某橡胶制品厂生产性粉尘对工人健康危害的调查

目的了解某橡胶制品厂生产性粉尘对工人健康的危害情况。方法对某橡胶制品厂作业场所进行粉尘浓度测定,并对152名接尘工人和93名非接尘人员进行职业性体检。结果该厂主要生产性粉尘系滑石粉尘。作业场所粉尘浓度时间加权平均允许浓度(PC-TWA)平均为30.2 mg/m3(超标9.1倍),游离S iO2含量平均8.5%。X射线胸片(高千伏)检查接尘组发现肺纹理增多、紊乱等改变19例,无尘肺(0 )5例,而对照组肺纹理改变只有2例。肺功能检查接尘组有15例小气道功能轻度异常,对照组仅为1例。两组检出率比较,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。此外,接尘组自觉症状、慢性鼻炎、咽炎以及心电图等改变均比对照组发生率高,两组相比差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论该厂生产性粉尘对工人健康存在一定的危害性,建议加强防尘措施,降低作业场所粉尘浓度,保障工人健康,防止尘肺病发生。     

公路粉尘对养路作业工人健康影响分析

目的探讨公路粉尘对养路作业工人的健康影响。方法测定作业环境空气中粉尘浓度、分散度、游离Si O2含量;按粉尘作业体检项目对养路作业工人进行职业性健康检查并对检查结果进行统计分析。结果作业环境空气粉尘平均浓度为2.3 mg/m3;粉尘分散度5μm占54.2%,≥5μm占16.7%,≥10μm占30.0%;游离Si O2含量平均为43.4%。钦州市养路工(接触粉尘组)428人中98.1%接受体检,其中检出五官异常率为21.4%,肺部异常率为12.6%,心脏异常率为6.0%。非接尘的机关及后勤工作人员(对照组)350人检出五官异常率为10.6%,肺部异常率为6.3%,心脏异常率为2.9%。两组比较,五官检查异常率(χ2=16.34,P0.01)、肺部检查异常率(χ2=4.2,P0.05)及X线胸片肺纹理增粗率(χ2=5.48,P0.05)差异均有统计学意义。结论公路粉尘对养路工人健康存在职业性危害。     

作业场所粉尘危害现状调查

目的了解四川省作业场所粉尘危害现状及防治对策。方法 2011年通过职业卫生调查,对作业场所职业病中粉尘危害因素进行检测,分析不同规模、不同行业的粉尘危害情况。结果调查28家企业共20 821人,其中有13 174人接触职业性有害因素,职业病患者749人,主要病种为尘肺、职业性皮肤病、听力损伤和一氧化碳中毒等。大型企业的总尘时间加权平均浓度为4.92 mg/m3,合格率是90.2%;中型企业的总尘时间加权平均浓度为5.16 mg/m3,合格率是64.1%;小型企业总尘时间加权平均浓度为7.51 mg/m3,合格率为51.3%。有色金属矿采选业的粉尘合格率只有42.9%。85.71%的企业在生产场所配置了防尘的工程措施。结论粉尘危害主要集中在有色金属矿采选业,中小型企业粉尘危害相对较大。80%以上企业生产场所均采取了防护措施,但是应该进一步加强职业病危害防护措施,从而有效降低粉尘对工人的健康影响。     

水泥生产性粉尘作业危害调查

目的 了解水泥生产性粉尘作业危害情况，探讨防治职业病危害对策和依据。方法 对水泥生产现场劳动卫生学调查并做生产性粉尘作业危害程度分级，以接尘工人为调查组，非接尘工作的管理人员为对照组进行健康检查。结果 水泥生产场所的粉尘浓度高(108．5mg／m^2)，工人接尘作业时间长(360min占8h劳动日的75％)，接尘作业时间肺总通气量大[5904L／(d．人)]，粉尘作业危害程度级别高(Ⅲ级)；接尘作业工人慢性上呼吸道炎患病率高，较对照组有显著性意义，尘肺患病率高达3.29％，尘肺种类既有矽肺也有水泥尘肺。结论 水泥生产作业的粉尘危害严重，呈现粉尘浓度高，粉尘作业危害程度级别高，尘肺患病率高的“三高”趋势。提示降低生产场所粉尘浓度，减少工人的接尘作业时间，降低劳动强度，是预防水泥生产性粉尘危害的有效措施。     

苏州市工业园区电炉企业生产性粉尘危害调查

目的调查分析电炉厂生产性粉尘对作业工人健康的危害情况。方法对苏州工业园区32家电炉厂作业场所进行劳动卫生学调查,并对1800名作业工人进行职业性体检。结果电炉厂的粉尘种类主要是电焊烟尘和岩棉尘（总尘、下同）,其中电焊烟尘时间加权平均容许浓度（PC-TWA）为0.68～64.07 mg/m^3,超标率12.5%,超限倍数0.2～16.0。岩棉粉尘PC-TWA为1.05～12.53 mg/m^3,超标率26.6%,超限倍数0.3～4.3。作业工人体检1800人（接尘工人1067人,非接尘工人733人）,尘肺0^＋检出人数2人,检出率1.1‰;职业禁忌证14例（肺结核12例、肺气肿2例）,检出率7.8‰;肺部异常阴影2例,检出率1.1‰。肺功能测试结果分为接尘组和非接尘组,结果接触粉尘可导致肺通气功能和小气道功能指标下降,接尘工龄长肺功能值异常率高,接尘工人的肺功能障碍的发生率高于非接尘工人。结论电炉厂存在比较严重的粉尘职业危害,接尘工人的肺功能已受到一定程度的损害,有关部门应重点做好通风防尘工作和个人卫生防护;做好从业人员健康监护,保障作业工人的健康。     

