Effect of adrenergic blockers and depleters on food intake in rats

In rats kept at a constant temperature (24 +/- 1.5 degrees C) and on a reversed day/night cycle (light from 11 p.m. to 11 a.m.), the amount of food eaten during the first 2 h of darkness and during 24 h was measured every day. When reserpine or guanethidine were injected 5 min before the beginning of the dark period on four consecutive days, there was no significant change in the 0.5-, 1-, or 24-h food intake on the injection days, but there was a significant increase in the 0.5-, 1- and 2-h food intake during the next five to eight days, without any change in the 24-h intake. A single injection of dichloroisoproterenol produced no change on the day of injection but it induced a significant increase in the 0.5-, 1- and 2-h intake on the following 15 days, without any change in the 24-h intake. The increase in the early night-time feeding without any change in the 24-h intake was interpreted as an increase in meal size (diminished preabsorptive satiation) compensated by a decrease in meal frequency. Both reserpine and guanethidine are catecholamine depleters but the latter does not penetrate into the brain. Dichloroisoproterenol is a beta-blocker acting on the glycogenolytic effects of catecholamines. The results thus agree with the hypothesis that glycogenolysis elicited by the liberation of intrahepatic catecholamines from the sympathetic nerve endings and chromaffin cells plays a role in preabsorptive satiation.     

IGD food labelling initiatives on food allergens and food safety

Summary An Institute of Grocery Distribution initiative on food labelling has recently addressed two areas of public concern – the presence of allergens in foods and general food safety. Voluntary Guidelines on Labelling, developed by cross-sector working groups in these areas, have recently been published and are briefly summarised in this paper.     

Beneficial effects of probiotic and food borne yeasts on human health

Besides being important in the fermentation of foods and beverages, yeasts have shown numerous beneficial effects on human health. Among these, probiotic effects are the most well known health effects including prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases and immunomodulatory effects. Other beneficial functions of yeasts are improvement of bioavailability of minerals through the hydrolysis of phytate, folate biofortification and detoxification of mycotoxins due to surface binding to the yeast cell wall.     

食品从业人员卫生知识、卫生行为调查及健康教育对策

[目的]了解深圳市龙岗区食品从业人员卫生知识合格率和卫生行为形成情况,以便有针对性地开展重点人群的卫生知识培训技术。[方法]随机抽查龙岗区360名食品从业人员对其卫生知识和卫生行为进行调查,并对结果进行统计分析。[结果]卫生知识测试总合格率为78.61%,从业人员卫生知识水平在从事食品卫生工作年限、所在单位规模、年龄、文化程度,是否经过培训等方面差异存在非常显著性;卫生行为形成率为75.51%。[结论]有相当一部分从业人员卫生知识合格率仍较低,卫生行为形成率也偏低,提示在食品从业人员中开展健康教育是普及食品卫生知识和提高从业人员素质的一个根本途径,并提出相应的健康教育对策。     

2001年中国食源性致病菌及其耐药性主动监测研究

目的　旨在监测中国食源性致病菌及其耐药性。方法　中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所建立的全国食品污染物监测网的食源性致病菌监测部分 ,2 0 0 1年在全国 11个省市设点采样并检测了七大类 (生肉、熟肉、生奶、冰激淋、酸奶、水产品和蔬菜 )共 4 0 34份样品。结果　沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌O15 7∶H7和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌 ,总阳性率 5 5 0 %。其中沙门氏菌 3 32 % ,单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌 1 2 9% ,大肠杆菌O15 7∶H70 82 %。生肉的污染情况最为严重 ,阳性率 12 96 %。共分离出沙门氏菌 137株 ,德比沙门氏菌、阿贡纳沙门氏菌、肠炎沙门氏菌、里定沙门氏菌、鸭沙门氏菌、明斯特沙门氏菌及鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 7种血清型占 80 %。结论　沙门氏菌的血清型分布和耐药性各个省不同。自生、熟肉中分离到O15 7∶H7的强毒株。对分离的沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌检测了 14种抗生素的耐药性 ,结果表明沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌中都有多重耐药株。     

Effect of ambience on food intake and food choice

Eating takes place in a context of environmental stimuli known as ambience. Various external factors such as social and physical surroundings, including the presence of other people and sound, temperature, smell, color, time, and distraction affect food intake and food choice. Food variables such as the temperature, smell, and color of the food also influence food intake and choice differently. However, the influence of ambience on nutritional health is not fully understood. This review summarizes the research on ambient influences on food intake and food choice. The literature suggests that there are major influences of ambience on eating behavior and that the magnitude of the effect of ambience may be underestimated. Changes in intake can be detected with different levels of the number of people present, food accessibility, eating locations, food color, ambient temperatures and lighting, and temperature of foods, smell of food, time of consumption, and ambient sounds. It is suggested that the manipulation of these ambient factors as a whole or individually may be used therapeutically to alter food intake and that more attention needs to be paid to ambience in nutrition-related research.     

Time of day influences food acceptability

To determine whether a food's acceptability changes with time of day and degree to which a food is appropriate for a given mealtime, preferences were obtained both in the morning and the afternoon for a set of foods which included items appropriate "for breakfast", "for dinner", or for either mealtime. A second purpose of the study was to determine whether such cultural rules regarding food appropriateness had been acquired by preschool children and whether the pattern of shifting acceptability with time of day predicted for adult subjects would also appear in the preference data of the children. Participants included 25 adults and 30 three- and four-year-old children. All subjects were seen twice, once in the morning and once in the late afternoon for two identical sessions. Half of the subjects in each age group were seen first in the morning, half were seen first in the afternoon. In these sessions food preferences for the set of foods varying in mealtime appropriateness were assessed and the foods were categorized as "for breakfast" of "for dinner". The preference data of both the adults and the children showed significant preference shifts with time of day, with breakfast items more preferred in the morning than the afternoon and dinner items more preferred in the morning than the afternoon. These shifts were larger for adults than for children but not significantly so.     

食物营养与辅食对肠道菌群的影响

食物是人体和肠道菌群共同的营养物质。不同食物提供的各种营养素不但是身体的需要也会影响肠道微生物的组成和丰度,辅食添加使肠道菌群发生重要的转变,引入新食物并向家庭食物过渡,会增加婴儿肠道菌群的多样性,多种食物的摄入,保持重要的食物结构,对维持肠道有益的微生物种类和数量,对人体近期和远期的健康均有重要影响。     

食物营养与辅食对肠道菌群的影响

食物是人体和肠道菌群共同的营养物质。不同食物提供的各种营养素不但是身体的需要也会影响肠道微生物的组成和丰度,辅食添加使肠道菌群发生重要的转变,引入新食物并向家庭食物过渡,会增加婴儿肠道菌群的多样性,多种食物的摄入,保持重要的食物结构,对维持肠道有益的微生物种类和数量,对人体近期和远期的健康均有重要影响。