散发性大肠管状腺瘤癌变过程中JNK1 Raf-1和Livin的表达及其意义

目的 探讨JNK1、Raf-1和Livin在散发性大肠管状腺瘤癌变过程中的可能作用.方法 采用免疫组化方法,检测21例正常大肠黏膜、65例散发性大肠管状腺瘤伴上皮不同程度异型增生及22例管状腺瘤癌变组织中,JNK1 、Raf-1和Livin的蛋白表达水平.结果 正常大肠黏膜组、散发性大肠管状腺瘤伴上皮异型增生组、大肠管状腺瘤癌变组,JNK1蛋白的阳性表达率分别为33.3%、63.1%和90.9%,Raf-1蛋白的阳性表达率分别为23.8%、52.3%和77.3%,Livin蛋白的阳性表达率分别为14.3%、52.3%和77.3%,大肠管状腺瘤伴上皮异型增生组和癌变组JNK1 Raf-1和Livin蛋白的阳性表达率均高于正常大肠黏膜组(均P＜0.05),而癌变组均高于大肠管状腺瘤伴上皮异型增生组(均P＜0.05).在大肠管状腺瘤伴上皮异型增生组中,Raf-1的阳性表达率随异型增生程度的增高而升高(P＜0.05),而上皮不同程度异型增生组间JNK1和Livin蛋白的阳性表达率差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).87例散发性大肠管状腺瘤组织中,JNK1、Raf-1和Livin蛋白表达两两正相关(JNK1和Raf-1:r=0.451,P＜0.05;JNK1和Livin:r于0.499,P＜0.05;Raf和Livin;r=0.445,P＜0.05).结论 JNK1、Raf-1和Livin在大肠管状腺瘤癌变过程中可能起一定作用.     

散发性大肠管状腺瘤癌变过程中STAT3和p38的表达及意义

目的探讨STAT3和p38在散发性大肠管状腺瘤癌变过程巾的可能作用。方法采用免疫组化方法检测107例散发性大肠管状腺瘤伴不同程度异型增生及癌变组织中STAT3和p38的蛋白表达水平,采用原位杂交方法检测STAT3 mRNA的表达。同时选取25例正常大肠黏膜作为对照。结果STAT3蛋白在正常大肠黏膜、大肠管状腺瘤伴上皮异型增生和癌变组中的阳性表达率分别为12.0%、59.0%和91.7%,STAT3 mRNA的阳性表达率分别为8.0%、51.8%和100.0%,p38蛋白的阳性表达率分别为8.0%、47.0%和91.7%。大肠管状腺瘤伴上皮异型增生组和癌变组STAT3蛋白、STAT3 mRNA和p38蛋白的阳性表达率均明显高于正常大肠黏膜组(P均<0.05),而癌变组均高于大肠管状腺瘤伴上皮异型增生组(P均<0.05)。大肠管状腺瘤伴上皮异型增生患者中,STAT3蛋白、STAT3 mRNA和p38蛋白的阳性表达率均随异型增生程度增高而增高(P<0.05)。STAT3与p38的表达呈正相关(r=0.515)。结论STAT3和p38均可能在散发性大肠管状腺瘤癌变过程中起一定作用。     

