武汉市江汉区2012-2013年疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

为了解武汉市江汉区疑似预防接种异常反应(adverse events following immuniation,AEFI)发生的相关特征,评价监测质量、疫苗的安全性和预防接种服务质量,将中国疑似预防接种异常反应信息管理系统中武汉市江汉区监测报告的2012-2013年发生的AEFI个案数据导出,使用EXCEL 2003软件对数据进行处理,采用描述性分析方法对数据进行分析。结果显示:2012-2013年,武汉市江汉区报告AEFI监测病例85例,其中2012年报告27例,2013年报告58例;48h内报告率、48h内调查率、3d内调查表报告率2013年达到100.00%;病例中男性多于女性,发生年龄集中于≤1岁儿童;5~8月份报告例数占55.29%(47例);56.47%(48例)的AEFI病例发生于疫苗接种第一剂次后;82.35%(70例)的AEFI病例发生在接种后≤1d;97.65%(83例)的AEFI病例归类于不良反应,无疫苗质量事故、接种事故;AEFI总报告发生率为34.66/10万剂,异常反应发生率为2.57/10万剂。江汉区AEFI监测系统运行良好,监测质量逐年提高;AEFI常发生于≤1岁儿童、5~8月份、疫苗接种第一剂次后和接种后≤1d;疫苗的安全性在预期范围内,预防接种服务质量良好。     

2011-2013年泸州市疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的评价四川省泸州市疑似预防接种异常反应(Adverse Event Following Immunization,AEFI)监测工作,分析AEFI发生特征和疫苗安全性。方法采用描述流行病学方法对泸州市2011-2013年AEFI监测资料进行分析。结果 3年共报告AEFI 411例,乡镇覆盖率100.00%,48 h内报告率99.03%,48 h内调查率100.00%,7日内完成调查报告率90.00/%,3日内个案调查表报告率95.65%,个案调查表完整率100.00%,分类诊断率100.00/%,报告个案数和各项监测指标呈逐年上升趋势。AEFI总发生率为8.78/10万剂,各类疫苗发生率在0~47.39/10万剂,国家免疫规划(NIP)疫苗的发生率(9.47/10万剂次)高于非NIP疫苗(5.73/10万剂次)。以一般反应为主(89.05%),异常反应占7.30%,严重异常反应(SRAR)2例;发热/红肿/硬结占一般反应的96.17%,过敏性皮疹占异常反应的63.33%。个案年龄中位数1岁零8月,7岁占91.97%,接种后≤1d发生较多,占88.08%。结论泸州市AEFI监测的及时性、完整性和敏感性均到达了国家要求,监测质量逐年提高。疫苗不良反应发生率在预期范围内,无疫苗质量事故,安全性较好。AEFI常发生在NIP疫苗、小年龄儿童和接种早期,为AEFI监测的重点。     

2011-2012年滦南县疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的分析滦南县2011-2012年疑似预防接种异反应（Adverse Events Following Immunization,AEFI）发生特征,评价AEFI监测系统的运转情况。方法通过AEFI监测系统,收集2011-2012年AEFI个案数据,采用描述性方法对AEFI监测系统运转进行评价,对AEFI病例进行流行病学分析。结果 2011-2012年全县18个接种单位均有AEFI个案报告,共报告135例,其中国家免疫规划（National Immunization Program,NIP）疫苗117例,占86.67%。首剂接种疫苗占42.22%,2、3剂接种疫苗各占18.52%,4剂接种疫苗占19.26%。发生在接种后≤1 d 125例,占92.6%,48 h内报告率为100%,48 h内调查率为100%,一般反应114例,异常反应20例,偶合症1例,异常反应中过敏反应18例,占90.0%。估算全县NIP疫苗常见预防接种异常反应报告发生率为16.61/100万-172.5/100万;134例（99.3%）治愈,1例（0.7%）好转。结论滦南县AEFI监测质量尚需提高,AEFI多发生在首剂接种、接种后≤1 d,此为监测重点。     

桐庐县2012年疑似预防接种异常反应监测结果

目的 分析桐庐县各种疫苗接种后疑似预防接种异常反应（AEFI）和监测系统运转情况.方法 利用疑似预防接种异常反应信息资料,应用描述性统计方法进行统计分析.结果 桐庐县2012年共报告疑似预防接种异常反应 66例.其中一般反应58例,占87.88%;异常反应5例,占7.57%;偶合症3例,占4.55%.1岁以下儿童45例,占全部病例的68.18%;接种后24 h内发生的占81.82%（54/66）,就诊后48 h内及时报告率为100.00%,需要调查的病例接到报告后48 h内调查率100.00%,疑似预防接种异常反应个案调查表3 d内报告率100.00%.一般反应主要表现为发热、红肿、硬结的占68.18%;异常反应中以过敏反应为主,占40.00%.结论 桐庐县2012年疑似预防接种异常反应监测系统运转正常,敏感性高,少数接种单位存在顾虑,缺乏报告积极性.     

