.52). Sixty-five percent of the backtranslated items were considered to be fully equivalent to the original English items (type A), 15% were classified as type B, and 20% as type C. The final Spanish version, produced after discussion of items B and C, was administered to 15 patients with asthma (66% women; mean [SD] age, 53.13 [19.6] y) and 15 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (13% women; mean age, 67.8 [8.94] y). A Cronbach α of 0.92 was obtained.ConclusionThe adaptation process produced a Spanish questionnaire that is conceptually equivalent to the English original, easy to understand, and satisfactory in terms of internal consistency.     

Spanish transcultural adaptation of the Leuven Itch Scale

Itching is one of the most frequent symptoms, and most resistant to treatment, relating to scar formation after burns. The Leuven Itch Scale is a questionnaire which has been validated for use in burns, analysing different clinical dimensions of pruritus. However, until now there was no Spanish version available for use with Spanish-speaking patients.     

Cross‐cultural adaptation,translation, and validation of the Spanish Foot and Ankle Outcome Score questionnaire

The Spanish Foot and Ankle Outcome Score questionnaire (FAOS‐S) may be considered a health evaluation tool with 42 questions for assessing foot health disorders. To date, FAOS has been validated in different languages, but a Spanish version was lacking. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Spanish version of the FAOS (FAOS es). A suitable method was developed for the translation protocol and cross‐cultural validation from Swedish to Spanish. Regarding the total marks from each domain, agreement degrees and confidence were analysed using the Cronbach's α and intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. In addition, the mean ± SD differences between pretest and posttests were calculated and completed using of the Bland and Altman distribution plots. Excellent agreement between the two versions based on Cronbach's α was demonstrated. Five domains consisting of pain, symptoms of foot disorders, activities of daily living, sports and recreation, and foot and ankle quality of life were added together to obtain the total score. Excellent retest reliability was shown for the total score. Test/retest reliability was excellent for the pain, stiffness, other foot disorder‐related symptoms, and quality of life domains. There were no significant differences among any domain (P > .05). There were no statistically significant differences (P = .000) for the mean ± SD differences between pretest and posttests (56.2524 ± 19.064 [51.98–60.52] and 57.45 ± 21.02 [52.74–62.16] points, respectively). Bland and Altman plots or clinically pertinent variations were not statistically significantly different. The FAOS is considered a strong and valid questionnaire with adequate repeatability in the Spanish community.     

Psychometric Evaluation of a Coping Questionnaire in Two Independent Samples of People with Diabetes

The study examines internal item/scale structure and concurrent validity of a newly developed 48‐item questionnaire [General Coping Questionnaire (GCQ)] that measures 10 aspects of coping with chronic illness (self‐trust, problem‐reducing actions, change of values, social trust, minimization, fatalism, resignation, protest, isolation and intrusion). The tests were performed in two independent samples of persons with diabetes mellitus. The first sample consisted of 119 subjects with type I diabetes and the second sample of 184 subjects with type II diabetes. Concurrent validity was examined by comparisons with measures of health‐related quality of life (SF‐36), a measure of metabolic control (HbA1c) and incidence of diabetic complications. The item/scale structure was found to be similar and very good in both samples. The 10 dimensions correlated as expected with the measure of mental health, although the ‘negative’ dimensions of the GCQ correlated higher compared with the ‘positive’ dimensions. Weaker relations with metabolic control were also found in one of the samples. These tests provide further evidence that GCQ is a well‐structured, relevant and reliable instrument for assessing coping reactions in chronic somatic conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validation of Spanish versions of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ): a multicenter validation randomized study

Introduction and hypothesis  The purpose of this study is to validate Spanish versions of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ). Methods  Spanish versions were developed using back translation and validation was performed by randomizing bilingual women to complete the Spanish or English versions of the questionnaires first. Weighted kappa statistics assessed agreement for individual questions; interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) compared primary and subscale scores. Cronbach’s alpha assessed internal consistency of Spanish versions. To detect a 2.7 point difference in scores with 80% power and alpha of 0.05, 44 bilingual subjects were required. Results  Individual questions showed good to excellent agreement (kappa > 0.6) for all but eight questions on the PFIQ. ICCs of primary and subscale scores for both questionnaires showed excellent agreement. (All ICC > 0.79). All Cronbach’s alpha values were excellent (>0.84) for the primary scales of both questionnaires. Conclusions  Valid and reliable Spanish versions of the PFIQ and PFDI have been developed.     