Stat3通路相关基因在散发性大肠管状腺瘤癌变中的表达及意义

目的 探讨Stat3及CyclinD1、Bcl-xL在散发性大肠管状腺瘤癌变过程中的可能作用。方法 采用免疫组化方法检测107例散发性大肠管状腺瘤异型增生及癌变组织中Stat3和CyclinD1、Bcl-xL在蛋白水平的表达情况。结果 腺瘤伴异型增生组和癌变组中的Stat3蛋白的表达明显高于正常大肠黏膜组(P=0.000),且癌变组中Stat3蛋白的表达高于腺瘤伴异型增生组(P=0.003);腺瘤伴异型增生组和癌变组中CyclinD1蛋白的表达均明显高于正常大肠黏膜组(P=0.000),且癌变组中CyclinD1蛋白的表达高于腺瘤伴异型增生组(P=0.000);大肠管状腺瘤伴异型增生组和癌变组中Bcl-xL在蛋白水平的阳性表达率均明显高于正常大肠黏膜组（P=0.000),而且癌变组中Bcl-xL的表达明显高于腺瘤伴异型增生组(P=0.000);Stat3、CyclinD1和Bcl-xL均随腺瘤异型增生程度的增高呈递增趋势。Stat3与CyclinD1、Bcl-xL 的表达存在正相关关系。结论 Stat3、CyclinD1和Bcl-xL可能在散发性大肠管状腺瘤癌变过程中起一定的作用。     

WNK2及MEK-1、ERK1/2在散发性结肠管状腺瘤癌变过程中的表达及意义

目的 探讨WNK2、MEK-1和ERK1/2在散发性结肠管状腺瘤癌变过程中的可能作用.方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测112例散发性结肠管状腺瘤伴不同程度异型增生及癌变组织中WNK2、MEK-1和ERK1/2在蛋白水平的表达情况.结果 WNK2蛋白在正常结肠黏膜、结肠管状腺瘤伴异型增生及腺瘤癌变组中阳性表达率逐渐降低(P＜0.05),分别为100％、70％和42.86％,而MEK-1及ERK1/2蛋白阳性表达率明显升高,且异型增生组和癌变组中MEK-1和ERK1/2的蛋白阳性表达率均明显高于正常结肠黏膜组(P＜0.05).WNK2蛋白的表达随结肠管状腺瘤异型增生程度的增高而降低,而MEK-1和ERK1/2的蛋白阳性表达随结肠管状腺瘤异型增生程度的增高而升高(P＜0.05).WNK2与MEK-1及与ERK1/2间存在负相关关系(r=0.372,r=-0.371,P＜0.05).MEK-1与ERK 1/2存在正相关关系(r=0.475,P＜0.05).结论 WNK2可能通过负向调节MEK 1及ERK1/2促进散发性结肠管状腺瘤的形成及癌变的发生.     

口腔黏膜白斑和鳞癌中HSP60表达及其意义

目的探讨HSP 60在不同程度上皮异型增生的口腔黏膜白斑中的表达与口腔黏膜白斑发生的关系,及其在癌变发生、发展过程中的作用。方法采用S-P免疫组化技术对79例不同程度异型增生的口腔黏膜白斑和18例白斑癌变组织进行HSP 60的检测。结果HSP 60在口腔癌组织中的表达以强阳性和中等强度阳性为主,阳性表达为88.9%,过表达率为72.2%;与轻、中度口腔黏膜异型增生相比差异有显著性(P<0.01),与重度口腔黏膜异型增生相比差异无显著性(P>0.05)。但两者过表达率之比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论重度上皮异型增生(白斑)和口腔癌组织中的HSP 60表达显著高于中、轻度异型增生组,口腔癌组织HSP 60过度表达率显著高于重度异型增生组,提示HSP 60的过度表达发生在口腔黏膜白斑癌变的进展过程中。     

