肌腱损伤修复后早期最大抗拉力与功耗变化的实验研究

目的 探讨鸡的趾深屈肌腱断伤后用改良Kessler法和Tsuge法修复后早期缝合1：3最大抗拉力和功耗变化的特点。方法 选用三黄鸡42只，分成2组：改良Kessler法缝合组和Tsuge法缝合组，每组各21只实验鸡。将鸡的右侧第2．4趾趾深屈肌腱切断后用上述方法缝合。分别于术后即刻、1、4,7、10、14、21d取材(7个时间组)。检测肌腱的最大抗拉力和达到最大力点的功耗。结果 最大抗拉力：改良Kessler法组在术后第10天降到最低点，术后14d恢复到术后即刻的水平。Tsuge法组在术后4d开始降低，术后21d还未恢复到即刻水平。达到最大力点的功耗：Tsuge法组在术后即刻和1d、7d比改良Kessler法组高；但在术后4d(Tsuge法组)和7d(改良Kessler法组)开始，就比术后即刻显著下降并持续到术后21d。结论 肌腱缝合后早期两种缝合方法的生物力学变化并不相同，对修复后的肌腱施加拉力直至拉断时所需的能量随术后时间的增加呈进行性下降。     

几种屈肌腱缝合方法的即刻生物力学比较

目的比较几种临床常用肌腱缝合方法的即刻生物力学特性,为临床肌腱修复提供参考。方法成年AA白羽鸡爪60只,随机分为6组。锐刀横断Ⅱ区趾深屈肌肌腱,分别用改良Kessler法、改良Kessler加腱周连续缝合法、Cruciate法、滓下法,改良津下法,Tang法进行修复。缝合后立即取下肌腱进行拉伸—断裂测试。测定极限载荷、应变,计算出各组的肌腱韧度、极限拉伸强度、弹性模量和断裂功耗,并记录手术操作时间和断裂方式,进行统计学分析。结果Tang法组的极限载荷、极限拉伸强度、韧度和断裂功耗均大于其他五种方法（P〈0．05）,改良Kessler法的各组参数均小于其他五种方法（P〈0．05）。操作时间以改良Kessler法和Tsuge法最小（P〈0．05）。结论改良Kessler加腱周连续缝合法操作简单、强度可观、生物力学特性好、吻合端光滑,是临床中最常用的肌腱修复法。Tang法抗拉强度高,可以胜任术后早期功能锻炼,为一种可靠的肌腱修复方法。     

屈指肌腱损伤修复后早期生物力学性能的变化

目的以改良Kessler法和Tsuge法修复鸡趾深屈肌腱,观察术后早期肌腱生物力学性能的变化特点,并探讨两种缝合方法修复屈指肌腱损伤后早期主动或被动功能锻炼的可行性。方法取42只三黄鸡,随机分成两组,每组21只(42趾)。选用改良Kessler法和Tsuge法修复鸡右足第二、四趾趾深屈肌腱,分别于术后即刻、1、4、7、10、14、21d取材,进行生物力学测试,检测肌腱的拉伸断裂负荷、拉伸断裂伸长率。结果改良Kessler法拉伸断裂负荷在术后10d～两周降到最低,3周时恢复到即刻水平;Tsuge法在术后10d降至最低,2周后开始恢复,3周时尚未恢复到即刻水平;Tsuge法的拉伸断裂负荷在术后即刻和1d较改良Kessler法高,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。改良Kessler法拉伸断裂伸长率在术后1周逐渐下降,Tsuge法在术后4d逐渐下降,两者均在术后3周达到最低点,两种缝合方法之间不同时间点差异均无显著性。结论Tsuge法较高的力学特性术后丢失快,恢复慢;改良Kessler法的力学特性仅在术后10d有显著降低,2周后即可恢复。     

改良Mason-Allen缝合技术修复Ⅰ、Ⅱ区指伸肌腱损伤

目的 报道改良Mason-Allen缝合技术修复Ⅰ和Ⅱ区指伸肌腱损伤的临床效果.方法 采用改良的Mason-Allen缝合技术修复Ⅰ和Ⅱ区指伸肌腱150例230指.结果 术后观察,伤指均未发生肌腱再断裂;大部分伤指屈伸运动功能恢复近乎完全,无需行肌腱松解术.少数伤指合并骨折,固定时间较长,因此,肌腱粘连较重,进行了肌腱松解术.结论 改良Mason-Allen缝合技术修复Ⅰ和Ⅱ区指伸肌腱损伤效果满意,可应用于临床.     