Translation to Spanish and Validation of the Specific Saint George's Questionnaire for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Introduction

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is associated with low exercise tolerance, dyspnea, and decreased health-related quality of life (HRQL). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most prevalent in the group. A specific version of the Saint George's questionnaire (SGRQ-I) has been developed to quantify the HRQL of IPF patients. However, this tool is not currently validated in the Spanish language. The objective was to translate into Spanish and validate the specific Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (SGRQ-I).

肘外侧小切口伸肌总腱切断治疗顽固性网球肘

目的：对肘外侧小切口切断伸肌总腱治疗顽固性网球肘的疗效进行评价。方法：对54例经过手术治疗的顽固性网球肘患者进行回顾性分析，随访6～48个月。结果：手术后患者疼痛消失，握力增加，优良率达96．6％。结论：肘外侧小切口切断伸肌总腱是治疗顽固性网球肘的有效方法之一。     

Validation of the French version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire

Self questionnaires are an important aspect of the management of neck pain patients. The Bournemouth Questionnaire (BQ), based on the biopsychosocial model, is designed to evaluate patients with neck pain. The validated English version of this questionnaire (BQc-English) has psychometric properties that range from moderate to excellent. The goal of this study is to translate and validate a French version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire for neck pain patients (BQc-f). Its translation and adaptation are performed using the translation back-translation method, generating a consensus among the translators. This validation study was performed on 68 subjects (mean age 41 years old) who participated in a randomized controlled trial regarding the efficiency of manual therapy for neck pain patients. This experimental protocol was designed to generate data in order to evaluate the construct validity, longitudinal validity, test-retest reliability and responsiveness. The BQc-f psychometric properties of construct validity (r = 0.67, 0.61, 0.42) for pre treatment, post treatment and longitudinal validity, respectively), test-retest reliability (r = 0.97) and responsiveness (effect size = 0.56 and mean standardized response = 0.61) are sufficient to suggest it could be used in the management of patients with neck pain.     

Development and validation of the Overactive Bladder Satisfaction (OAB-S) Questionnaire

AIMS: To develop and validate a measure of patient satisfaction with treatment in overactive bladder: the Overactive Bladder Satisfaction Questionnaire (OAB-S). METHODS: Development of the questionnaire included a comprehensive literature review, development of a conceptual model, item elicitation and cognitive debriefing interviews with US-English and US-Spanish patients, and assessment of the questionnaire's translatability in other languages. Psychometric validation of the questionnaire was run on a longitudinal, non-randomized study involving 201 OAB patients. Analyses included construct validity, concurrent validity, tests of reliability, known-group validity, and responsiveness (exploratory). RESULTS: The OAB-S is a patient-completed questionnaire including five scales: OAB Control Expectations (ten items); Impact on Daily Living with OAB (ten items); OAB Control (ten items); OAB Medication Tolerability (six items); and Satisfaction with Control (ten items) and five single-item overall assessments of patient's fulfillment of OAB medication expectations, interruption of day-to-day life due to OAB, overall satisfaction with OAB medication; willingness to continue OAB medication and improvement in day-to-day life due to OAB medication. The hypothesized structure of the questionnaire was supported by statistical analyses. Internal consistency reliability coefficients (ranging from 0.76 to 0.94) and test-retest reliability coefficients (ranging from 0.72 to 0.87) were good for all dimensions. All dimensions except tolerability discriminated well according to self-reported OAB severity level and incontinence status. CONCLUSION: The OAB-S is a valid, comprehensive instrument to assess satisfaction with treatment of OAB based on independent scales that have demonstrated satisfactory psychometric performance.