NGAL基因表达上调与大肠肿瘤发生的关系研究

目的:研究大肠腺瘤-腺癌序列过程中中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)表达的变化及相互关系,以阐明其在大肠癌发生发展中的作用.方法:采用组织芯片与免疫组织化学SP法检测94例瘤旁/癌旁组织、92例腺瘤(其中管状腺瘤36例,管状绒毛状腺瘤47例,绒毛状腺瘤9例)、54例腺瘤伴不典型增生或癌变及60例腺癌中NGAL和MMP-9蛋白的表达情况.结果:在大肠腺癌、腺瘤伴不典型增生或癌变、腺瘤、瘤旁/癌旁组织中,NGAL蛋白表达的阳性率分别为55%(33/60)、37%(20/54)、23%(21/92)和2%(2/94),MMP-9蛋白表达的阳性率分别为74%(44/60)、44%(24/54)、25%(23/92)、6%(6/94),NGAL和MMP-9蛋白的表达在腺瘤、腺瘤伴不典型增生或癌变肠腺癌组织中显著高于瘤旁/癌旁组织,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),并且在正常肠黏膜→腺瘤→腺瘤伴不典型增生或癌变→腺癌这一过程中两者的表达逐渐增高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),然而二者在腺瘤组中管状腺瘤、管状绒毛状腺瘤、绒毛状腺瘤三者之间的表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).NGAL与MMP-9蛋白的表达在整个序列过程中(正常肠黏膜组、腺瘤组、腺瘤伴不典型增生或癌变组、腺癌组)呈显著正相关(rs=0.622,P<0.01).结论:NGAL蛋白和MMP-9蛋白表达的上调可能在大肠腺瘤-腺癌序列的发展过程中发挥一定作用,二者的异常表达可能参与大肠腺癌的发生.     

大肠腺瘤癌变过程中β-catenin、p53和增殖细胞核抗原表达的研究

目的 探讨β－catenin、p53和增朱（PCNA）在大肠腺瘤癌变中的可能作用。方法 以免疫组织化学方法检测77例大肠腺瘤（CRA）及癌变组织中β－catenin、p53蛋白及PCNA的表达情况。结果 CRA随上皮不典型增生程度的提高以及癌变的出现,β－catenin异常表达率逐渐增高（P＜0.05）。伴中、重度上皮不典型增生的CRA和CRA癌变的出现,β－catenin核表达阳性率均明显高于上皮轻度不典型增生的CRA（P＜0.01）。CRA伴轻度不典型增生和CRA伴中、重度不典型一及CAR癌变3组的p53蛋白和PCNA表达依次增高,其阳性率分别为10.3%、43.8%、75.0%和17.2%、62.5%、87.5%。在β－catenin核表达阳性者中,其PCNA的强阳性表达率明显高于β－catenin核表达阴性者（69.7%和36.4%,P＜0.05）;在p53蛋白表达阳性者中,其PCNA的强阳性表达率明显高于p53表达阳性者（72.4%和37.5%,P＜0.05）。在CRA癌变组中,有50.0%可见β－catenin和p53同时表达。结论 β－catenin、p53和PCNA在CRA癌变过程中可能发挥了重要作用。     

NGX6和CyclinD1蛋白在食管鳞癌组织中的表达及意义

背景与目的:鼻咽癌相关基因6(nasopharyngeal carcinoma-associated gene 6,NGX6)是新近克隆的抑癌基因,NGX6可能通过抑制EGFR/K-ras/JNK/c-Jun/CyclinD1通路的活性,延缓肿瘤细胞周期由G0/G1期进入S期的过程,从而发挥其抑瘤功能.为阐明其作用机制及意义,本研究探讨NGX6和CyclinD1蛋白在食管鳞癌组织中的表达和临床意义.方法:应用免疫组化SP法检测60例食管鳞癌组织及其相应的30例癌旁不典型增生组织和20例正常食管黏膜组织中NGX6及CyclinD1蛋白的表达.结果:食管鳞癌组织中NGX6蛋白阳性表达率显著低于癌旁不典型增生组织和正常食管黏膜组织(P＜0.05);而食管鳞癌组织中CyclinD1蛋白阳性表达率显著高于癌旁不典型增生组织和正常食管黏膜组织(P＜0.05);NGX6和CyclinD1蛋白表达均与临床分期、浸润深度及淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05),而与患者年龄、性别及分化程度无关(P＞0.05);两种蛋白之间阳性表达呈负相关(P＜0.05).结论:NGX6和CyclinD1蛋白异常表达与食管鳞癌的发生、浸润转移及预后密切相关,且两者呈负相关,联合检测NGx6和CyclinD1的表达有望成为食管鳞癌的早期诊断、预后评估的分子标志物.     

