Emergency liver resection for combined biliary and vascular injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: case report and review of the literature

A 75-year-old woman suffering from symptomatic cholelithiasis was admitted to our hospital for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Intraoperatively, because of severe inflammation and dense adhesions in the region of the Calot triangle and bleeding arising from the porta hepatis which obscured the operating field, the method was converted to a conventional open approach. Copious hemostasis was achieved using sutures, clips and diathermy, and no bile duct or vascular injuries were recognized intraoperatively. Because of severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain and significant deterioration of the liver function tests (LFTs) on the first postoperative day, the patient underwent a Doppler ultrasound scan which showed absence of blood flow at the level of porta hepatis. Urgent relaparotomy revealed an ischemic liver on the right, a transected common bile duct at the level of its confluence, a divided and ligated right hepatic artery and thrombosed portal vein down to its confluence. Thrombectomy and reconstruction of the portal vein were performed to salvage the left hemiliver, and after restoration of blood flow to the left hemiliver, a right hemihepatectomy and a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy on the left were performed. Liver resection serves an important role in the case of parenchymal necrosis due to combined biliary, hepatic artery and portal vein injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy and moreover, the operation can be safely performed in the acute setting.     

肝门部冷冻对肝脏血流动力学影响的实验研究

目的：探讨第一肝门深低温冷冻对肝脏血流动力学的影响。方法：选健康小猪１５只,实验组８只,阻断肝门,用冷冻头深低温冷冻第一肝门。对照组７只,仅阻断肝门。以彩色多普勒观察肝动脉及门静脉血流动力学变化,同时做肝功能及肝脏病理检查。结果：实验组动物术后肝动脉阻力指数、搏动指数增加,肝动脉、门静脉血流减慢、血流量减少,肝动脉、门静脉结构无明显改变;胆管系统不可逆损伤;肝功能进行性损害。结论：深低温冷冻第一肝门会严重影响肝动脉、门静脉血流动力学     

间接门静脉造影在儿童门静脉海绵样变中的诊断价值

目的 探讨儿童门静脉海绵样变(CTPV)的间接门脉造影诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析了3例门静脉海绵样变患儿的间接门脉血管造影图像,观察其特征性的血管造影表现,同时与门脉多普勒超声及CT检查相对照。结果 3例CTPV间接门静脉造影能清楚显示门脉主干近肝门处阻断,代之以瘤样纡曲扩张的侧支静脉,并向肝内延伸,以及离肝性侧支循环静脉。结论 儿童CTPV具有特征性的血管造影表现,间接门脉造影对CTPV的诊断有重要价值。与门脉多普勒超声及CT检查相对照,间接门静脉造影仍不失为CTPV的诊断金标准。     

门脉海绵样变的彩色多普勒超声诊断

目的：研究彩色多普勒在门脉海绵样变诊断中的应用,提高诊断的正确性。方法：对35例门静脉海绵燕变进行了彩色多普勒检查,先用两维图像显示肝门部结构、门脉主干及分支,以及周围侧枝血管回声,再用彩色多普勒显示血流方向、颜色。结果：根据形态学及超声表现可将门脉海绵样变分为三型：I型为肝外型;Ⅱ型为肝内型;Ⅲ型为肝内肝外型。门脉海绵样变的二维超声主要表现为：肝内外门静脉分支及主干狭窄或部分狭窄、闭塞,在其周围形成蜂窝状无回声区,门脉管壁回声增强,增厚,彩色多普勒超声显示血流呈红蓝相间,频谱多普勒显示门静脉血流呈毛刺状,为低速、平坦的血流流速曲线。结论：彩色多普勒血流显像对门脉海绵样变的诊断具有很高的准确性,是诊断门脉海绵样变的重要手段。     

彩色多普勒超声在门静脉海绵样变性中的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）在门静脉海绵样变性诊断中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年6月39例彩色多普勒超声诊断为门静脉海绵样变性患者的声像图特征,并与手术、CT、血管造影对照。结果彩色多普勒超声诊断符合率100％（39／39）。声像图特征：肝门部正常门脉、胆管结构消失,出现“蜂窝状”无回声区,CDFI显示无回声区内出现红、蓝相间彩色血流信号,脉冲多普勒（PW）示门静脉频谱。结论彩色多普勒超声在门静脉海绵样变性诊断中具有重要的临床应用价值。     