2014年洛阳市疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的分析2014年洛阳市疑似预防接种异常反应(Adverse Event Following Immunization,AEFI)发生特点,评价AFEI监测系统运转质量。方法采用描述流行病学方法对2014年洛阳市AEFI监测数据进行分析。结果 2014年洛阳市15个县(市、区)均有AEFI数据报告,48 h内报告率为95.65%,48 h内调查率为90.00%。共报告912例AEFI个案,其中<1岁占53.84%,男女性别比为1.24:1。国家免疫规划疫苗占82.24%,首剂接种疫苗占66.12%,87.28%发生在接种后≤1d。一般反应占99.01%,异常反应占0.77%。报告AEFI发生率33.85/10万剂次。结论洛阳市AEFI监测质量尚需提高。AEFI以小年龄组儿童为主,常发生在接种后1 d内、首剂接种。     

海口市疑似预防接种异常反应监测情况分析

目的:了解疑似预防接种异常反应(AEFI)病例监测运行状况,分析各类疫苗AEFI发生的特点,为改进海口市预防接种疑似预防接种异常反应监测工作提供依据。方法:采用描述流行病学方法对2010年海口市AEFI信息管理系统监测报告个案调查资料进行分析。结果:以区为单位报告发病率均>1/万剂次;48 h及时报告率96.59%,48 h内及时调查率96.15%,个案调查率及完整率100%,3日内调查表报告率54.81%。一类疫苗报告发生率为3.86/万剂次,报告发生率最高的是百白破(8.37/万剂次)。二类疫苗报告发生率为3.28/万剂次,报告发生率最高的为7价肺炎疫苗(20.16/万剂次)。结论:海口市AEFI信息管理系统监测敏感性较高。     

海口市2011年疑似预防接种异常反应监测情况分析

目的分析海口市2011年疑似预防接种异常反应(AEFI)监测数据,评价AEFI监测系统运转状况及预防接种安全性,为改进疑似预防接种异常反应监测工作提供依据。方法调取AEFI信息管理系统网络直报的2011年全年的海口市AEFI个案数据,采用描述性流行病学方法分析AEFI病例特征,并统计分析AEFI报告发生率、及时报告率、及时调查率等。结果 2011年共报告AEFI 386例,报告发生率为3.89/万剂次,各区县间报告发生率差异有统计学意义(χ2=81.57,P<0.05)。及时报告率98.45%,及时调查率98.78%,个案调查率及完整率100.00%,3日内调查表报告率76.69%。病例主要发生在小年龄组儿童(其中≤1岁组占72.8%),男女性别比为1.47∶1.87。31%的AEFI个案发生在疫苗接种后1d内。一类疫苗报告发生率为4.65/万剂次,二类疫苗报告发生率为2.57/万剂次,差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.52,P<0.05)。AEFI分类诊断中,一般反应占57.77%,异常反应占35.23%;异常反应中以过敏性皮疹为主,占80.88%。结论海口市AEFI信息管理系统监测敏感性较高,但监测质量还需进一步提高。     

延边朝鲜族自治州 2012 年疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的分析2012年延边朝鲜族自治州（简称延边州）疑似预防接种异常反应（AEFI）发生特征,评价延边州AEFI监测系统运转状况。方法通过疑似预防接种异常反应监测信息管理系统收集2012年延边州报告的AEF1个案数据,采用Excel软件进行统计分析,以描述性方法进行流行病学分析。结果2012年延边州共报告AEFI155例,男性多于女性,性别比为1．67：1;一般反应140例,占90．32％;异常反应14例,占9．03％;6、7月份为发病高峰期;〈1岁组报告最多为62例,占40．00％;百白破疫苗AEFI报告最多为67例,占43．23％;接种后1d内发生AEFI119例,占76．77％;48h内报告率为96．77％;48h内调查率为100．00％。结论疑似预防接种异常反应监测信息管理系统运行良好,2012年灵敏性较2011年明显上升;乡镇覆盖率有待提高。     

2011-2013年海南省疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

摘要:目的　分析海南省疑似预防接种异常反应（Adverse Events Following Immunization,AEFI）发生特征,评价AEFI信息管理系统运转质量和疫苗安全性,指导预防接种工作。方法　通过全国AEFI信息管理系统收集海南省2011-2013年AEFI监测数据,采用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果　海南省2011-2013年共报告AEFI 3 860例,报告发生率为3.14/万剂。AEFI报告市县覆盖率100.00%,48 h及时报告率96.35%,48 h及时调查率99.44%。AEFI分类一般反应占73.91%,异常反应占21.99%,偶合症3.89%,其他反应占0.21%,异常反应主要以过敏性皮疹、卡介苗淋巴结炎和血管性水肿为主。全年均有AEFI报告,5月和11月报告AEFI最多,男女性别比例为1.60∶1,3岁内儿童报告最多。AEFI转归情况:治愈占99.80%,后遗症4例,死亡4例。结论　海南省AEFI监测敏感性较高;AEFI主要以一过性反应为主,目前所使用的疫苗是安全的;需加强对基层接种人员接种技术培训。     

2013年成都市锦江区疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的了解成都市锦江区疑似预防接种异常反应(Adverse Events Following Immunization,AEFI)的发生特征,评价AEFI监测系统运转情况及预防接种安全性。方法采用描述流行病学方法对锦江区2013年AEFI个案数据进行分析。结果 2013年合计报告AEFI134例,报告发生率为49.21/10万。报告发病率,一般反应为39.66/10万,异常反应为9.18/10万,偶合症为0.37/10万;乙脑(灭活)疫苗为351.49/10万,23价肺炎疫苗为269.14/10万,麻风疫苗为207.73/10万,腮腺炎疫苗为196.85/10万,百白破、IPV和Hib联合疫苗为153.32/10万。134例AEFI中,男性占61.19%,女性占38.81%,1岁者占38.81%;成龙路街道辖区占26.87%,柳江街道占11.94%,东光街道占9.70%;4-5月和7-8月分别占29.10%、26.87%。一般反应占80.59%,异常反应占18.66%,偶合症占0.75%。134例AEFI中,接种后1d内发生反应的占86.57%;治愈的占100.00%。全区报告街道辖区覆盖率、48 h报告及时率、48 h调查及时率和个案调查完整率均达到100.00%。结论全区2013年AEFI主要发生在小年龄儿童,使用疫苗疑似预防接种异常反应报告发生率均在预期发生范围内,安全性良好。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.