塞来昔布通过抑制COX-2活性抑制Han：SPRD大鼠肾囊肿生长

目的:观察塞来昔布(celecoxib,CXB)对常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾病(autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease,ADPKD)模型Han:SPRD大鼠肾囊肿生长的作用,探讨其可能的作用机制.方法:3周龄杂合(cy/+)Han:SPRD大鼠随机分成3组(n=19):小剂量(3 mg·kg-1·d-1)、大剂量(10 mg·kg-1·d-1)CXB作用组及空白对照组.大鼠饲养至16周龄,称取体质量(TBW)及双肾质量(2K),计算2K/TBW;取肾组织行H-E染色及特殊染色,观察肾间质炎细胞浸润程度,测定囊肿指数、纤维化指数;采用免疫荧光共聚焦扫描法检测肾组织环氧化酶(COX)-2、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)共染的荧光斑表达丰度,采用Western印迹法检测肾组织COX-2、PCNA蛋白表达量.结果:小剂量CXB作用组大鼠2K/TBW低于空白对照组,差异有统计学意义[(1.10±0.009)% vs (1.33±0.02)%,P＜0.05].与空白对照组相比,小剂量、大剂量CXB作用组大鼠肾间质炎细胞浸润程度评分减轻[(2.6±0.26)、(2.8±0.31) vs (3.7±0.33),P＜0.05],肾囊肿指数[(42.9±6.56)、(47.1±7.28) vs (64.8±6.71)]、纤维化指数[(11.2±2.63)、(10.1±3.30) vs (16.3±4.16)]明显降低(P＜0.05).小剂量CXB作用组大鼠肾组织COX-2、PCNA共染的荧光斑强度较空白对照组明显减弱,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与空白对照组相比,小剂量、大剂量CXB作用组大鼠肾组织COX-2[(0.326±0.011)、(0.409±0.008)vs (0.814±0.012),P＜0.05]、PCNA表达量明显降低[(0.763±0.051)、(0.925±0.042)vs (0.988±0.031),P＜0.05].结论:3、10 mg·kg-1·d-1塞来昔布可能通过抑制COX-2活性,减轻炎细胞浸润而发挥抑制Han:SPRD大鼠肾囊肿生长的作用.     

异丙酚麻醉对大鼠中枢神经核团c-jun基因表达的影响

目的通过检测异丙酚静脉全麻诱导大鼠中枢c-jun基因的表达,了解异丙酚在大鼠中枢的可能作用位点.方法 42只Wistar大鼠随机分成6组:空白对照组(C组)、小剂量异丙酚组(50mg/kg,P1组)、中等剂量异丙酚组(100mg/kg,P2组)、大剂量异丙酚组(150mg/kg,P3组)、断尾刺激组(S1组)、异丙酚作用后断尾刺激组(S2组).免疫组织化学法(ABC法)检测JUN核蛋白,统计各组大鼠脑片的JUN免疫反应阳性神经元的分布.结果 C组:JUN免疫反应阳性神经元散在分布在视上核、外侧隔核及外侧缰核等神经核团.P1、P2、P3组.JUN免疫反应阳性神经元表达较对照组明显增多,主要分布在伏核、外侧隔核、下丘脑室旁核、膝状体腹下核、背外侧膝状核、视上核、视交叉上核、视前腹侧核、弧束核、杏仁基底外侧核、丘脑室旁核、外侧缰核、海马回嗅觉小岛及乳头状核等核团,表达的阳性神经元数量与异丙酚剂量正相关.结论异丙酚在大鼠中枢神经系统有与其静脉麻醉作用相关的神经核团.     

异丙酚诱导大鼠中枢JUN核蛋白表达的研究

目的通过检测异丙酚静脉全麻诱导大鼠中枢c-jun基因的表达,了解异丙酚在大鼠中枢的可能作用位点.方法 42只Wistar大鼠随机分成6组:空白对照组(C组)、小剂量异丙酚组(50mg/kg,P1组)、中等剂量异丙酚组(100mg/kg,P3组)、大剂量异丙酚组(150mg/kg,P3组)、断尾刺激组(S1组)、异丙酚作用后断尾刺激组(S2组).免疫组织化学法(ABC法)检测JUN核蛋白,统计各组大鼠脑片的JUN免疫反应阳性神经元的分布.结果 C组:JUN免疫反应阳性神经元散在分布在视上核、外侧隔核及外侧缰核等神经核团.P1、P2、P3组:JUN免疫反应阳性神经元表达较对照组明显增多,主要分布在伏核、外侧隔核、下丘脑室旁核、膝状体腹下核、背外侧膝状核、视上核、视交叉上核、视前腹侧核、弧束核、杏仁基底外侧核、丘脑室旁核、外侧缰核、海马回嗅觉小岛及乳头状核等核团,表达的阳性神经元数量与异丙酚剂量正相关.结论异丙酚在大鼠中枢神经系统有与其静脉麻醉作用相关的神经核团.     

