带蒂大网膜移植修补复杂性膀胱阴道瘘67例报告

目的 探讨带蒂大网膜移植修补复杂性膀胱阴道瘘的临床疗效。方法 复杂性膀胱阴道瘘67例，年龄19～38岁，平均24岁，病程6个月-11年，平均3．5年。均为产伤导致，瘘口最大径2．5～4．5cm，平均3．0cm。合并输尿管阴道瘘15例（左侧5例，右侧7例，双侧3例），输尿管开口狭窄4例（左侧2例，右侧1例，双侧1例）；肾盂积水17例（左侧7例，右侧9例，双侧1例），膀胱结石9例。均采用移植带蒂大网膜覆盖于膀胱和阴道瘘口修补后的创口之间，形成具有保护层等作用的牢靠“屏障”。结果 67例手术一次成功63例，成功率94％。其中2例术后出现0．2～0．4cm小漏尿口，延长留置导尿管时间等处理后治愈。手术失败4例（6％），行输尿管膀胱再植21例。术后出现轻度尿失禁29例（46％），经对症处理后治愈21例。63例随访3个月，尿瘘无复发，轻度尿失禁8例，B超及IVU复查肾盂轻度积水3例。结论 带蒂大网膜移植修补复杂性膀胱阴道瘘，手术成功率高，同时还可处理输尿管开口狭窄、瘘等并发症。     

移植肾输尿管膀胱的吻合口瘘

目的：有效地减少或避免同种异体肾移植术后移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口瘘,延长移植肾的存活期。方法：从病因,诊断和处理方面回顾性分析30例肾移植患者术后移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口瘘的临床资料。结果：4例采用保守治疗,2例做单纯瘘口修补。11例切除血供差,水肿严重的移植肾输尿管远端,或调整移植肾的位置,做移植肾输尿管膀胱再吻合。13例膀胱翻瓣后,用20－24Foley尿管连接供肾的肾盂和受者膀胱瓣,其中9例无法实现残留的移植肾输尿管与膀胱瓣无张力的间断缝合,只能待移植肾肾盂或上段输尿管沿Foley尿管爬行,形成隧道。受者1年存活率96.7%(29/30),移植肾1年存活率为86.7%(26/30)。结论：肾移植的任何步骤处理不当都可以引起移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口瘘;术后应根据输尿管血液供应,水肿情况,瘘口大小和输尿管的长度来选择不同的术式,以确保无张力的可靠吻合。     

带蒂大网膜输尿管成形术的实验与临床观察

带血管蒂的大网膜应用于泌尿道,主要在于修补巨大膀胱阴道瘘;在复杂性肾实质切开或肾盂切开取石术后,为减少感染防止尿漏,采用大网膜包肾。为了探索带蒂大网膜能否修复部分输尿管缺损,我们进行了动物实验。在此基础上并应用于临床,现报告如下:     

女性尿路生殖道瘘诊疗分析(附27例报告)

目的:总结女性尿路生殖道瘘临床诊疗经验,探讨复杂性女性尿路生殖道瘘的治疗方法。方法:本组27例,年龄16~56岁,平均41.2岁。其中膀胱阴道瘘9例,输尿管阴道瘘15例,输尿管子宫瘘1例,尿道阴道瘘2例。妇科盆腔手术所致23例,会阴部或盆腔外伤所致3例,放疗所致1例。9例膀胱阴道瘘中,3例行耻骨上经膀胱修补,2例经阴道修补,3例复杂性瘘经腹修补并移植带蒂大网膜,1例放疗后复杂性瘘行输尿管皮肤造口术。15例输尿管阴道瘘中,6例行输尿管镜下输尿管双J管留置术,9例行输尿管膀胱再植术。1例输尿管子宫瘘行耻骨上辅助经脐单孔腹腔镜(SA-LESS)输尿管膀胱再植术。2例尿道阴道瘘均经阴道行修补术,其中1例采用改进三层错位缝合术修补。结果:24例一次治愈,成功率为88.89%(24/27);3例二次手术治愈。平均手术时间75(45~135)min,平均术中出血量60(15~150)ml。术后随访4个月~13年,27例患者均未再出现漏尿,无尿失禁、尿道及阴道狭窄,无继发性肾功能损害。结论:女性尿路生殖道瘘修补手术方法因人因病而定。术前充分准备,选择恰当的手术修补时机、正确的手术修补途径、术中精细操作是提高尿路生殖道瘘手术成功的关键。对复杂性尿瘘,可采用改进三层错位缝合术、辅助带蒂瓣片或网膜技术修补瘘口,促进愈合。     

肾移植术后尿瘘分类标准的建立

目的 建立肾移植术后尿瘘分类方法与标准.方法 1993年12月至2009年2月行肾移植术1313例,发生尿瘘102例(7.8%).根据尿道损伤分类原理,按照尿瘘病因、部位、数量及病变程度等分为单纯性和复杂性2类.结果 102例中单纯性尿瘘81例,占79.4%.其中输尿管末端坏死76例、输尿管膀胱吻合口缝合不严4例,伤口感染致吻合口愈合不良1例.复杂性尿瘘21例,占20.6%.其中瘘口部位于肾盂2例、输尿管2例、输尿管膀胱吻合口11例、输尿管坏死段>2 cm 6例.保守疗法治愈34例(33.3%),手术治愈68例(66.7%).死亡3例,占2.9%,死亡原因为尿瘘导致重症肺部感染.结论 建立肾移植术后尿瘘诊治"五步流程"制度,将其分为单纯性和复杂性两类,可使尿瘘诊断更加细致及规范化,有利于选择最佳治疗方案.     