烟台市福山区粉尘作业人员健康状况调查

生产性粉尘是生产活动中最常见的职业病危害因素,长期接触生产性粉尘可引起以肺组织纤维化为主的尘肺病。因此,做好接尘工人的职业健康监护工作至关重要。我们对福山区2004~2005年职业健康检查中的628名从事粉尘作业人员健康监护情况和同期作业环境的监测资料进行总结,结果如下。1对象与方法1.1对象2004~2005年对福山区628名接尘工龄1 a以上的工人进行职业性健康检查,年龄为22~57岁,平均34.5岁,工龄为1~29 a,平均为11.7 a。1.2方法1.2.1作业场所中粉尘浓度测定采用同期粉尘作业场所的监测资料,采样及监测按照GB 5748-85《作业场所空气中粉…     

连云港市硅产品生产和使用企业矽尘危害状况调查

目的了解连云港市生产和使用硅产品企业矽尘危害现状,分析不同岗位工人健康损害情况,探讨硅产品生产和使用企业矽肺病防治对策和建议。方法采用现场询问,调查员填写问卷的方法对连云港市生产和使用硅产品的6家企业的基本情况进行调查;收集1 005名矽尘作业工人的职业健康检查资料;收集矽尘危害企业和矽尘作业工人基本情况资料;对矽尘作业岗位粉尘浓度和游离二氧化硅含量进行测定。结果建材行业矽尘作业工人胸片异常率(87.6%)高于电子行业(3.6%);矽尘作业岗位总尘合格率为3.8%,呼吸性粉尘合格率为7.8%;职业健康检查胸片异常率为45.5%,肺功能异常率为32.3%,疑似尘肺病检出率为0.7%;矽尘作业场所中粉尘浓度较高的岗位有球磨、破碎、振动筛、称量、粉料包装、分拣、成品混合、拣砂、喷砂、装料、倒角等岗位,时间加权平均浓度(CTWA)超标倍数4.5的岗位工人胸片异常率明显高于CTWA超标倍数≤4.5组;疑似尘肺病患者所在岗位粉尘浓度及岗位CTWA高于其他接尘人员所在岗位。结论应重点加强硅产品生产企业矽尘危害防治工作,加强对重点岗位的粉尘治理和职业健康监护工作。     

作坊式宝石加工场所接尘工人职业健康监护结果

目的了解作坊式宝石加工场所劳动者健康状况及宝石加工粉尘对劳动者健康影响的特点,为该行业劳动者职业病防治提供科学依据。方法对深圳市某宝石村作坊式宝石加工场所进行现场调查,组织宝石加工接尘组226名和对照组160名工人进行健康检查,并对检查结果进行分析。结果接尘组检查项目异常人数96人(总检出率42.47%),与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义;肺部异常检出33人,其中粉尘作业职业禁忌证13名,观察对象16例,疑似尘肺及Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期矽肺各1例,肺部异常与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义;不同工种尘肺样影像学改变差异有统计学意义,其中切石工(30.0%)最高;不同工龄和年龄段分组尘肺样影像学改变阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义;接尘者中吸烟组和不吸烟组尘肺样影像学改变检出率比较,差异无统计学意义。结论作坊式宝石加工作业场所中粉尘危害对劳动者健康影响状况不容乐观,应加强粉尘危害的预防和控制。     

茂名市粉尘作业职业病危害状况调查

目的了解茂名市粉尘作业企业职业病危害状况。方法对茂名市13家企业工作场所进行粉尘浓度检测和接尘工人健康体检。结果水泥、碳黑、饲料和高岭土粉尘浓度合格率分别为47.1%、28.7%、81.8%和83.3%。4种企业接尘工人的呼吸道炎症和眼部炎症发生率相比差异无显著性(P>0.05),但与非接尘工人发生率相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。346名接尘工人中未发现尘肺病,但有3名无尘肺(0 )者。结论上述4种粉尘对接尘工人健康有一定危害。应重点做好水泥和碳素生产企业通风防尘工作和个人卫生防护。     

粉尘监测与控制

2368唐山市六个县级水泥厂粉尘危害程度测评分级李春生(唐山市职业病防治院)//职业与健康‘天津市劳动卫生职业病研究所,一1994.(6),一23~24 生产性粉尘是水泥行业接尘工人主要职业性危害.根据国家标准《生产性粉尘作业危害程度分级》,1992年分别对唐山市丰润等6个县级水泥厂的16个接尘作业尚位进行了危害分级。经综合分析.16个岗位粉尘浓度平均为19.35nlsm,.超过国家水泥粉尘标准 2.2俗.其中危害程度。级岗位7处.占测评岗位的招.75%。I级占37.5%.万级占12.别‘二级占6.25叱。防尘措施及工人劳动条件需进一步改善。2369水泥生料生产工人肺…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.