肝切除术后置管引流51例临床分析

目的:分析肝切除术后置管引流临床应用价值。方法:总结8年来肝切除术后于膈下或/和肝下置引流管,术后观察出血、胆漏、感染等。结果:术后早期出血2例(3.9%),其中1例再手术止血,1例死亡;并发胆漏2例(3.9%),引流1个月~6周治愈;并发膈下感染3例(5.9%),2例局部冲洗后治愈,1例再手术。结论:置管引流对肝切除术后再出血、胆漏、膈下感染的观察与治疗具有重要意义。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的原因及对策

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的原因、预防方法及处理措施。方法对 12 0 0 0例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后 34例明确病因的胆漏患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组患者胆总管横断损伤 6例 ,经胆总管空肠Roux en Y吻合术治愈 ;胆囊管残端钛夹脱落 3例 ,经重新结扎胆囊管残端治愈 ;胆总管及右肝管侧壁损伤 7例 ,经胆总管修补、“T”管支持引流治愈 ;2 1例迷走胆管或副肝管损伤均经保守治疗治愈 ;3例患者出现膈下脓肿 ,经理疗、多次B超导向下穿剌抽液治愈 ;1例胆总管空肠Roux en Y吻合术后出现胆肠吻合口狭窄 ,再手术治愈。结论肝外胆管、迷走胆管损伤及胆囊管残端钛夹脱落是腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的主要原因 ,建立通畅的腹腔引流 ,行胆总管修补、“T”管支持引流或胆肠吻合是治疗腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏、预防并发症出现的主要方法。     

肝外胆道手术中胆道损伤的原因分析及处理对策

目的探讨肝外胆道术中胆道损伤的原因及处理方法的选择. 方法对61例肝外胆道术中胆道损伤进行回顾分析.术中及时发现13例:3例右肝管损伤给予对端吻合、T管引流;8例胆总管或肝总管破口者,利用肝圆韧带修复;2例胰头部胆管穿孔者,予Roux-en-Y吻合.余48例为术后发现者:4例保守治疗,21例肝总管、胆总管被部分或完全缝扎者,予拆除缝线、T管引流;5例胆管轻度破口者,予肝圆韧带修复;18例腹腔炎症严重者,予T管引流,3个月后行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合. 结果经平均2年的随访,本组无死亡病例.术中右肝管对端吻合的3例,术后2例出现轻度胆漏;术中利用肝圆韧带修补8例,术后3例出现轻度胆漏,均经充分引流非手术疗法治愈.术后发现的48例中,经充分引流保守治愈4例;再手术44例,术后3周内治愈20例,4周内治愈6例,另外18例3个月后行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合,术后1～2个月治愈.合并膈下脓肿3例,肺部感染4例,轻度反流性胆管炎3例,均经抗感染和对症治疗而愈.结论尽早发现、及时处理对提高疗效和防止术后胆管狭窄起着决定性作用.术中发现胆管损伤,应立即进行修补或对端吻合,T管引流.术后数天发现者,则宜行规范的胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.     

内镜乳头括约肌切开治疗术后胆漏

目的 探讨内镜乳头括约肌切开（EST）治疗肝胆术后漏的效果。方法 对肝胆术后胆漏病人结合逆行胆道造影（ERCP）,实施内镜乳头括约肌切开术（EST）联合鼻胆管负压引流。结果 3例肝叶切除术后肝创面胆漏和4例腹腔镜－胆囊切除术后胆囊管或胆囊床胆漏经采用此方法治疗后,均治愈无并发症。结论 内镜乳头括约肌切开术（EST）后,胆道内压降,利于胆汁引流入十二指肠,促使胆漏愈合。创伤小,成功率高,治愈时间短,为术后胆漏治疗的首选方法。     