NGX6与IL-17F在大肠癌及大肠腺瘤中的表达及其与VEGF的相关性分析

目的 探讨NGX6与白细胞介素-17F(IL-17F)在大肠癌及大肠腺瘤中的表达及其与血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)的相关性.方法 选取67例大肠癌患者的大肠癌组织标本,82例大肠腺瘤患者的大肠腺瘤组织标本及35例健康体检者的左半结肠正常组织标本.采用免疫组化法检测3种组织中NGX6、IL-17F及VEGF的表达情况,并分析NGX6、IL-17F与VEGF表达的相关性.结果 大肠癌组织中,VEGF的阳性表达率高于大肠腺瘤组织和正常结肠组织(P﹤0.05),IL-17F、NGX6的阳性表达率均低于大肠腺瘤组织和正常结肠组织(P﹤0.05).大肠腺瘤组织中,VEGF的阳性表达率高于正常结肠组织(P﹤0.05),IL-17、NGX6的阳性表达率均低于正常结肠组织(P﹤0.05).NGX6的阳性表达与大肠癌患者的浸润深度、TNM分期和淋巴结转移情况有关(P﹤0.05);IL-17F的阳性表达与大肠癌患者的浸润深度、组织分化程度和淋巴结转移情况有关(P﹤0.05).大肠癌中,IL-17F、NGX6均与VEGF的表达呈负相关(r=-0.72、-0.63,P﹤0.05).结论 IL-17F、NGX6可以通过下调VEGF表达,抑制新生血管形成,从而抑制肿瘤的发生.     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ在大肠肿瘤中的表达及意义

目的 在蛋白及mRNA水平确定过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（peroxiome proliferator activated receptor γ, PPARγ）在大肠肿瘤中的表达。方法 结肠镜下活检标本,分为正常大肠粘膜组、大肠腺瘤组及大肠癌组,免疫组化及RT PCR方法检测各组PPARγ的表达。结果 正常大肠粘膜中表达PPARγ蛋白的细胞主要是接近肠腔,分化良好的腺上皮细胞;而在大肠腺瘤中,PPARγ阳性的细胞呈弥漫分布。PPARγ蛋白及mRNA在大肠癌中的表达显著增加,明显高于大肠腺瘤和正常大肠粘膜(P<0.05)。PPARγ蛋白及mRNA在正常大肠粘膜及腺瘤中的表达无差异（P>0.05）。PPARγ mRNA在重度异型增生腺瘤中的表达高于正常大肠粘膜(P<0.05),接近于在大肠癌中的表达（P>0.05）。结论 大肠腺瘤最先发生PPARγ表达部位的变化,PPARγ在重度异型增生的大肠腺瘤及大肠癌中的表达水平较高,表明PPARγ可能在早期即参与大肠癌的发生发展。     

Premenopausal intakes of vitamins A, C, and E, folate, and carotenoids, and risk of breast cancer.

Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E, folate, and carotenoids have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of breast cancer. However, previous epidemiological studies on these nutrients and breast cancer risk have been inconclusive, and have included primarily postmenopausal women. We examined the intake of these nutrients in relation to breast cancer risk among 90,655 premenopausal women ages 26-46 years in 1991 in the Nurses' Health Study II. Nutrient intake was assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline in 1991 and in 1995. During 8 years of follow-up from 1991 to 1999, we documented 714 incident cases of invasive breast cancer. Overall, none of the vitamins and carotenoids was strongly related to a reduced risk of breast cancer. However, intake of vitamin A, including preformed vitamin A and carotenoids, was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer among smokers; participants in the highest quintile of total vitamin A intake had a multivariate relative risk of 0.28 (95% confidence interval 0.12-0.62; P, test for trend <0.001; P, test for interaction <0.001) compared with those in the lowest quintile of intake. We found no evidence that higher intakes of vitamins C and E, and folate in early adult life reduce risk of breast cancer. However, intake of vitamin A may be related to a reduced risk of breast cancer among smokers.     