丁基苯酞对慢性脑缺血大鼠学习记忆能力及前脑组织线粒体Na+-K+-ATP酶的影响

目的 探讨丁基苯酞对慢性脑缺血大鼠学习记忆能力以及前脑组织线粒体Na+-K+-ATP酶的影响.方法 将实验用SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=10)、模型组(n=15)、丁基苯酞大剂量治疗组(n=15)和小剂量治疗组(n=15).采用双侧颈总动脉结扎制作慢性脑缺血模型,4周后,分别给模型组、大、小剂量丁基苯酞组大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水、丁基苯酞6 mg/kg和2 mg/kg,2次/d.用药4周后,利用Morris水迷宫试验测试大鼠学习记忆能力,提取前脑组织线粒体,测定线粒体Na+-K+-ATP酶的活性.结果 较假手术组相比,模型组大鼠记忆能力明显下降,逃避潜伏期延长[分别为(10.41±3.81)s和(25.54±9.82)s,P＜0.01]线粒体ATP酶活力下降[分别为(3.73±0.32)μmol·mgprot-1·h-1和(2.81±0.40)μmol·mgprot-1·h-1,P＜0.05],而丁基苯酞大、小剂量组较模型组记忆能力显著增强[分别为(11.72±5.78)s和(12.48±5.45)s,P＜0.01],ATP酶活力明显增加[分别为(3.53±0.37)μmol·mgprot-1·h-1和(3.43±0.43)μmol·mgprot-1·h-1,P＜0.05],不同剂量丁基苯酞组差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 丁基苯酞注射液可增强缺血区神经元线粒体Na+-K+-ATP酶活力,改善线粒体能量代谢,提高慢性脑缺血大鼠的学习记忆能力.     

普伐他汀对非肥胖糖尿病小鼠糖尿病预防作用的机制

目的 探讨普伐他汀对非肥胖糖尿病(NOD)小鼠糖尿病的预防作用及机制.方法 3-4周龄NOD雌鼠分为4组,对照组(摄普通饲料,30只),小剂量组(普伐他汀1 mg·kg-1·d-1,29只),中剂量组(普伐他汀10 mg·kg-1·d-1,29只)和大剂量组(普伐他汀40 mg·kg-1·d-1,30只),观察糖尿病发病至30周龄.各组另取8只12周龄未患病NOD鼠,胰腺HE染色观察胰岛炎;制备脾细胞悬液后,流式细胞仪检测脾细胞中CD4+ CD25+ 调节性T细胞数量;氚-胸腺嘧啶核苷掺入法检测脾细胞对特异性抗原的刺激增殖反应;ELISA法测特异性抗原刺激后脾细胞培养上清干扰素γ(IFN-γ)和白细胞介素4(IL-4)水平;RT-PCR检测脾脏IFN-γ、IL-4mRNA的表达水平.结果 30周龄时,大剂量普伐他汀组NOD鼠糖尿病的发病较对照组明显降低(P＜0.01).12周龄时,大剂量普伐他汀组胰岛炎严重程度低于对照组(P＜0.001);大剂量普伐他汀组脾细胞培养上清中IFN-γ水平(42±20)Pg/ml,脾脏IFN-γmRNA表达水平(0.24±0.10)pg/ml均低于对照组(157±32)pg/ml,(0.81±0.18)pg/ml,均P=0.000),IL-4水平(91±22)pg/ml,脾脏IL-4mRNA表达水平(0.39±0.18)pg/ml均高于对照组[(44±20)pg/ml,P=0.000;(0.20±0.08)pg/ml,P=0.002)];小、中、大剂量普伐他汀组和对照组特异性抗原增殖指数分别为3.85±0.35、3.53±0.82、3.32±0.44、3.70±0.62,各组间差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05);小、中、大剂量普伐他汀组和对照组脾细胞中CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞数量分别为(9.6±2.6)%、(10.2±2.4)%、(8.9±2.7)%、(10.0±2.4)%,各组间差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 早期使用大剂量普伐他汀进行干预,可以通过下调Th1细胞因子INF-γ,上调Th2细胞因子IL-4,促使免疫平衡向Th2方向偏移,从而减轻NOD鼠胰岛炎,预防NOD鼠糖尿病的发生.     