门腔转流门脉重建对门脉血流动力学影响的实验研究

目的： 探讨门腔转流门脉重建对门脉血流动力学的影响。方法： 选健康小猪１６ 头, 实验组 １２ 只, 阻断门脉行门腔转流门脉重建。对照组４ 只, 仅阻断门脉。以彩色多普勒观察门静脉血流动力学变化, 同时解剖动物,测门静脉压。结果： 实验组术前与术后 ３０ 分钟、２ 周、４ 周、８ 周、１２ 周的门静脉压、平均流速、血流量无明显变化,术前与术后 １６ 周、２０ 周的门静脉压、平均流速、血流量则有显著变化。术前后各期门静脉内径无明显变化。结论：门脉重建时辅助门腔转流是必要的, 它不会影响重建后门脉血供。     

Couinaud肝段在CT图像上的划分

为给肝内占位性病变的ＣＴ定位提供解剖学依据，利用２０例腹部连续横断层标本和１０例活体正常肝的ＣＴ图像，研究了Ｃｏｕｉｎａｕｄ肝段在ＣＴ图像上的划分。正中裂为下腔静脉左前壁至肝中静脉或胆囊的连线；左叶间裂的上部为左叶间静脉至下腔静脉左前壁的连线，门静脉左支脐部和肝圆韧带裂是其中、下部的天然标志；肝左静脉行于左段间裂内；右叶间裂为肝右静脉至下腔静脉左前壁的连线；肝门或门静脉右支是右段间裂的标志；背裂为下腔静脉右缘至静脉韧带裂右端或门静脉的连线。本文还探讨了易致错分肝段的一些因素。     

Focal hypoechoic regions in the liver at the porta hepatis: prevalence in ambulatory patients.

We prospectively performed hepatic sonography on 534 ambulatory patients to determine the prevalence of one or more focal hypoechoic areas in the liver adjacent to the gallbladder or portal vein. Obese patients were identified via the body mass index calculated from height and weight data. Among our patients, 5.3% demonstrated at least one focal hypoechoic area. Of the patients with positive results, 65.4% were obese, compared to 42.8% of the remainder of the patients (P = 0.016). Focal hypoechoic regions in the liver at the porta hepatis may be more prevalent than previously believed and are more prevalent in obese than nonobese patients.     

Ultrasonographic findings of portal tumor thrombus secondary to gastric cancer: Report of three cases

Case 1, Borrmann's type 2 carcinoma detected by endoscopy in the body of the stomach of a 59-year-old man. Total gastrectomy with spenectomy was performed. Histologic examination revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with marked venous invasion. Follow-up ultrasonography showed the tumor thormbi in the splenic vein to be progressively distended to the superior mesenteric vein and the peripheral branches of the intrahepatic portal vein. Case 2, Borrmann's type 4 carcinoma clinically diagnosed in a 77-year-old man. Ultrasonography detected tumor thrombi in the left gastric, splenic, and extrahepatic portal veins associated with cavernous transformation at the porta hepatis. Case 3, Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma extending from the cardia to the middle body of the stomach diagnosed in a 69-year-old man. Ultrasonography detected a solid mass at the splenomesenteric confluence. Values of α-fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin K antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) were markedly elevated. Recent progress in imaging technology will increase the probability of encountering the condition reported here. Color Doppler ultrasonography is useful for diagnosing portal thrombus and provides a great deal of information noninvasively.     

Analysis of focal spared areas in fatty liver using color Doppler imaging and contrast-enhanced microvessel display sonography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether focal fatty sparing (FFS) formation in the liver relates to aberrant blood flow. METHODS: Sixty-three FFSs of the liver in 52 patients were examined by color Doppler flow imaging and contrast-enhanced microvessel display sonography. The 63 FFSs included 16 FFSs in the porta hepatis, 14 FFSs around the gallbladder fossa, and 33 other FFSs. The control group included patients with a diagnosis of fatty liver but no FFSs or focal lesions near the porta hepatis. RESULTS: Fourteen of 16 FFSs in the porta hepatis showed venous blood toward those areas that were differentiated from the portal and hepatic veins. Focal fatty sparings in the hilus hepatis correlated with aberrant veins, having a statistical significance compared with the control group (P < .0001). Seven of 14 FFSs around the gallbladder fossa contained blood vessels, 5 of them veins and the remaining 2 arteries. Two FFSs were located around hemangiomas. Three FFSs were located around maldeveloped vessels. CONCLUSIONS: The blood supply to an FFS in the porta hepatis may be correlated with aberrant veins. Focal fatty sparings around the gallbladder fossa may be associated with aberrant blood flow.     

