宫颈锥切术在诊断宫颈病变中的价值分析

目的:探讨宫颈锥切术能否被阴道镜多点活检所代替以及宫颈锥切术在诊断宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)和早期宫颈癌中的价值。方法:回顾分析2007年1月-12月在江西省妇幼保健院肿瘤科因宫颈病变同时行阴道镜多点活检和宫颈锥切术(包括冷刀和电圈环切术即LEEP术)的患者120例,采用自身对照法,研究宫颈锥切术和阴道镜多点活检的病检结果的差异。结果:宫颈锥切术与阴道镜下多点活检病理符合者59例(49.17%);不符合者61例(50.83%),宫颈锥切术后病理诊断加重者35例(占29.17%),浸润癌漏诊率10.00%。结论:宫颈锥切术在诊断C IN和早期宫颈癌中具有重要价值,不能被阴道镜多点活检所取代。要重视切缘是否阳性并加强术后随访。     

61例宫颈原位癌诊治分析

目的总结分析宫颈原位癌的诊治情况。方法对我院2000年1月至2007年5月住院治疗的61例原位癌进行回顾性分析。结果61例患者中,30岁以下者10例(16.4%),无任何症状19例(31.1%),接触性阴道出血22例(36.1%)。手术前后病理诊断符合率为67.2%(41/61),不符合率31.1%(19/61)。手术方式:宫颈冷刀锥切(CKC)3例,LEEP术5例,宫颈切除6例,全子宫切除±CKC 35例,次广泛子宫切除术11例,其他1例。2例行LEEP术后复发,1例CKC标本切缘发现C INⅠ级。结论宫颈原位癌的确诊应通过宫颈锥切手术,其中阴道镜下宫颈活检起着重要作用。对于年轻的宫颈原位癌可以行单纯的CKC手术治疗,以保留生育功能。对随诊困难、已经绝经及可疑早期浸润癌患者,可行全子宫切除术。     

冷刀宫颈锥切术诊治宫颈上皮内瘤变的临床体会

为了探讨冷刀宫颈锥切术对宫颈上皮内瘤变的诊断治疗作用,并评价临床疗效,回顾性分析因宫颈病变行宫颈细胞学检查、阴道镜下多点活检和宫颈锥切术的患者186例,对比宫颈锥切术和阴道镜下多点活检的病理检查结果,分析冷刀宫颈锥切术的临床疗效和并发症.两者病理完全符合138例,占74.2%,不符合48例,占25.8%.8例(4.3%)患者锥切边缘受累,治愈率为98.9%,复发率为1.1%.发现早期浸润癌5例,其中2例仅行宫颈锥切随访无复发.11例患者后行子宫切除术或扩大子宫切除术.冷刀宫颈锥切术的主要并发症为出血和宫颈管狭窄,发生率分别为4.3%(8/186)和1.6%(3/186).初步研究结果提示,宫颈锥切术比阴道镜下多点活检对宫颈上皮内瘤变的诊断更准确,并具有重要治疗作用.     

冰冻病理检查诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅲ级和评估锥切组织边缘状态的作用

目的 探讨冰冻病理检查方法用于诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅲ级(CINⅢ)和评估锥切组织边缘状态的作用.方法 对36例宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅲ级患者(CINⅢ),进行宫颈锥切术或者子宫切除术,采用冰冻病理检查方法对患者的锥切标本进行诊断,术中对保留的宫颈取材组织行切片检查,分析并比较冰冻病理与石蜡病理检查的结果,同时评估锥切组织边缘状态,考察组织切缘病灶残留情况.结果 ①所有病患术中冰冻病理检查诊断结果:2例宫颈浸润癌,29例CINⅢ,3例CINⅡ,2例CINⅠ.术后石蜡病理检查诊断结果:30例CINⅢ,2例CINⅡ,2例CINⅠ以及2例宫颈浸润癌.②锥切标本、锥切后宫颈取材组织的冰冻病理检查和术后宫颈石蜡病理检查结果均提示3例患者锥切组织边缘状态为阳性,接受子宫切除术以后显示有残留病灶.33例患者锥切组织边缘状态为阴性,接受子宫切除术以后均显示无残留病灶.结论 冰冻病理检查能有效诊断CINⅢ,并能够准确评估锥切组织边缘状态是否还有残留病灶.     