肝囊型包虫病术后顽固性残腔胆瘘术式探讨

目的 探讨肝囊型包虫病内囊摘除术后顽固性残腔胆瘘的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析于2002年6月至2012年6月因肝囊型包虫术后胆瘘长期不愈就诊于新疆医科大学第一附属医院行手术治疗的31例患者.其中15例行T管引流+瘘口缝合+腹腔引流术,8例行经胆漏口置入T管+腹腔引流术,4例行半肝切除术,2例行肝叶切除+胆肠吻合术,1例行外囊剥离术,1例因腹腔感染严重行残腔脓肿清除术,半年后行半肝切除术.结果 随访1～8年,1例患者T管引流术2年后出现胆管狭窄,行胆肠吻合术治愈;1例患者T管引流术后再次出现残腔胆漏,给予充分引流后1个月后自闭;1例患者残腔脓肿清除术后再次出现残腔胆漏,经充分引流半年后行半肝切除术,术后恢复顺利;1例半肝切除术后出现创面胆漏,经充分引流后治愈;其余患者术后恢复良好.结论 (1)肝切除术及肝包虫外囊完整剥离术因完整去除残腔可彻底解决残腔顽固性胆瘘,但此类患者多为多次手术后且残腔反复继发感染而致手术难度及风险较大;(2)经胆管注射美蓝行胆管造影及减压术,探查包虫残腔壁与胆道的漏口,并进行准确的缝闭,可彻底解决术后残腔胆漏的问题,而留置减压管则对漏口的愈合、防止漏口再次裂开形成胆漏具有一定作用;(3)针对包虫残腔与主肝管相通,且瘘口周残腔壁钙化严重,于残腔胆瘘口内置入合适T管,可有效解决残腔胆瘘.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,LC）术后胆漏的各种处理方式。方法回顾性分析我院2000年2月-2005年5月施行的LC3868例。结果术后发生胆漏22例,胆漏发生率为0.56%。所有胆漏患者经保守治疗、再次腹腔镜探查置管、内镜治疗和腹腔引流管充分引流后造影拔管治疗。结论非主胆道损伤所引起的胆漏多可经非开腹手术治疗而治愈。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治

目的探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治措施。方法回顾性研究2002年4月至2007年2月我中心249例肝移植的临床资料。结果249例肝移植患者中,31例发生胆道并发症(12.45%),其中胆漏16例(早期14例、晚期2例),吻合口狭窄9例,非吻合口狭窄6例。并发胆漏患者中,3例经ERCP放置鼻胆管引流治愈,4例在B超引导下行腹腔穿刺置管引流治愈,7例轻度胆漏患者经延长腹腔引流管放置时间治愈,2例晚期胆漏患者充分引流后治愈。吻合口狭窄患者中,5例行PTCD球囊扩张术,4例行ERCP球囊扩张术,共有3例放置了胆道支架,现均存活良好。非吻合口狭窄患者中,2例二次肝移植后治愈,另4例行PTCD联合胆道镜治疗,2例治愈,2例恢复不佳。结论完善手术技术、缩短移植物冷热缺血时间及保护胆道血供是预防肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要措施,个体化治疗,多可取得良好疗效。     

肝切除术后胆漏的预防与处理

目的探讨肝切除术后胆漏的预防与处理。方法分析近4年行肝切除术384例,发生胆漏14例,其中原发性肝癌7例,胆囊癌2例,肝血管瘤1例,肝胆管结石3例,肝外伤1例。结果胆漏发生率为3.6%,经充分引流治愈10例,行内镜下胆管支架引流或鼻胆管引流治愈2例,再手术2例,其中1例死于术后肝功能衰竭。结论术中精细操作可有效预防肝切除术后胆漏的发生。充分引流、抗感染和营养支持可有效治疗胆漏,对引流量大者可行内镜下胆管支架引流或鼻胆管引流,尽量避免早期再次手术。     

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目的　探讨胆道手术后发生胆漏的原因及其预防与治疗方法。方法　对浙江省平湖市中医院 1994~2003年间胆道术后发生胆漏的 28例临床资料作回顾性分析。结果　术后发生胆漏的原因为肝床毛细胆管或细小副肝管损伤 15例,胆总管癌切开探查后胆漏 1例,胆囊管残端漏 1例,T管早期滑脱或拔T管后胆漏 10例,T管引流术后护理不当 1例。保守治疗 21例(75% ),再手术 7例 (25% ),除 1例胆管癌晚期自动出院外其余均痊愈出院。结论　胆漏多发生于胆囊切除术、胆道手术及拔T管后,主要原因与肝床毛细胆管或细小副肝管损伤、局部炎症和操作不当等有关。胆漏发生后应根据腹膜炎的轻重,有无胆道梗阻以及腹腔引流是否通畅等选择保守治疗或再手术治疗。     