门静脉海绵样变性的二维超声彩色多普勒血流显像的诊断

本文应用二维超声、彩色多普勒血流显像诊断的１７例门静脉海绵样变性，其中７例为先天性，肝脏损害轻微，１０例继发性，肝脏损害严重。手术证实５例，ＣＴ及ＤＳＡ各证实５例。门静脉海绵样变性二维超声显像肝门区结构紊乱，呈蜂窝或盘曲管状液性暗区；ＣＤＦＩ呈红蓝相间彩色血流图像；脉冲多普勒在蜂窝状或盘曲的管状暗区内显示平坦的连续带状门静脉频谱；ＰＤＩ在病变区以星点状、短线状彩色血流信号充填，血管网络连续性好。本文认为，二维超声、ＣＤＦＩ、脉冲多普勒及ＰＤＩ可以准确地为门静脉海绵样变性做出诊断。     

Giant hemangioma of the caudate lobe of the liver with surgical treatment: A case report

BACKGROUNDCaudate lobe hemangioma of the liver is relatively rare. Due to the unique anatomical location of the caudate lobe, the caudate lobectomy accounts for only 0.5% to 4% of hepatic resection, which is difficult to operate and takes a long time, and even has many postoperative complications.CASE SUMMARYA 34-year-old female presented with a 1 year history of intermittent pain in the right side of the waist without obvious inducement. All laboratory blood tests were within normal limits. Indocyanine green 15 min retention was rated 2.9%, and Child-Pugh was rated A. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging diagnosed giant hemangioma of the caudate lobe with hemangioma of left lobe of liver. After discussion, surgical treatment was performed, which lasted 410 min, with intraoperative bleeding of about 600 mL and postoperative pathological findings of cavernous hemangioma. There were no obvious postoperative complications, and the patient was discharged 10 d after surgery.CONCLUSIONCaudate lobectomy is difficult due to its special anatomical location. Under the condition of fully exposing the anatomy of the first porta hepatis, the second porta hepatis, the third porta hepatis, the fourth porta hepatis and middle hepatic vein and combining with the Pringle maneuver, caudate lobectomy can be performed in a precise and safe process.     

Needle orientation for transhepatic cholangiography: CT localization of the porta hepatis

The needle orientation recommended for transhepatic cholangiography has a consensus in the literature for the sagittal and the transverse planes. Because of differing recommendations for the needle orientation in the coronal plane, the location of the porta hepatis was analyzed in 50 patients undergoing computed tomography. The mean ratio between skin to the porta hepatis distance and AP patient diameter is 0.38. The best puncture site therefore lies anteriorly to the halfway mark at the midaxillary line by about 3 cm.     

Focal areas of decreased echogenicity in the liver at the porta hepatis

Twelve patients are described in whom solitary focal hypoechoic areas in the liver were observed adjacent to the gallbladder and portal vein. These areas were all homogeneously hypoechoic relative to adjacent liver, had variable shapes but well-defined borders, and were less than 4 cm in diameter. These apparent pseudolesions were incidental findings in patients who had no evidence of significant liver disease, metastatic malignancy, or subsequent evidence of developing liver masses. In one patient, a second sonogram done 21 months after one such area was identified showed no change. In another patient, a computed tomogram done to clarify the finding was normal. Solitary hypoechoic areas in the liver at the porta hepatis fitting the above criteria should be interpreted cautiously. When there is no clinical suspicion of focal liver disease, these areas may be dismissed as insignificant or may be followed. If focal liver disease is suspected, the liver should be assessed by an additional method of examination.     