Intakes of fruits, vegetables, vitamins A, C, and E, and carotenoids and risk of renal cell cancer.

BACKGROUND: Fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants have been proposed to reduce the risk of renal cell cancer. However, few prospective studies have examined the intakes of fruits, vegetables, and antioxidant vitamins in relation to the risk of renal cell cancer. METHODS: We prospectively examined the associations between the intakes of fruits, vegetables, vitamins A, C, and E, and carotenoids and risk of renal cell cancer in women and men. We followed 88,759 women in the Nurses' Health Study from 1980 to 2000, and 47,828 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study from 1986 to 2000. We assessed dietary intake every 2 to 4 years using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate study-specific multivariate relative risks (RR), which were pooled using a random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 248 (132 women and 116 men) incident renal cell cancer cases were ascertained during 2,316,525 person-years of follow-up. The consumption of fruits and vegetables was associated with a decreased risk of renal cell cancer in men (multivariate RR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.25-0.81, for >or=6 servings of fruit and vegetable intake/d versus <3 servings/d; P test for trend = 0.02), but not in women (multivariate RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.66-2.07, for the same contrast; P test for trend = 0.25; P test for between-studies heterogeneity = 0.02). Intakes of vitamins A and C from food and carotenoids were inversely associated with the risk of renal cell cancer in men only, but we cannot exclude the possibility that this was due to other factors in fruit and vegetables. No clear association was observed for vitamin E in women or men. CONCLUSIONS: Fruit and vegetable consumption may reduce the risk of renal cell cancer in men.     

Occurrence,Efficacy, Metabolism,and Toxicity of Triclosan

Triclosan has broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is widely used in personal care products, household items, medical devices, and clinical settings. Due to its extensive use, there is potential for humans in all age groups to receive life-time exposures to triclosan, and, indeed, triclosan has been detected in human tissues and the environment. Data gaps exist regarding the chronic dermal toxicity and carcinogenicity of triclosan, which is needed for the risk assessment of triclosan. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nominated triclosan to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) for toxicological evaluations. Currently, the NTP is conducting several dermal toxicological studies to determine the carcinogenic potential of triclosan, evaluate its endocrine and developmental-reproductive effects, and investigate the potential UV-induced dermal formation of chlorinated phenols and dioxins of triclosan. This paper reviews data on the human exposure, environmental fate, efficacy of anti-microbial activity, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, endocrine disrupting effects, and toxicity of triclosan.     

Tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation, and carcinoma of the esophagus

Information on occupation, smoking, food and beverage consumption, and medical history were compared between 275 incident cases of carcinoma of the esophagus and 275 neighborhood controls who were matched to the cases on age (within 5 years), race, and sex. Tobacco use, mainly cigarette smoking, was a significant risk factor for carcinoma of the esophagus. Ex-smokers of cigarettes showed a reduced risk relative to those who continued to smoke, and current smokers of two or more packs per day displayed a higher risk than those who smoked less. Alcohol consumption was another significant risk factor for carcinoma of the esophagus; there was a highly significant trend with average daily dose of ethanol. Relative to controls, cases also consumed significantly more fried bacon or ham, less fresh fruits and raw vegetables, and were more likely to prefer white than whole grain bread. Finally, there was a significant association between carcinoma of the esophagus and long-term occupational exposure to metal dust; this association was largely confined to the lower one-third section of the esophagus.     