肝外伤术后胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的 探讨介入治疗在肝外伤术后胆道出血和胆瘘并发症中的作用。方法 6例肝外伤术后胆道并发症(胆道出血1例，胆瘘3例．胆道出血合并胆瘘2例)采用介入治疗。胆道出血行肝动脉出血分支血管栓塞，胆瘘采用B超引导下穿刺置管引流。结果 3例胆道出血(肝动脉出血)血管成功栓塞，随访3～6个月未再发生出血。5例胆瘘行B超引导下穿刺置管引流，3例引流3～4周痊愈，1例因引流效果差改手术置管引流6周痊愈，1例伴脓肿者手术置管引流2个半月痊愈。结论 介入治疗是处理胆道出血和胆瘘并发症的有效措施。     

腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石的技术与疗效。 方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2016年12月完成67例腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石临床及随访资料。 结果 全部67例患者合并左半肝或左外叶肝萎缩,腔镜手术方式包括左外叶肝切除48例、左半肝切除19例。其他腹腔镜下联合术式包括：胆囊切除术52例、胆总管探查术43例、T管引流术39例,胆总管一期修补术4例。手术切口长度（4.67±1.26）cm。术后发生胆漏3例,均经引流观察后自愈;1例因术后腹腔大出血合并胆瘘再手术治愈;肝脓肿1例,膈下脓肿1例,均经穿刺引流治愈。 结论 腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石安全可靠,术中应尽量取净其他胆道残余结石并连续紧密缝合左肝管残端。如结石已被取净胆总管的探查和T管引流并非必需。     

活体肝移植的胆道重建技术及并发症分析

目的 探讨活体肝移植的胆道重建方法及并发症防治措施.方法 回顾性分析77例活体肝移植临床资料,其中74例行右半肝移植(带肝中静脉29例,不带肝中静脉45例),左半肝带肝中静脉1例,左外叶切取2例.胆道重建采用胆肠吻合或供肝肝管与受体肝管端端吻合.结果 供肝断面1个胆管开口为54例,多个胆管开口为23例;胆肠吻合2例,胆管端端吻合75例,63例留置T管;术后总体胆道并发症发生率为36.4%(28/77),其中胆漏为10.4%(8/77),胆道狭窄为26.0%(20/77).供肝单支胆道以及单个吻合口术后胆道狭窄的发生率明显低于多支胆道及多个吻合口(P<0.05).8例胆漏病人经过B超指引穿刺引流全部治愈,20例吻合口狭窄病人经T管窦道放置支撑管或通过ERCP进行扩张,肝功能全部或部分好转.结论 活体肝移植供肝切取术中注意对断面胆管血供的保护以及尽可能获得单一的肝管开口可有效减少术后胆道并发症的发生;内镜和放射介入技术是治疗胆道并发症的有效手段.     

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??Surgical treatment of liver abscess caused by cholelithiasis??A report of 62 patients CAO Ting-jia??LI Han-jun??HU Yi-lin??et al. Department of General Surgery??Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA??Wuhan 430070??China
Corresponding author??LU Qi-ping, E-mail: 13871160000@163.com
Abstract Objective To investigate the therapeutic method of liver abscess caused by cholelithiasis. Methods The clinical data of 62 patients with liver abscess caused by cholelithiasis undergoing hepatectomy and/or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage (PTCD) in Department of General Surgery??Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA from January 2010 to December 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. Stones and foci of 12 patients (19.4%) distributed in the bilateral intrahepatic bile duct??10 patients (16.1%) in the left lateral lobe of liver??23 patients (37.1%) in left lobe of liver??1 patient (1.6%) in right anterior lobe of liver??8 patients (12.9%) in right posterior lobe of liver and 8 patients (12.9%) in right lobe of liver. When the abscess diameter > 3cm??percutaneous abscess pus aspiration or puncture PTCD drainage implant were perfomred and guided by ultrasound. Patients with stable disease??general condition improved underwent definitive surgery??including hepatectomy and abscess drainage. Results Postoperative complication rate??wound infection in 9 patients (17.3%)??intestinal obstruction in 4 patients (6.5%)??bile leakage in 2 patients (3.2%)??biliary tract bleeding in 1 patient (1.6%)??liver section / subphrenic infection in 1 patient (1.6%)??severe abdominal infection in 1 patient (1.6%)??with no liver failure. One patient (1.6%) died in perioperative peroid because of multiple organ failure caused by severe abdominal infection. Fifty patients (80.7%) were followed up for 6 months to 5 years. The efficacy was good in 55 patients (88.7%) and poor in 5 patients (8.1%)??and the 5 patients need further surgical treatment for the infection because of the stone recurrence??recurrent biliary infection. Conclusion Following the principle of individualized treatment??sufficient drainage of the liver abscess??simultaneously or elective hepatectomy are the best treatment of liver abscess caused by cholelithiasis.     