宫颈锥切术在诊断宫颈病变中的价值分析

目的：探讨宫颈锥切术能否被阴道镜多点活检所代替以及宫颈锥切术在诊断宫颈上皮内瘤样病变（CIN）和早期宫颈癌中的价值。方法：回顾分析2007年1月-12月在江西省妇幼保健院肿瘤科因宫颈病变同时行阴道镜多点活检和宫颈锥切术（包括冷刀和电圈环切术即LEEP术）的患者120例,采用自身对照法,研究宫颈锥切术和阴道镜多点活检的病检结果的差异。结果：宫颈锥切术与阴道镜下多点活检病理符合者59例（49.17%）;不符合者61例（50.83%）,宫颈锥切术后病理诊断加重者35例（占29.17%）,浸润癌漏诊率10.00%。结论：宫颈锥切术在诊断C IN和早期宫颈癌中具有重要价值,不能被阴道镜多点活检所取代。要重视切缘是否阳性并加强术后随访。     

宫颈冷刀锥切术95例临床分析

目的 比较宫颈活检结果与宫颈冷刀锥切术后病检结果的差异,评价宫颈多点活检在CIN 诊断中的准确性和宫颈冷刀锥切术的诊治价值,并分析锥切术近期并发症.方法 回顾性分析2009年-2010年因宫颈病变行阴道镜下多点活检及宫颈冷刀锥切术者95例,采用自身对照法,比较宫颈锥切术和阴道镜下多点活检的病理检查结果.结果:宫颈冷刀锥切术后病理与阴道镜下多点活检的病理检查结果符合者54例(56.84%),不符合者41例(43.16%),其中,冷刀锥切术后结果升级者11 例,占不符合例数的26.83%,占总例数的11.58% ;病变降级者30例,占不符合例数的73.17%,占总例数的31.58%.术中出血平均67.5ml,手术时间平均30.8分钟,术后出血6例(6.32%),术后发热1例.结论 宫颈冷刀锥切可补充多点活检的局限性,提高诊断准确性.     

宫颈上皮内瘤变315例手术前后病理分析

背景与目的:宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, CIN)是宫颈癌的癌前期病变.近年来,越来越多的年轻女性被诊断出CIN,如何正确而适度的处理CIN是临床处理的目标.本文通过对宫颈上皮内瘤变患者手术治疗前后病理情况分析,探讨治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变的合理方式.方法:对2004年4月至2006年11月间我院收治的315例行宫颈锥切术或子宫切除术的CIN 患者进行回顾性分析.比较不同手术治疗前后组织病理诊断,并随访治疗后复发情况.结果:315例患者中,232例(73.65%)行锥切治疗,26例(8.25%)行全子宫切除,57例(18.1%)行次广泛子宫切除.232例锥切治疗患者,术后病理转阴22例,级别升高36例,其中浸润癌20例.锥切术后继续手术治疗15例,其中5例证实有病灶残留.在子宫切除的83例患者中,病理阴性4例,微早浸润癌ⅠA1期3例,浸润癌1B1期4例,该4例接受再次手术或放射治疗.214例锥切为最终治疗,术后未再治疗的CIN患者中,随访中发现5例(2.4%)再次出现宫颈病变.结论:宫颈锥切是一种能准确诊断宫颈病变并能较好治疗CIN的方法.建议对于CIN患者应尽量先行宫颈锥切,根据锥切后病理情况及患者对保留生育功能的要求再决定进一步的处理方案.     