肌腱引导器在手部的临床应用

目的 探讨肌腱引导器在手部肌腱修复手术中的作用.方法 2008年8月至2011年8月,利用肌腱引导器治疗指屈肌腱损伤患者67例81指,并以改良Kessler法修复肌腱.结果 术后随访时间为3～6个月,按中华医学会手功能评定标准掌指关节和指间关节伸屈功能总主动活动度与健侧比较:优23指,良52指,中6指;优良率为92.6％.结论 利用肌腱引导器可将指屈肌腱顺利导入鞘管,有助于实现肌腱的无创修复.     

鸡爪5种屈肌腱中心缝合方法的即刻生物力学比较

目的:比较5种临床常用肌腱中心缝合方法的即刻生物力学特性,为临床肌腱修复提供参考。方法:成年AA白羽鸡爪50只,随机分为5组。锐刀横断Ⅱ区趾深屈肌肌腱,分别用改良Kessler法、津下(Tsuge)法、Cruciate法、改良Tsuge法、Tang法进行中心缝合,不做周边修复。缝合后立即取下肌腱,用冰冻卡具固定两端,在生物力学材料动态力学性能测试仪进行拉伸-断裂测试。测定极限载荷、应变,记录断裂方式,计算出各组肌腱的韧度、极限拉伸强度、弹性模量和断裂功耗并进行统计学分析。结果:Tang法组的极限载荷、极限拉伸强度、韧度和断裂功耗均大于其他4种方法(P0.05),改良Kessler法组各参数均小于其他4种方法(P0.05)。结论:临床中最常用的改良Kessler法操作简单,缝合后外观光滑,组织反应轻,但其缝线股数少,抗拉强度较低,有待进一步增加强度。Tang法缝合的各生物力学性能优于其他方法,高抗拉强度可以满足术后早期功能锻炼,为一种可靠的肌腱修复方法。     

屈指肌腱修复术后弹性橡皮条制动疗效观察

目的 探讨58例Ⅱ区屈指肌腱离断修复术后用弹性橡皮条动力性制动的疗效。方法 离断肌腱用改良Kessler法修复，于指甲末端用丝线缝合连接橡皮条。前臂至指端用背侧石膏托固定。橡皮条固定于前臂下段掌侧，使手指指间关节屈曲。术后48h开始行主动伸指，依靠弹性橡皮条作被动屈指练习3周。结果 随访3～6个月，手指伸屈功能正常。结论 屈指肌腱吻合术后用弹性橡皮条制动疗效佳。     

聚-DL-乳酸可吸收性防粘连膜预防肌腱粘连的临床应用

目的探讨应用聚-DL-乳酸可吸收性防粘连膜预防肌腱粘连的疗效。方法2003年3月～2004年6月,将56例肌腱损伤患者随机分为防粘连组和对照组,前者36例56腱,后者20例46腱。肌腱断端用5-0肌腱缝线行改良Kessler缝合。防粘连组用聚-DL-乳酸可吸收性防粘连膜包绕肌腱损伤局部。屈肌腱修复后功能用TAM法评定,伸肌腱功能用Miller分级法评定。结果所有患者获平均9.2个月(3～18个月)随访,防粘连组综合优良率为92.86%,对照组综合优良率为89.13%,两组间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论聚-DL-乳酸可吸收性防粘连膜可以防止肌腱粘连。     