肝胆管结石合并肝内感染灶的外科治疗（附62例报告）

目的 探讨肝胆管结石合并肝内感染灶的治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2015 年12 月间,广州军区武汉总医院采用经皮经肝胆管引流（PTCD）、肝叶切除术治疗肝内胆管结石及肝内感染灶的62例病人的临床资料。结石及感染灶分布于双侧肝内胆管者12例（19.4%）,局限分布于左外叶10例（16.1%）,左半肝23例（37.1%）,右前叶1例（1.6%）,右后叶8例（12.9%）及右半肝8例（12.9%）。对脓肿直径>3 cm,在超声引导下经皮肝脓肿穿刺抽脓或穿刺置PTCD管引流。病情稳定,全身情况改善后行确定性手术,包括肝胆管结石病灶及脓肿切除或引流。结果 术后并发症发生率：切口感染9例（17.3%）、粘连性肠梗阻4例（6.5%）、胆漏2例（3.2%）、胆道出血1例（1.6%）、肝断面及膈下感染1例（1.6%）、严重腹腔感染1例（1.6%）,无肝功能衰竭。术后因为严重腹腔感染致全身多器官功能衰竭死亡1例（1.6%）。随访6个月至5年,随访率80.7%（50/62）。5年内疗效优良者占88.7%（55/62）,8.1%（5/62）病例因未行规则性肝切除,遗留病变的胆管,结石再发、胆道反复感染而需进一步手术处理。结论 遵循个体化原则,充分引流感染灶,同时或择期进行肝胆管结石并感染病灶切除是治疗肝胆管结石合并感染的最佳方案。     

Bile leakage after hepatectomy for hepatolithiasis: risk factors and management

BACKGROUND: Bile leakage remains a major postoperative complication after liver resection. Bile leakage after hepatectomy for liver neoplasms has been well studied. However, the risk factors and management of this complication after liver resection for intrahepatic lithiasis has not been investigated. METHODS: From January 1992 to June 2004, 312 consecutive patients with intrahepatic lithiasis underwent hepatic resections Sun Yet-san University. Perioperative risk factors pertaining to the development of bile leakage were identified using univariate and multivariate analysis. The management and outcome of these patients with bile leakage were evaluated. RESULTS: Bile leakage developed in 23 (7.4%) of 312 patients. The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that left hepatectomy (P=.024, odds ratio [OR]=3.695, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.185 to 11.517) and the period greater than 1 month between operative time and the latest acute cholangitis attack (P=.02, OR=4.144, 95% CI: 1.248 to 13.757) were the independent risk factors for development of bile leakage after hepatectomy for hepatolithiasis. The septic complications were higher in the patients with bile leakage than in those without bile leakage (ie, wound infection: 56.5% vs 13.5%, P=.001; subphrenic abscess: 21.7% vs 4.8%, P=.01; septicemia: 8.7% vs 0.7%, P=.029). Percutaneous drainage or combined endoscopic naso-biliary drainage was the first choice of treatment for bile leakage; 20 (87.0%) of 23 patients were treated by this method. One patient underwent re-operation for diffuse peritonitis due to withdrawal of T tube inadvertently at postoperative day 1. Two patients with bile leakage were re-operated due to uncontrollable hemobilia at postoperative day 5 and 12, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who underwent hepatectomy at the period less than 1 month after the latest attack of acute cholangitis carry high risk for the development of bile leakage. Preoperative cholangiography to identify the aberrant hepatic duct for high risk patients and avoidance of hepatectomy at the acute phase of cholangitis are of critical importance to prevent bile leakage after hepatectomy. Percutaneous drainage is the primary and effective treatment for bile leakage.     