肾移植术后尿瘘分类标准的建立

目的 建立肾移植术后尿瘘分类方法与标准.方法 1993年12月至2009年2月行肾移植术1313例,发生尿瘘102例(7.8%).根据尿道损伤分类原理,按照尿瘘病因、部位、数量及病变程度等分为单纯性和复杂性2类.结果 102例中单纯性尿瘘81例,占79.4%.其中输尿管末端坏死76例、输尿管膀胱吻合口缝合不严4例,伤口感染致吻合口愈合不良1例.复杂性尿瘘21例,占20.6%.其中瘘口部位于肾盂2例、输尿管2例、输尿管膀胱吻合口11例、输尿管坏死段>2 cm 6例.保守疗法治愈34例(33.3%),手术治愈68例(66.7%).死亡3例,占2.9%,死亡原因为尿瘘导致重症肺部感染.结论 建立肾移植术后尿瘘诊治"五步流程"制度,将其分为单纯性和复杂性两类,可使尿瘘诊断更加细致及规范化,有利于选择最佳治疗方案.     

肾移植术后尿瘘分类标准的建立

目的 建立肾移植术后尿瘘分类方法与标准.方法 1993年12月至2009年2月行肾移植术1313例,发生尿瘘102例(7.8%).根据尿道损伤分类原理,按照尿瘘病因、部位、数量及病变程度等分为单纯性和复杂性2类.结果 102例中单纯性尿瘘81例,占79.4%.其中输尿管末端坏死76例、输尿管膀胱吻合口缝合不严4例,伤口感染致吻合口愈合不良1例.复杂性尿瘘21例,占20.6%.其中瘘口部位于肾盂2例、输尿管2例、输尿管膀胱吻合口11例、输尿管坏死段>2 cm 6例.保守疗法治愈34例(33.3%),手术治愈68例(66.7%).死亡3例,占2.9%,死亡原因为尿瘘导致重症肺部感染.结论 建立肾移植术后尿瘘诊治"五步流程"制度,将其分为单纯性和复杂性两类,可使尿瘘诊断更加细致及规范化,有利于选择最佳治疗方案.     

肾移植术后尿瘘分类标准的建立

目的 建立肾移植术后尿瘘分类方法与标准.方法 1993年12月至2009年2月行肾移植术1313例,发生尿瘘102例(7.8%).根据尿道损伤分类原理,按照尿瘘病因、部位、数量及病变程度等分为单纯性和复杂性2类.结果 102例中单纯性尿瘘81例,占79.4%.其中输尿管末端坏死76例、输尿管膀胱吻合口缝合不严4例,伤口感染致吻合口愈合不良1例.复杂性尿瘘21例,占20.6%.其中瘘口部位于肾盂2例、输尿管2例、输尿管膀胱吻合口11例、输尿管坏死段>2 cm 6例.保守疗法治愈34例(33.3%),手术治愈68例(66.7%).死亡3例,占2.9%,死亡原因为尿瘘导致重症肺部感染.结论 建立肾移植术后尿瘘诊治"五步流程"制度,将其分为单纯性和复杂性两类,可使尿瘘诊断更加细致及规范化,有利于选择最佳治疗方案.     

肾移植术后尿瘘分类标准的建立

目的 建立肾移植术后尿瘘分类方法与标准.方法 1993年12月至2009年2月行肾移植术1313例,发生尿瘘102例(7.8%).根据尿道损伤分类原理,按照尿瘘病因、部位、数量及病变程度等分为单纯性和复杂性2类.结果 102例中单纯性尿瘘81例,占79.4%.其中输尿管末端坏死76例、输尿管膀胱吻合口缝合不严4例,伤口感染致吻合口愈合不良1例.复杂性尿瘘21例,占20.6%.其中瘘口部位于肾盂2例、输尿管2例、输尿管膀胱吻合口11例、输尿管坏死段>2 cm 6例.保守疗法治愈34例(33.3%),手术治愈68例(66.7%).死亡3例,占2.9%,死亡原因为尿瘘导致重症肺部感染.结论 建立肾移植术后尿瘘诊治"五步流程"制度,将其分为单纯性和复杂性两类,可使尿瘘诊断更加细致及规范化,有利于选择最佳治疗方案.     

肾移植术后尿瘘分类标准的建立

目的 建立肾移植术后尿瘘分类方法与标准.方法 1993年12月至2009年2月行肾移植术1313例,发生尿瘘102例(7.8%).根据尿道损伤分类原理,按照尿瘘病因、部位、数量及病变程度等分为单纯性和复杂性2类.结果 102例中单纯性尿瘘81例,占79.4%.其中输尿管末端坏死76例、输尿管膀胱吻合口缝合不严4例,伤口感染致吻合口愈合不良1例.复杂性尿瘘21例,占20.6%.其中瘘口部位于肾盂2例、输尿管2例、输尿管膀胱吻合口11例、输尿管坏死段>2 cm 6例.保守疗法治愈34例(33.3%),手术治愈68例(66.7%).死亡3例,占2.9%,死亡原因为尿瘘导致重症肺部感染.结论 建立肾移植术后尿瘘诊治"五步流程"制度,将其分为单纯性和复杂性两类,可使尿瘘诊断更加细致及规范化,有利于选择最佳治疗方案.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.