GABA及GABAα受体在大鼠前额叶执行控制中的作用机制研究

目的探讨γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)及GABA受体(GABA αR)在大鼠前额叶执行控制功能中的作用机制.方法用氨基酸分析技术、免疫组化技术和原位杂交技术研究执行控制能力不同的大鼠(执行控制能力好组及差组)前额叶GABA含量、GABA免疫阳性神经元数量和GABA αR mRNA表达.结果与执行控制能力好组大鼠相比,执行控制能力差组大鼠GABA含量较少[(6.52±3.03)μmol/g vs (4.03± 1.17)μmol/g,P ＜0.05 ]、GABA免疫反应阳性神经元数量较少(208±77 vs 143±59,P ＜0.01)、GABA αR mRNA表达较高(139±36 vs 182±51,P ＜0.05).结论 GABA及GABA αR在前额叶执行控制中起重要作用.     

加巴喷丁减轻骨癌痛大鼠的机械痛敏

目的 观察不同剂量加巴喷丁对胫骨癌痛大鼠机械痛敏的影响.方法 雌性SD大鼠42只,随机分为7组(n=6),即空白对照组(N组)、假手术+生理盐水组(SN组)、假手术+加巴喷丁200 mg ·kg-1·d-1组(SG200组)、骨癌痛+生理盐水组(BN组)、骨癌痛+加巴喷丁50mg·kg-1·d-1组(BG50组)、骨癌痛+加巴喷丁100mg·kg-1·d-1组(BG100组)和骨癌痛+加巴喷丁200mg· kg-1·d-1组(BG200组).从术后第7天起,在保持正常饮水量的前提下,SG200组、BG50组、BG100组和BG200组每天分别按体重将加巴喷丁200mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg溶于5 ml生理盐水中饲喂,N组、SN 组和BN组仅给予同等量的生理盐水.分别在术前、术后1,3,5,7d和8,10,12,14d(分别对应为给药后1,3,5,7d)测定右后肢机械缩足阈值(MWT)和自由行走痛行为评分.结果 术后第7天,骨癌痛大鼠MWT [ (3.78 ±0.38)g]和自由行走痛评分[(0.76 ±0.44)分]与空白对照组[(14.50 ±1.38)g,(0.00±0.00)分]和假手术组[(10.21±0.88)g,(0.00±0.00)分]比较,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在连续应用加巴喷丁的1周中,SN组和SG200组大鼠行为学的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05); BG50组与BN组比较,MWT无明显差异(P＞0.05),自由行走痛行为评分相对降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后第10天,BG100组[(5.35±0.85)g]和BG200组[(5.71±0.72)g]与BN组[(2.61±0.40)g]和BG50组[(3.28±1.15)g]比较,MWT明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);直到术后14d,差异仍有统计学意义(P＜0.05);从术后第8天起,BG100组和BG200组自由行走痛行为评分较BN组降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 中到大剂量的加巴喷丁可以缓解骨癌痛大鼠的疼痛症状,但是随着肿瘤骨破坏的加重,加巴喷丁的止痛作用也随之降低.     

EFFECTS OF FOLATE ON PCNA EXPRESSION IN PLACENTA CELLS OF PREGNANCY RATS

目的:探讨叶酸对妊娠大鼠胎盘细胞PCNA表达的影响,为应用叶酸预防出生缺陷提供依据.方法:40只雌性成年SD大鼠随机分为叶酸大、中、小剂量干预组和对照组,每组10只大鼠.各组动物受孕后,叶酸干预组大鼠分别给予2mg/kg/d、1mg/kg/d、0.5mg/kg/d叶酸灌胃,对照组灌胃等容积生理盐水.各组大鼠取妊娠13.5d(E 13.5d)的胎盘,行HE染色和免疫组化学染色,观察胎盘的形态结构和胎盘细胞PCNA的表达情况.结果:HE染色显示各叶酸干预组大鼠胎盘组织结构与对照组比较无明显变化.PCNA阳性物质呈棕黄色颗粒状位于细胞核；各叶酸干预组大鼠胎盘细胞PCNA的表达明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),叶酸大、中剂量组大鼠胎盘细胞PCNA的表达明显高于小剂量组(P＜0.05).结论:叶酸可明显提高胎盘细胞PCNA的表达,提示叶酸可促进胎盘细胞的增殖活动.     