宫颈锥切术后HPV检测的临床意义

目的:探讨人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)在宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)行LEEP、冷刀锥切(CKC)术后的随访价值。方法:回顾分析180例行LEEP锥切、119例行冷刀锥切的CIN患者术前、术后HPV感染情况,观察锥切术后CIN的消失情况。结果:二者手术前后HPV感染率分别为:LEEP组78.3%和7.8%,CKC组64.7%和6.7%,无统计学差异,术后HPV感染率明显降低,术后HPV持续感染者宫颈病变进展率高于HPV转阴者,二者有统计学差异。结论:HPV检测在LE EP、CKC术后可作为随访有效手段。     

23例CIN宫颈锥切术后再处理的初步分析

目的探讨CIN宫颈锥切术后切缘阳性或高级别CIN病人的处理.方法回顾分析1999年1月至2004年5月23例CIN锥切术后再治疗的临床资料,并将锥切术后的病理与进一步治疗后病理进行分析比较.23例锥切病人中切缘阳性者10例(LEEP 9例、CKC 1例),切缘阴性者13例.再治疗者采用子宫切除术19例(82.6%),冷刀锥切(CKC)3例,局部切除1例.结果全组再次术后标本中无病变者6例(26.1%),降级者10例(43.5%),相符者7例(30.4%).锥切切缘阳性和阴性再次术后的宫颈残存病灶分别为80%(8/10)和69.2%(9/13),二者无统计学差异(P=1.0).锥切切缘为浸润癌(均为外院LEEP术后)的3例中2例术后为腺癌,且均有肌层浸润.锥切标本中发现3例早期浸润癌,术后1例降级,2例转阴.17例高级别CIN(CIN2～31例、CIN3 16例)术后23.5%相符,52.9%降级,23.5%转阴.结论CIN锥切术后为浸润癌者,必须及时处理.应严格掌握LEEP术的适应证,尤其怀疑腺癌时宜采用冷刀锥切术以明确诊断.术后为早期浸润癌和高级别的CIN、切缘阳性者,应根据具体情况进一步处理.     

宫颈冷刀锥切术95例临床分析

目的：比较宫颈活检结果与宫颈冷刀锥切术后病检结果的差异,评价宫颈多点活检在CIN诊断中的准确性和宫颈冷刀锥切术的诊治价值,并分析锥切术近期并发症。方法：回顾性分析2009年-2010年因宫颈病变行阴道镜下多点活检及宫颈冷刀锥切术者95例,采用自身对照法,比较宫颈锥切术和阴道镜下多点活检的病理检查结果。结果 ：宫颈冷刀锥切术后病理与阴道镜下多点活检的病理检查结果符合者54例（56.84%）,不符合者41例（43.16%）,其中,冷刀锥切术后结果升级者11例,占不符合例数的26.83%,占总例数的11.58%;病变降级者30例,占不符合例数的73.17%,占总例数的31.58%。术中出血平均67.5ml,手术时间平均30.8分钟,术后出血6例（6.32%）,术后发热1例。结论：宫颈冷刀锥切可补充多点活检的局限性,提高诊断准确性。     

Accuracy of colposcopically directed biopsy in diagnosis of cervical pathology at Srinagarind Hospital

Objective: To determine the accuracy of colposcopically directed biopsy (CDB) in diagnosis of precancerous or cancerous lesion of the uterine cervix as a quality index of the institute. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the women who had colposcopic examination at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Srinagarind Hospital from January, 2005 to December, 2010. The women with satisfactory colposcopic examination who had CDB and further interventions such asloop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)/conization, and/or hysterectomy were included in study. The pathological reports of the specimens from CDB were analyzed comparing with LEEP/conization or hysterectomy according to the highest degree of abnormalities. Pathological reports of HSIL (high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) or more severe wereclassified as positive, while LSIL (low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) or less severe were classified as negative. Results: There were 320 patients included, 259 having highest pathological reports of HSIL or more. The accuracy of CDB to detect HSIL or more of the uterine cervix was 87.8% with sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 84.9%, 100%, 100%, and 61%, respectively. Conclusions: The accuracy of CDB in diagnosis of cervical pathology in our institute was acceptable and comparable to those of others. CDB is a reliable method to obtain the pathological diagnosis in women with abnormal cervical cytologic screening.     