手指屈肌腱损伤急诊显微修复及粘连的预防

目的 总结应用显微外科技术急诊修复手指屈肌腱损伤的临床效果，比较应用医用生物膜、几丁糖、透明质酸钠等方法对预防术后肌腱粘连的作用。方法 1992～2002年急诊修复手指屈肌腱伤325例402条肌腱，均为切割伤，应用改良Kessler方法5-0无损伤肌腱吻合线吻合肌腱，吻合口周边再用6-0、8-0无损伤显微缝线间断或连续内翻缝合。甲组应用医用生物膜包裹吻合口，乙组和丙组分别应用几丁糖和透明质酸钠涂抹吻合端。术后置肌腱屈指休息位固定。早期在专科医师指导下，做主动伸指，被动屈指的伸屈功能锻炼。结果 术后有254例318条肌腱得到4～6个月的随访，按国际手外科联合会肌腱损伤委员会制定的手部肌腱疗效评定方法(TAM法)评定疗效标准：甲组优良率为87．7％，乙组优良率为84、6％，丙组优良率为85、3％，三组优良率接近，差异无显著性。结论 在手指屈肌腱损伤的修复工作中，急诊彻底清创以及应用精细的显微外科技术吻合断裂的肌腱是提高肌腱修复优良率的基础，应用医用生物膜、几丁糖或透明质酸钠以及进行正确功能锻炼都可以进一步减少肌腱粘连的发生。     

肌腱周边缝合距断端不同距离的缝合对抗张力的比较

目的研究缝针出入点距对合口距离对肌腱修复抗张强度的影响。方法采用新鲜猪后肢跖深屈肌腱,将40根肌腱分为4组,每组10根,横行切断,以改良Kessler法缝合,周边加强,缝针出入点距断端距离分别为4、7、10、12mm,检测缝合后肌腱2mm间隙形成的负荷,最大抗张强度,采用ANOVA进行统计分析。结果对肌腱的横断伤,以改良Kessler法缝合修复时缝针出入点距断端的距离越大,肌腱的抗张强度越强,其中4mm间距抗张强度明显低于其它三组(P<0.05),而其它三组无明显统计学差异。结论肌腱横形损伤修复时,随着缝针出入点距断端的距离增大,其抗张强度有递增趋势。     

指屈肌腱双环加强缝合法及其生物力学研究

目的：介绍作者设计的指屈肌腱双环加强缝合法。方法：用３６条人体指屈肌腱标本，行双环加强缝合法、改良Ｋｅｓｓｌｅｒ法、Ｌｅｅ法、Ｂｅｃｋｅｒ法和Ｓａｖａｇｅ法缝合肌腱，并进行生物力学测定比较。结果：５种缝合方法的平均抗拉强度分别为６７．５Ｎ、３５．８Ｎ、３６．７Ｎ、７４．７Ｎ、９６．８Ｎ。结论：双环加强缝合法操作简单，抗拉强度足够临床需要，术后可早期进行主动屈指活动，具有较大的安全系数     

The mechanical properties of locking and grasping suture loop configurations in four-strand core suture techniques

We have compared the effect of locking and grasping suture loop configurations in four-strand core suture techniques for tendon repair. Forty canine flexor digitorum profundus tendons were repaired with one of four suture techniques (the grasping cruciate, the double-modified grasping Kessler, the locking cruciate and the double-modified locking Kessler) and tested to failure in a tensile testing machine. The mode of failure in all the locking suture specimens was breakage of the sutures in the locking loops or at suture knots. The sutures did not pull out of the tendon, as was seen in the grasping suture specimens. The greatest tensile strength was found with the double-modified locking Kessler technique which incorporated eight rectangular locking loop configurations.     

A biomechanical study of Tang's multiple locking techniques for flexor tendon repair

This study was designed to biomechanically compare Tang's multiple looped locking techniques with various suture techniques for flexor tendon repair in the hand. Fifty flexor digitorum profondus tendons taken from pig toes were used as models; The tendons were transected in the middle part of zone 2 defined as the area beneath bifurcation of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendons, and were repaired by five different suture methods: (1) modified Kessler, (2) Tsuge's suture, (3) double Kessler, (4) modified Kessler plus Tsuge, and (5) Tang's suture. The repaired tendons were placed in an Instron tensile testing machine to determine the tensile properties of the repair. 2 mm gap formation force and ultimate tensile strength were measured during the test. Maximal work to failure were calculated according to area under the load-displacement curve of the test. 2 mm gap formation force was 21.5 N for the Kessler, 20.6 N for the Tsuge, 31.6 N for double Kessler, 30.9 N for the Kessler plus Tsuge and 41.4 N for the Tang. Ultimate tensile strength was 23.5 N for the Kessler, 22.9 N for the Tsuge, 34.5 N for the Kessler plus Tsuge and 45.6 N for the Tang. Statistically, Tang's suture had the greatest gap formation force, ultimate strength and energy for failure among the five techniques (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). Gap formation force, ultimate strength and energy to failure for double Kessler or the Kessler plus Tsuge were significantly greater than those for the Kessler or the Tsuge (p < 0.05 or < 0.01). The tendons repaired by Tang's method tolerated a significantly higher tensile load (133 to 198% of the other techniques) than the other methods. Among the methods tested, Tang's multiple looped locking suture provides sufficient gap resistance and tensile strength that may be able to withstand early active mobilization after primary flexor tendon repair.     