丙泊酚对睡眠剥夺大鼠甲状腺PI3K/Akt通路及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨丙泊酚对睡眠剥夺(SD)大鼠甲状腺磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)通路及细胞凋亡的影响.方法 Sprague Dawley大鼠50只分为正常组(Normal组)、SD模型组(SD组)、丙泊酚低剂量组(10mg/kg)、丙泊酚中剂量组(25mg/kg)、丙泊酚高剂量组(50mg/kg),每组10只.除Normal组模拟正常睡眠外,其余各组大鼠均建立SD模型,造模成功后丙泊酚各组腹腔注射相应剂量药物,Normal组和SD组腹腔注射等量生理盐水.观察各组大鼠毛色、行为等一般行为状况,称取大鼠体重,检测血清游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平;取甲状腺组织称重,HE染色观察甲状腺病理变化;TUNEL染色观察甲状腺组织细胞凋亡;Western blot检测甲状腺组织PI3K、p-Akt、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)、B细胞白血病2(Bcl-2)蛋白表达水平.结果 与Normal组相比,SD组大鼠出现甲状腺组织滤泡腔减小、高度增生等病理损伤,体重及甲状腺重量、血清FT4水平、甲状腺组织PI3K、p-Akt、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平降低(P＜0.05),血清FT3、TSH水平、甲状腺细胞凋亡率、caspase-3蛋白表达水平升高(P＜0.05);与SD组相比,丙泊酚低、中、高剂量组大鼠甲状腺病理损伤减轻,体重、甲状腺重量、血清FT4水平及甲状腺组织PI3K、p-Akt、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平升高(P＜0.05),血清FT3、TSH水平、甲状腺细胞凋亡率、caspase-3蛋白表达水平降低(P＜0.05),且丙泊酚各剂量组上述指标呈剂量依赖性.结论 丙泊酚可激活SD大鼠甲状腺组织PI3K/Akt通路的蛋白表达,抑制甲状腺细胞凋亡和损伤,改善机体甲状腺激素分泌紊乱.     

尼莫地平对血管性痴呆大鼠海马CAMP反应元件结合蛋白、转录因子CCAAT增强子结合蛋白DNA结合活性的影响

目的 观察尼莫地平对血管性痴呆大鼠海马cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)和CCAAT增强子结合蛋白(C/EBP)的DNA结合活性的影响,探讨其治疗血管性痴呆的机制.方法 66只SD大鼠随机分为模型组,假手术组和尼莫地平组,每组22只,采用4血管法制备大鼠血管性痴呆模型,分别给予生理盐水(8 ml·kg-1·d1)、尼莫地平(20mg·kg4 ·d-1)灌胃,用HE染色法观察海马CA1区神经元形态变化.水迷宫法检测大鼠学习和记忆能力,凝胶电泳迁移率改变分析法( EMSA)测定海马组织CREB和C/EBP的DNA结合活性.结果 水迷宫检测:尼莫地平组大鼠学习记忆能力[逃逸潜伏期(26.63±1.31)s,跨越平台次数(7.25±0.92)次]较模型组[逃逸潜伏期(41.25±1.83)s,跨越平台次数(5.33±0.64))次]强,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).HE染色:模型组大鼠海马CA1区部分神经元正常结构消失,胞核区域浓染,出现凝固性坏死及细胞脱失,尼莫地平组大鼠海马CA1区神经元排列较模型组病理改变减轻,细胞结构完整;尼莫地平组海马CA1区正常神经细胞数目(43.19±2.87)较模型组(16.33±1.09)增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).EMSA:尼莫地平组CREB和C/EBP的DNA结合活性[分别为(369.75±13.22),(428.25±17.69)]较模型组[分别为(142.25±27.86),(97.00±5.88)]均升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 尼莫地平改善血管性痴呆大鼠海马神经元损伤和学习功能下降,可能与提高CREB和C/EBP的DNA结合活性有关.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.