电子阴道镜联合LEEP对宫颈上皮内瘤变的诊治价值

目的:探讨宫颈上皮内瘤变的早期诊断及合理治疗,以减少漏诊、过治及复发。方法:选取LEEP 治疗的宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）患者136例,对此组患者术前阴道镜直视下活检结果与LEEP术后病理结果进行对比分析。结果:此组病例中,阴道镜下活检结果与LEEP活检病理学诊断结果的完全符合率为59.6%（81/136）,诊断过度35例（25.7%）,诊断不足20例（14.7%）,两种方法的诊断结果差异有统计学意义（P=0.0403)。各个级别CIN 阴道镜下活检结果与LEEP活检病理学诊断结果的完全符合率分别为 43.5%（CINⅠ）、55.1%（CINⅡ）、80.0%（CINⅢ）。LEEP治疗后切缘阳性患者14例,切缘阳性率为10.3％（14/136）。7例切缘阳性患者再次行全子宫切除术,术后4例患者子宫标本中有病灶残留,其病变残留率为57.1％。结论:阴道镜联合LEEP有助于CIN的早期发现、准确诊断及合理治疗,但存在病变残留可能,需重视术后随访。LEEP治疗后切缘阳性是病灶残留的高危因素,对切缘阳性患者的处理有待于进一步探索。     

Diagnostic dilemma in high intracanalar carcinoma of the cervix

The use of colposcopy for follow up of patients with abnormal cervical smears has considerably increased the rate of detection of cervical malignancies and intraepithelial lesions in recent years. In case the lesion is situated high up in the cervical canal however, the chances of missing out the lesion are considerable. In our case the malignancy was detected only on endocervical sampling, but was missed on scrape as well as on colposcopically directed biopsy. The patient who was in perimenopausal age group, had complaints of post coital bleeding. The initial cervical scrape smear showed only squamous metaplasia. Colposcopically directed biopsy also showed the same findings. On a high index of suspicion clinically, the endocervical sampling was done with a cytobrush, which showed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix. Subsequent hysterectomy of the patient confirmed the diagnosis. Simultaneous endocervical sampling considerably increases the chances of finding an intracanalar lesion, particularly in older women, in whom the transitional zone (TZ) is situated high up in the cervical canal. In such a situation, even a colposcopically directed biopsy may prove inadequate. This was amply proved in our case.     

Comparing visual inspection with acetic acid plus random cervical biopsy plus endocervical curettage to colposcopic directed biopsy plus endocervical curettage in detecting cervical lesions in low-resource settings

Objective: To compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of visual inspection with acetic acid directed cervical biopsy (VDB) in combination with random cervical biopsy (VRB) and endocervical curettage (ECC) to colposcopic directed biopsy (CDB) plus ECC in detecting cervical lesions (HSIL or more) in Thailand. Materials and Methods: A diagnostic-test study was carried out on 164 women with abnormal Pap smear at a tertiary care teaching hospital from March 2011 to June 2011. The women with abnormal Pap smears had further investigations such as; VDB and/or VRB, and CDB plus ECC, and/or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). Either VDB plus VRB plus ECC or CDB plus ECC, sometimes LEEP, were used to diagnose cervical lesions. Severest histopathology from any means was taken as the gold standard. Results: There were 158 patients included in analyses. The sensitivity of VDB plus VRB plus ECC to detect cervical lesions was 95.9% (95%CI, 91.4%-98.1%) compared to the sensitivity of CDB plus ECC of 97.3% (95%CI, 93.2%-98.9%). The two were very similar (mean difference -1.4%, 95%CI, -5.4%-2.6%, by Z-test). Conclusions: Thus VDB plus VRB plus ECC can substitute for CDB plus ECC in detecting cervical lesions in low-resource settings.     