四种与Kessler相关的屈肌腱缝合方法的生物力学研究

目的 研究四种与Kessler相关的屈肌腱缝合方法 对肌腱修复抗张强度的影响.方法 采用新鲜猪后肢跖深屈肌腱,将40根肌腱分为4组,每组10根,横行切断,以Kessler法、DoubleKessler法、Running suture法、Kessler+Running suture法缝合.检测缝合后肌腱2mm间隙形成的负荷、最大抗张强度,采用ANOVA法进行统计分析.结果 对于肌腱的横断伤,最大抗张强度DoubleKessler法Kessler+Running suture法Kessler法Running suture法. 2mm间隙形成的负荷Kessler+Running suture法Double Kessler法Rumming suture法Kessler法.结论 肌腱横行损伤修复时,采用强生3-0编织缝合线,Kessler+Running suture法能够满足临床早期功能锻炼的强度要求.     

A comparative analysis of the six-strand double-loop flexor tendon repair and three other techniques: a human cadaveric study

The ideal zone II flexor tendon repair would be easy to perform, cause minimal scarring, and be strong enough to allow early active motion. A 6-strand loop suture technique devised by the senior author (T.M.T.) was studied in vitro. Forty flexor tendons were harvested from fresh-frozen human hands and divided into 4 groups of 10 tendons each. Each group of tendons was repaired with a specific technique: group 1, the modified Kirchmayr (modified Kessler) technique; group 2, the single-loop 2-strand technique described by Tsuge; group 3, Tsai's double-loop 4-strand modification of Tsuge's technique; and group 4, Tsai's double-loop 6-strand modification of Tsuge's technique. Gap resistance of each repair technique was recorded on a computer using a Differential Variable Reluctance Transducer (MicroStrain, Burlington, VT) and on videotape to record first gap formation, 1-mm and 2-mm gap formation, and maximum load. Statistically significant differences between groups were as follows: at first gap formation between the 2-strand and 6-strand loop suture techniques, and at maximum load between the modified Kessler and 4-strand, modified Kessler and 6-strand, 2-strand and 4-strand, and 2-strand and 6-strand loop suture techniques. The 6-strand double-loop suture technique had a higher tensile strength than the other techniques, as measured in this model at each stage in our experiment. The 6-strand double-loop suture technique simplifies flexor tendon repair. It improves the repair's strength and its resistance to gapping without increasing tendon handling or bulk. This increased repair strength allows us to pursue a more aggressive rehabilitation program.     

Does Strand Configuration and Number of Purchase Points Affect the Biomechanical Behavior of a Tendon Repair? A Biomechanical Evaluation Using Different Kessler Methods of Flexor Tendon Repair

This study compares the mechanical properties of modified Kessler and double-modified Kessler flexor tendon repair techniques and evaluates simple modifications on both methods. Forty fresh sheep flexor tendons were divided equally into four groups. A transverse sharp cut was done in the middle of each tendon and then repaired with modified Kessler technique, modified Kessler with additional purchase point in the midpoint of each longitudinal strand, double-modified Kessler technique, or a combination of outer Kessler and inner cruciate configuration based on double-modified Kessler technique. The tendons were tested in a tensile testing machine to assess the mechanical performance of the repairs. Outcome measures included gap formation and ultimate forces. The gap strengths of the double-modified Kessler technique (30.85 N, SD 1.90) and double-modified Kessler technique with inner cruciate configuration (33.60 N, SD 4.64) were statistically significantly greater than that of the two-strand modified Kessler (22.56 N, SD 3.44) and modified Kessler with additional purchase configuration (21.75 N, SD 4.03; Tukey honestly significant difference test, P < 0.000). There were statistically significant differences in failure strengths of the all groups (analysis of variance, P < 0.000). With an identical number of strands, the gap formation and ultimate forces of the repairs were not changed by additional locking purchase point in modified Kessler repair or changing the inner strand configuration in double-modified Kessler repair. The results of this study show that the number of strands across the repair site together with the number of locking loops clearly affects the strength of the repair; meanwhile, the longitudinal strand orientation and number of purchase points in a single loop did not affect its strength.     