Polysplenia syndrome: A case associated with transhepatic portal vein,short pancreas,and left inferior vena cava with hemiazygous continuation

This paper presents a 57-year-old asymptomatic patient with the polysplenia syndrome with abdominal manifestations. In addition to multiple spleens, the abdominal findings included a left inferior vena cava with hemiazygous continuation, a striking portal anomaly with the portal vein following an intraperitoneal-left transhepatic route to reach the porta hepatis, and a congenially short pancreas.     

Endoscopic evaluation of the porta hepatis in patients with biliary atresia

Endoscopic inspection of the porta hepatis was undertaken through external enterostomy in nine postoperative patients with biliary atresia. The endoscopic appearance of bile flow in the porta hepatis was classified into three types. 1) Ductal type (D-type), which revealed good bile flow from distinct bile duct orifices (4 cases); 2) Oozing type (O-type), which showed adequate bile flow, but no definite bile duct (3 cases); and 3) Covered type (C-type), in which the porta hepatis was covered with bile "clots" and fibrous tissue (2 cases). The clinical course of the D-type was excellent with immediate disappearance of jaundice and relatively good liver function. In the case of the O-type, jaundice disappeared in 2 but persisted in one. Two patients with C-type died of hepatic failure or sepsis in the early postoperative period. In the D-type intrahepatic bile ducts were well visualized by cholangiography; however, those of the O-type were not so clear. Endoscopic inspection of the porta hepatis is very useful for evaluation of the postoperative state of bilioenteric fistulae in patients with biliary atresia.     

The importance of variant insertions of the ligamentum teres hepatis in the Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome

Within the framework of a prospective study, we were able to establish that in 50 per cent of 220 patients submitted to laparoscopy, the ligamentum teres hepatis did not run from the porta hepatis directly to the umbilicus, but to a point of insertion craniad to the umbilicus in the median line of the anterior abdominal wall. As a rule, this topographic variant has no clinical relevance. It is, however, of importance in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and portocaval collateral channels. In our group, 25 per cent of the patients revealed complete cirrhotic transformation of the liver; in a quarter of these, the Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome presented, and thus also the possibility that large-caliber porto-femoral "umbilical" vessels might be running a course to the left of the umbilicus. The danger of injuring such a vessel during laparoscopy can, however, be prevented: in seven out of eight patients with portofemoral collaterals, this situation was established by ultrasonic examination, and in three cases, the periumbilical course of these vessels was accurately determined prior to carrying out the procedure. In our opinion, the definition of the Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome needs to be extended. The results of our investigation show that, within the framework of portal neo-vascularisation, direct umbilical vein recanalisation is a relatively rare occurrence (approximately 15 per cent), while porto-femoral collateral formation is considerably more common (about 70 per cent).     

Vascular involvement secondary to tuberculosis of the abdomen

Although involvement of the abdomen is a common site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, involvement of abdominal vessels with complications is rare after infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Vascular complications may result from direct involvement by M. tuberculosis of the vascular wall or may occur as a consequence of local spreading from a tuberculous mass. We describe the imaging findings in two patients with proven tuberculosis of the abdomen and significant vascular complications. In one patient, “dry plastic” peritonitis and tuberculous lymphadenopathy at the level of the porta hepatis with subsequent encasement and compression of the portal vein resulted in prestenotic dilatation and varicose formation in the upper abdomen. In the other patient, bulky necrotic tuberculous lymphadenopathy, located at the splenic hilum, resulted in encasement with stenosis of the splenic vessels and subsequent splenic infarction.     

肝门部胆管癌的CT与MRI对照研究

目的:评估CT与MRI在肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值。材料与方法:回顾性分析16例经CT与MRI检查且为手术病理证实的肝门部胆管癌的CT与MRI表现,比较两种检查手段对病灶的显示情况及定性诊断的准确率。结果:16例肝门部胆管癌CT与MRI均表现为肝内胆管不同程度的扩张,其中14例肝门部见软组织肿块,2例MRI见胆管壁增厚呈鼠尾状改变,4例门脉受累,6例 CT发现淋巴结肿大。CT与MRI定性诊断的准确率及对病灶的显示无明显差异。结论:CT与MRI是检查肝门部胆管癌的有效手段。MRI在显示肝门部肿块的大小、范围及沿胆管壁浸润方面比CT优越,尤其对早期肝门部胆管癌诊断更具价值。