Chapter 14: Role of triage testing in cervical cancer screening

The classic model of cervical cancer prevention-primary screening with cytology, followed by diagnostic colposcopically directed biopsy, and finally treatment of cancer precursors-is undergoing dynamic change. The introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing and other new modalities provides more options but increases complexity in the sequence of screening, triage, diagnosis, and patient management. This chapter will focus on the role of triage and risk stratification in management. The utility of HPV testing has been established for triage of cytologic findings of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance but not for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or worse. Countries without established cytology services may consider alternative screening, triage, and treatment programs that may be more readily implemented than a resource-rich "cytology followed by colposcopy" paradigm requiring an infrastructure of highly trained personnel. The diagnostic step of colposcopy and directed biopsy is not completely sensitive in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or 3 as is sometimes assumed. The partial insensitivity of this diagnostic step results in a population of women with negative colposcopically directed-biopsy findings but at increased risk for missed prevalent disease: these women may require additional triage rather than resumption of routine screening. As more efficient screening, triage, and diagnosis increase the sensitivity of detection of even very small CIN2 or CIN3, overtreatment of lesions that might otherwise regress becomes a concern and highlights the need to identify accurate markers of risk of progression to cancer. Markers of molecular events further along the pathway from HPV infection to development of cancer may ultimately provide more specificity in triage and diagnosis.     

子宫颈鳞癌IA1期30例临床分析

背景与目的：宫颈鳞癌IA1期术前诊断和处理仍有争议,本研究旨在探讨IA1期宫颈鳞癌诊断和处理的恰当方式。方法：回顾分析我院1992～2001年收治的30例宫颈鳞癌IA1期患者的临床和病理资料。结果：30例患者中7例既无症状又无明显体征(23．3％)。23例行细胞学检查,阳性率为86.9％(20／23);23例行阴道镜检查,准确率为78．2％(18／23);10例行宫颈管刮取术,4例阳性。30例患者中22例行广泛或次广泛全子宫切除术(73．3％),6例行全子宫切除术,2例行宫颈冷刀锥切术;28例子宫切除标本宫旁组织均未受侵,阴道残端均无癌残留,其中8例行盆腔淋巴结清扫术,平均切除淋巴结22枚,均为阴性,两例锥切标本切缘干净;术前诊断与最后诊断符合率为56．7％(17／30)。术后中位随访时间34个月(17～111个月),均无复发。结论：IA1期宫颈鳞癌术前阴道镜检查及宫颈多点活检诊断准确率低;冷刀锥切可提高诊断准确率,同时又可作为要求保留生育功能的IA1期宫颈鳞癌患者的治疗方式。     

宫颈上皮内瘤变150例临床分析

目的：探讨宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）的诊断及治疗方法。方法：回顾分析1984年1月至1998年12月住院治疗的150例CIN的临床资料。结果宫颈细胞学检查诊断的阳性率为76．65,与宫颈管细胞学检查联合应用诊断的阳性率为78．8％,两者比较无显著性差异。细胞检查结合阴道镜下活检诊断CIN阳性率为95．3％,与单一细胞学诊断相比较,有显著性差异。阴道镜下活检与病理诊断的符合率为91．6％,镜下活检与宫颈管刮术结合诊断的阳性率明显高于单纯阴道镜下活检。141例采用手术治疗,无1例切缘阳性;9例原位癌采用腔内放疗,全组无1例复发或死亡。结论宫颈细胞学检查结合阴道镜检是诊断CIN的有效方法,对绝经后妇女应同时行宫颈管刮术,对不宜手术的原位癌患者可行单纯腔内放疗。     

Treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III by hysterectomy without intervening conization in patients with adequate colposcopy