Fat, fiber, fruits, vegetables, and risk of colorectal adenomas

A case-control study was conducted at the National Naval Medical Center (Maryland, USA) from 1994 to 1996 to investigate the possible association between dietary factors and colorectal adenomas. Cases (n = 239) were subjects diagnosed with adenomas (146 new and 93 recurrent) by sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Those with no evidence of adenomas found by sigmoidoscopy were recruited as controls (n = 228). Dietary variables, assessed by a 100-item food frequency questionnaire, were analyzed by the logistic regression model, which was adjusted for age, gender and total energy intake. Variables of fat intake were further adjusted for red meat intake. An increased risk of 7% [odds ratio (OR): 1.07; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.94-1.22] per 5% energy/day from total fat was observed. Every additional 5% unit of oleic acid intake/day significantly increased the adenoma risk by 115% (OR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.05-4.39). Red meat fat increased the risk by 20% (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.71-2.04), and white meat fat decreased the risk by 67% (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.19-0.95) for every additional 5% unit of respective intake/day. Risk decreased by 41% (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41-0.86) for every additional 5% unit of fiber intake/day. Vegetable [OR per 100 g of vegetable intake/day: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.67-1.04] and fruit (OR per 100 g of fruit intake/day: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.82-1.03) intake showed an inverse association, and the results are suggestive of an association with the risk for adenomas. In conclusion, a strong positive association between oleic acid intake and colorectal adenoma risk was observed. This is likely to be an indicator of "unhealthy" food (meat, dairy, margarine, mayonnaise, sweet baked food) consumption in this population. Increased intake of dietary fiber was associated with a moderately decreased risk of adenomas.     

Age,Race, Sex,Stage, and Incidence of Cutaneous Lymphoma

BackgroundThe incidence of the T- and B-cell CLs has been well documented, but information pertaining to racial incidence by age, and by burden of disease (stage) have not been extensively documented.Materials and MethodsThe SEER 2004-2008 public use database was investigated. The relative incidence of CL in different races and age groups was examined. Univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression was performed for the likelihood of presenting at a higher stage.ResultsOf 4496 patients diagnosed with CL between 2004 and 2008; 1713 patients were diagnosed with MF, 1518 with non-MF cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and 1265 patients with cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. For MF, there was a trend for females to be less likely to present with a higher T-stage (T3-T4) than males (odds ratio [OR], 0.73) on multivariate analysis (P = .06). For race, AA had a significantly increased risk of presenting with higher T-stage (T3-T4) MF (OR, 1.72) on multivariate analysis (P = .02), compared with white patients. For white, AA, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Native American/other/unknown, the mean age at diagnosis was 59.2, 51.5, 51.3, and 53.8. These groups presented at a significantly different age than white (P = .0001, 0.0001, and 0.0006).ConclusionNonwhite racial groups present with MF at an earlier age compared with white, and AA have increased risk of presenting with higher T-stage compared with white. These findings have significant implications regarding need for earlier diagnosis and understanding the reasons for racial disparity in age and stage of presentation.     

Antitumor activity of halogen analogs of phosphoramide,isophosphoramide, and triphosphoramide mustards,the cytotoxic metabolites of cyclophosphamide,ifosfamide, and trofosfamide

A series of halogen analogs of phosphoramide mustard, isophosphoramide mustard, and triphosphoramide mustard, the cytotoxic metabolites of the antitumor drugs cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and trofosfamide, respectively, was evaluated in vitro against human tumor cell lines and in vivo against experimental tumors to investigate the effect of replacement of chlorine with bromine or fluorine on the antitumor activity of the parent phosphoramide mustards. In the experimental tumors L1210 leukemia, B16 melanoma, mammary adenocarcinoma 16/C, and ovarian sarcoma M5076, the antitumor activity of the analogs was observed to be generally comparable with that of the parent mustards when chlorine was replaced by bromine but uniformly lower when chlorine was replaced by fluorine. Furthermore, the monobromo analog of isophosphoramide mustard displayed equal or somewhat greater activity in comparison with cyclophosphamide when evaluated against subcutaneously implanted L1210 leukemia with intraperitoneal drug treatment and against mammary adenocarcinoma 16/C.This work was financially supported by NIH, NCI grant PO1 CA34200     