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??The prophylactic and management strategy for the biliary injury after hepatectomy SHEN Feng, YAN Zhen-lin. Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
Corresponding author: SHEN Feng, E-mail:shenfengdfgd@yahoo.com.cn
Abstract Biliary injury is a major complication in the process of hepatectomy. The clinical manifestation of biliary injury is quite different from that from cholecystectomy. The main presentations of biliary injury after hepatectomy are bile leakage, obstructive jaundice and biliary bleeding. The biliary injury is strongly associated with the type of the hepatectomy procedure, especially when the resection of the liver is associated with the segment 4. When the lesion is located in segment 4, careful preoperative preparations is a must, asking for the careful interpretation of the imaging data. Preoperative ultrasonography is recommended for its convenience of usage and will be helpful for the selection of the cutting surface of the hepatic lesion. Bile leakage is the most commonly seen after hepatectomy, and the drainage is the first choice for patients in case of bile collection in the abdominal cavity or even abscess formation. Biliary decompression is recommended when the bile leakage is suspected or documented. Surgery is indicated for some patients when the bile drainage is cut from the intestinal passage or the mechanic obstruction is overt.     

活体肝移植术后胆管并发症的处理与预防

目的 探讨活体肝移植术后胆管并发症的防治.方法 84例活体肝移植,成人56例.小儿28例;良性终末期肝病66例,肝细胞肝癌18例.供受体胆管端端吻合重建50例,供体肝管与受体肝管端端和胆总管端侧吻合重建1例,供体肝管与受体肝管和胆囊管吻合1例,供体胆管与受体空肠Roux-en-Y吻合重建32例,所有胆管莺建后均置入4Fr或6Fr内支架管从受体胆总管前壁或空肠袢肓端侧肠壁引出体外.结果 术后发生胆管并发症24例,发生率为28.5%,胆管胆管吻合与肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合胆漏发牛率差异显著(8.3%νs16.7%,P＜0.05).胆管胆管吻合与肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合胆管狭窄发生率差异显著(50%νs 16.7%,P＜0.05).单支胆管与多支胆管发生胆管并发症差异湿著(20.8%νs 79.2%,P＜0.05).胆漏者保守治疗治愈4例,再次手术治疗治愈4例;胆管狭窄内镜下球囊扩张和鼻胆管引流治疗治愈4例,好转2例,再次手术胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合治疗治愈6例,经皮肝脏穿刺胆管狭窄球囊扩张治疗支架管引流治疗好转4例.该组资料无因胆管并发症死亡病例.结论 良好的胆管血供和吻合技术,选择恰当的胆管重建方式,是降低活体肝移植术后胆管并发症的重要措施.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断与治疗.方法 分析2007-2009年肝移植术后不同类型胆道并发症的患者的临床资料,评价胴道并发症的类型,处理方式及术后恢复情况.结果 肝移植术后胆道并发症患者23例,包括胆漏患者12例,计胆管吻合口漏7例,肝断面胆管漏3例,胆囊管漏1例,迷走胆管漏1例;移植术后胆管狭窄患者11例,其中吻合口狭窄4例,非吻合口性狭窄7例.7例吻合口漏患者中,胆管重建2例(Roux-en-Y吻合和胆肠襻式Warren吻合);胆道吻合口修补1例;单纯依靠外引流管引流1例,活体双供肝肝移植的患者剖腹探查纠正胆漏失败后行再次肝移植1例;行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)植入支架2例.肝断面胆管漏3例中,行肝断面胆管缝扎1例,ERCP联合B超引导下穿刺引流2例,引流2个月后胆漏闭合,拔除引流管,但是随后又出现胆道狭窄,ERCP术后,病情好转.胆囊管漏1例,行胆囊管缝扎.迷走胆管漏1例,行胆囊床缝扎.吻合口狭窄的患者4例,3例经ERCP治愈,1例行胆肠吻合重建胆道后治愈.非吻合口性狭窄的7例,行ERCP治疗3例,ERCP失败后,行经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic drainage,PTCD)1例;再次肝移植3例,2例患者术后恢复良好,1例死于严重感染.结论 肝移植术后胆道并发症危害大,关键在于预防.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜治疗

目的:探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析2002年8月-2012年12月采用ERCP治疗8例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料,其中胆道狭窄5例(吻合口狭窄4例,肝内型胆道狭窄1例),胆瘘1例,胆石和胆泥形成2例.8例患者共行ERCP治疗21次,对胆道狭窄患者行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和内支架置放术等治疗;对胆瘘患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对结石患者行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流术及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果:ERCP手术成功率为100％ (21/21);4例吻合口狭窄、1例胆瘘和2例结石患者均治愈,1例肝内型胆道狭窄治疗未成功,建议再次肝移植;术后胆道感染的发生率为14.3％(3/21),胰腺炎发生率为19.0％ (4/21),经对症治疗后均痊愈.结论:ERCP是治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症微创、安全和有效的方法.