One hundred forty-four patients found to have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III on colposcopically directed biopsy who had completed childbearing were treated with a vaginal hysterectomy (112 patients) or abdominal hysterectomy (32 patients). The mean age of these patients was 28.6 years and the mean gravidity, 3.4. All patients had adequate colposcopy of the cervix and vagina. The transformation zone and lesion(s) were completely visualized. The uterus was submitted for histologic examination in all cases. The cervix was sectioned in a radial fashion (minimum 12 sections), and the proximal endocervix and lower uterine segment were sectioned transversely. CIN III was present in the cervix of 117 patients, CIN II in 9 patients, CIN I in 8 patients, and no evidence of residual neoplasia in 9 patients. Microinvasive cancer (1.3 mm stromal invasion without lymph-vascular space invasion) was present in one patient. After surgery, patients were seen every 3 months for 2 years and every 6 months thereafter. All 144 patients were followed up for at least 12 months, 124 patients for 24 months, 103 patients for 36 months, and 60 patients for 60 to 120 months. To date, all patients are alive and well and there have been no cases of recurrent vaginal neoplasia or cancer. These data suggest that: adequate colposcopy is an accurate method to rule out invasive cervical cancer and abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy is an effective therapeutic procedure in women with CIN III who have completed reproductive function.     

Is the Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure Necessary for Minor Cervical Cytological Abnormalities?

Background: To investigate the indications of loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) and itsovertreatment rates for the see and treat and three step strategies in cases of atypical squamous cells ofundetermined cytology (ASC-US) and low grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGSIL) cytology. Materials andMethods: We retrospectively analyzed colposcopy directed biopsy (CDB) and LEEP results of 176 paients withASC-US or LGSIL cytologies who underwent colposcopic examination. Results: Initial cytologies were ASCUSin 120 women and LGSIL in 56. According to the see and treat approach immediate LEEP was performed for38women. Among the remaining 138 women, LEEP was performed for 32 whose CDB results revealed CIN2/3lesions. In the see and treat group the recognition of CIN2/3 was found to be 39.4%. The overtreatment rate was60% as compared to 25% in the three step group. In CDB group detection of CIN 2 or greater lesions increasedwith 3 or more biopsies. Conclusions: In patients with ASC-US/LGSIL cytologies CDB should be performedbefore LEEP to prevent overtreatment, with attention to all suspected areas and more than 2 biopsies taken.     

宫颈癌活检病理与术后石蜡病理的符合率及意义

目的:探讨宫颈癌术前阴道镜下宫颈活检病理与子宫全切或广切术后石蜡病理的符合率及其临床意义.方法:回顾性分析2012年1月-2015年5月就诊于中国医科大学附属盛京医院妇科行手术治疗的1 872例宫颈恶性肿瘤患者的临床病理资料.对符合纳入标准的1 818例患者进行统计研究.结果:1 818例患者中,宫颈鳞状细胞癌1 575例,宫颈腺癌173例,宫颈腺鳞癌53例,其他病理类型17例.1 818例患者中,宫颈活检病理与子宫全切或广切术后石蜡病理结果相符合的为1 487例,总符合率为81.8%.其中816例直接于我院行宫颈活检及病理组织检查,1 002例于外院行宫颈活检后于我院行病理切片会诊,我院宫颈活检病理诊断符合率为83.8%,外院为80.1%,差异有统计学意义.我院宫颈鳞癌、腺癌、腺鳞癌及其他少见病理类型诊断符合率为86.7%、75.3%、40.7%、70.0%;外院宫颈鳞癌、腺癌、腺鳞癌及其他少见病理类型诊断符合率为82.0%、80.4%、26.9%、42.9%,宫颈鳞癌诊断符合率两者之间差异有统计学意义.外院与我院高-中分化组宫颈癌的活检病理诊断符合率均明显高于低分化组,差异有统计学意义.原位癌-Ia1期宫颈癌的宫颈活检病理诊断符合率均明显低于Ia2期-IIb期,差异有统计学意义.结论:阴道镜下宫颈活检有漏诊宫颈癌的可能,尤其是原位癌-Ia1期宫颈癌;完善上级医院病理会诊可提高术前诊断的准确性,对于临床上治疗方案的选择具有重要价值.