Consumption of alcohol,coffee, and tobacco,and gastric cancer in Spain

A case-control study on gastric cancer was carried out between 1987 and 1989 in four regions of Spain. Three hundred and fifty-four cases of histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma were included (235 men and 119 women). For each case, a control was selected, matched by sex, age, and area of residence, from the same hospital as the case. No association was observed with smoking, nor with the consumption of coffee or tea. The usual consumption of alcohol was associated with gastric cancer in men (odds ratio = 1.54, 95 percent confidence interval = 1.03–2.31), but there was no dose-response relationship. No association was observed in women. All estimations were carried out taking into account the effect of the dietary factors associated with gastric cancer. In accordance with previous evidence, the association observed between gastric cancer and alcohol appears not to be causal.Drs Agudo and González are with the Unit of Epidemiology, Hospital de Mataró, Mataró, Spain. Dr Marcos is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Hospital Clínico, Zaragoza, Spain. Dr Sanz is with the Department of Pathology, Hospital del INSALUD, Soria, Spain. Dr Saigi is with the Department of Oncology, Hospital General de Granollers, Granollers, Spain. Dr Verge is with the Department of Surgery, Hospital de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain. Dr Boleda is with the Department of Oncology, Hospital S. Camil, Sant Pere de Riba, Sapin. Dr Ortego is with the Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico, Zaragoza, Spain. Address correspondence to Dr Agudo, Unit of Epidemiology, Hospital de Mataró, c. Hospital 31, 08301 Mataró, Spain. This study received financial support from the Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health (Financial Aid for Research exp. 87/1703, exp. 89/0018 and exp. 89/0743) and from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Collaborative Research Agreement AEP/88/02).     

Action Mechanisms of Cell-Division-Arresting Benzimidazoles and of Sterol Biosynthesis-Inhibiting Imidazoles, 1, 2, 4-Triazoles, and Pyrimidines

Summary: In spite of a formal similarity between benzimidazoles and azoles, two completely different action mechanisms are in operation, namely inhibition of tubuline association by the benzimidazoles, and inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis at the stage of C₁₄ demethylation by imidazoles, 1, 2, 4-triazoles, and pyrimidines.
Zusammenfassung: Trotz formaler Ähnlichkeit zwischen Benzimidazolen und Azolen werden zwei vöüig verschiedene Wirkungsmechanismen verwirklicht, nämlich Hemmung der Tubulinassoziation durch Benzimidazole und Hemmung der Ergosterolbiosynthese auf der Stufe der C₁₄-Desmethylierung durch Imidazole, 1, 2, 4-Triazole und Pyrimidine.     

Cancer incidence, mortality, and associated risk factors among Asian Americans of Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese ethnicities

Many studies demonstrate that cancer incidence and mortality patterns among Asian Americans are heterogeneous, but national statistics on cancer for Asian ethnic groups are not routinely available. This article summarizes data on cancer incidence, mortality, risk factors, and screening for 5 of the largest Asian American ethnic groups in California. California has the largest Asian American population of any state and makes special efforts to collect health information for ethnic minority populations. We restricted our analysis to the 4 most common cancers (prostate, breast, lung, colon/rectum) and for the 3 sites known to be more common in Asian Americans (stomach, liver, cervix). Cancer incidence and mortality were summarized for 5 Asian American ethnic groups in California in order of population size (Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese). Chinese Americans had among the lowest incidence and death rate from all cancer combined; however, Chinese women had the highest lung cancer death rate. Filipinos had the highest incidence and death rate from prostate cancer and the highest death rate from female breast cancer. Vietnamese had among the highest incidence and death rates from liver, lung, and cervical cancer. Korean men and women had by far the highest incidence and mortality rates from stomach cancer. Japanese experienced the highest incidence and death rates from colorectal cancer and among the highest death rates from breast and prostate cancer. Variations in cancer risk factors were also observed and were for the most part consistent with variations in cancer incidence and mortality. Differences in cancer burden among Asian American ethnic groups should be considered in the clinical setting and in cancer control planning.