Gliding characteristics and gap formation for locking and grasping tendon repairs: a biomechanical study in a human cadaver model

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the frictional characteristics and mechanical properties of various locking and grasping suture techniques in a human in vitro model of flexor tendon repair. METHODS: Forty-five cadaveric human flexor digitorum profundus tendons were transected in zone II and repaired using 1 of 5 core suture methods (n = 9 per group): either grasping (modified grasping Kessler, modified Lee) or locking (Pennington, modified Pennington, locking Lee) loop suture techniques. All repairs used 4-0 Supramid looped core suture and an epitenon running suture of 6-0 nylon. Gliding resistance at the tendon-pulley interface was measured along with failure strength and gap formation. The force to produce 0.5-, 1.0-, 1.5-, and 2.0-mm gaps were measured. RESULTS: One of the locking repairs, the locking Lee, had a gliding resistance significantly higher than that of one of the grasping repairs (modified grasping Kessler) and the other 2 locking repairs (Pennington, modified Pennington) (p <.05). There was no significant difference between the other grasping (modified Kessler, modified Lee) and locking (Pennington, modified Pennington) suture configurations (p =.21). The maximum force of one of the locking repairs, the modified Pennington repair (48.0 N; standard deviation, 3.9) was significantly higher than the other locking and grasping repairs (p <.05). The force required to produce more than 1.5 mm of gap for the modified Pennington repair was also significantly higher than that for some of the other grasping (modified Kessler, modified Lee) and locking (Pennington) repairs (p <.05). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of significant difference in gliding resistance among the similarly designed modified grasping Kessler, Pennington, and modified Pennington repairs (overall mean, 0.87 N; standard deviation, 0.16) suggests that the locking loop configuration itself does not adversely affect tendon gliding resistance. The modified Pennington repair increased not only ultimate strength but also resistance to gap formation more than 1.5 mm.     

A new core suture technique for flexor tendon repair: biomechanical analysis of tensile strength and gap formation

The purpose of this study was to test in vitro a new flexor tendon suture technique that has been developed to withstand the in vivo forces of active tendon motion. This new core suture technique involves locking loops in the form of a cross stitch. The new technique was tested for ultimate tensile strength and gap formation in cadaver human flexor tendons on a tensile testing machine. The new technique proved significantly stronger than the modified Kessler core suture.     

Zone II tendon repairs augmented with autogenous dorsal tendon graft: a biomechanical analysis

We investigated the biomechanical properties of a new technique for tendon repair that reinforces a standard suture with an autogenous tendon graft. A dynamic in situ testing apparatus was used to test 40 flexor digitorum profundus tendons harvested from fresh-frozen cadaver hands. The tendons were cut and repaired using 1 of 4 suture techniques: 2-strand modified Kessler, 4-strand modified Kessler, 6-strand modified Savage, and 2-strand modified Kessler augmented with autogenous dorsal tendon graft. The augmented repair uses 1 slip of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon secured to the dorsal surface of the repair site with a continuous stitch. Ultimate tensile strength, resistance to gap formation, and work of flexion were measured simultaneously on an in situ tensile testing apparatus. No significant difference in tensile strength was found between the augmented repair and the 6-strand Savage repair. The augmented repair and the 6-strand Savage repair showed significantly greater ultimate tensile strength than the 2- and 4-strand repairs. The augmented repair had significantly greater resistance to 2 mm gap formation than the other 3 repairs. We were unable to show a significant difference in work of flexion between the repairs with the numbers tested (n = 10). Our findings suggest that the augmented repair is strong enough to tolerate the projected forces generated during active motion without dehiscence or gap formation at the repair site.