新疆牧业地区失能老年人居家非正式照护质量的影响因素分析

目的 分析新疆牧业地区失能老年人居家非正式照护质量的影响因素。方法 运用家庭照护质量量表（FCCI）对335例新疆牧业地区哈萨克族失能老年人居家非正式照护者进行现场调研,采用多重线性回归法对照护质量的影响因素进行分析。 结果 居家非正式照护质量平均得分为44分;被照护老年人的失能程度、与照护者关系、被照护时间、照护者就业情况、年龄及社会支持是影响居家照护质量的主要因素,上述6个变量解释失能老年人居家照护质量总变异量的32.3%。其中,被照护老人的失能程度重（Beta = - 0.475）、配偶照护者(Beta = - 0.171)、被照护时间长(Beta = - 0.180)、照护者就业状况差(Beta = - 0.134)、照护者年龄大(Beta = - 0.116)为其危险因素,高社会支持(Beta = 0.110)为保护因素。结论 新疆政府相关部门在解决失能老年人的长期照护问题中,应优先考虑牧业地区失能程度重、照护时间长及年龄较大的照护者,减轻其照护负担,提高居家非正式照护质量。     

新疆牧业地区老年人失能程度与非正式照护时间关系—照护质量的中介和调节效应

目的 探讨新疆牧业地区居家照护质量在老年人失能程度与非正式照护时间间的作用机制。方法 应用日常生活活动能力量表、家庭照护质量量表及居家照护时间评估量表对335名新疆牧业地区哈萨克族失能老年人及其主要非正式照护者进行问卷调查,回归分析检验居家照护质量及其3个维度在老年人失能程度与非正式照护时间间的效应关系。结果 (1)居家照护质量在老年人失能程度与照护时间间具有部分中介效应,占总效应的12.40%,其中“家庭照护质量”维度中介效应最大,占总效应的14.22%。(2)居家照护质量在老年人失能程度与照护时间间具有显著调节效应,交互作用项β = - 0.128（P＜0.001）,△R2 = 0.013（P＜0.001）,其中“照护者质量”对老年人失能程度与非正式照护时间关系调节作用最强;“照护者质量”ד老年人失能程度”交互作用项β = -0.119（P＜0.001）,△R2 = 0.012（P＜0.001）。结论 新疆牧业地区居家照护质量在老年人失能程度与非正式照护时间之间起一定调节作用和部分中介效应。     

北京市失能老年人失能等级对非正式照护成本的影响研究

目的：以北京市失能老年人为研究对象,分析失能老年人失能等级对非正式照护成本的影响。方法：使用中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查（Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey,CLHLS） 2005年、2008年、2011年、2014年、2018年5期调查数据,探究失能老年人失能等级对非正式照护的支出和时间的影响。结果：失能等级对非正式照护成本具有显著影响,老年人失能等级越高,其接受的非正式照护的支出和时间越多;子女和其他亲属与失能老年人的配偶在非正式照护时间的提供上具有一定的替代性;相较于与家人居住的老年人,独居老年人接受的非正式照护的时间明显降低。结论：建议加强对子女等非正式照护者的照护技能培训,提升非正式照护质量,同时积极探索多种形式的照护方式,例如推进正式照护以满足不同失能老年人的照护需求。     

455名女性居家非正式照护者自评健康状况及影响因素分析

目的:调查女性居家非正式照护者自评健康状况及影响因素,为改善其健康状况提供依据.方法:采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,抽取新疆维吾尔自治区的455名女性居家非正式照护者进行问卷调查.结果:1/3的照护者自评健康状况不好,半数以上的照护者存在照护负担;照护者的文化程度、与被照护者的关系、有无其他家人参与照护以及照护负担的大小是照护者自评健康状况的影响因素.结论:居家养老服务相关部门应重点关注女性居家非正式照护者照护者的健康状况,在了解其需求的基础上提供相应的支持和帮助,以缓解其照护负担,提高他们的健康水平.     

新疆牧业地区失能老年人居家照护时间影响因素分析

目的 探讨新疆牧业地区失能老年人居家照护时间及影响因素。方法 对335例新疆牧业地区哈萨克族失能老年人居家照护时间影响因素进行分析。结果 居家照护总时间为（5.72±2.108） h/d,其中以日常家务活动照护时间（IADLT）最高,为（4.19±0.857） h/d。多重线性回归分析显示:老年人失能程度、居家照护者性别、年龄、照护能力、照护者健康状况、照护者的子女是否需要照护、社会支持以及照护负担会影响照护时间。结论 居家照护时间的影响因素涉及失能老年人、居家照护者及家庭内外部相关因素,应优先针对不同影响因素导致居家照护时间较长的照护者进行相应的照护费用补偿及政策支持。     

医院-社区-家庭联动照护模式在COPD患者居家健康管理中的应用研究

目的 探讨医院-社区-家庭联动照护模式在老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)居家健康管理中的应用效果.方法 将2020年1—3月本院收治的84例COPD稳定期患者以随机数值表法均分为观察组、对照组,分别予以医院-社区-家庭联动照护模式护理和常规随访护理干预,干预时间6个月.对比两组干预前后肺功能、生活质量、健康促进行为、心...     

美国长期照护服务体系对中国的启示

本文综述了美国长期照护服务体系的服务机构、服务方式和服务提供者及其角色。美国长期照护服务机构可提供长期入住照护、短期入住照护、成人日间照护及居家照护服务,服务方式逐渐从机构服务向居家与社区服务转变。长期照护服务由正式照料者和非正式照料者共同提供,正式照料者提供有偿服务,非正式家庭照料者以女儿(29.3%)和配偶(21.2%)为主,随着居家和社区服务可用性增加,家庭照料者与有偿的正式照料者分担长期照护的可能性更大。美国长期照护服务体系结构完善,准入机制严格且系统,强调服务质量和效果评价,且重视老年人个人意愿,尊重其服务偏好和选择权利。基于美国的经验,我国在探索长期照护服务体系时,应以居家和社区照护为主,充分发挥社区卫生服务机构、社会和家庭的力量,注重服务机构和内容的多样化,建立完善和详细的服务使用评估标准,强调服务质量的有效性评价,体现人性化。     

居家老年髋部骨折照护者专业化照护需求及影响因素分析

目的 探讨居家老年髋部骨折照护者专业化照护需求及影响因素.方法 采用方便抽样法,抽取解放军总医院出院6个月内的63例老年髋部骨折患者及其照护者为调查对象.应用自制一般资料调查表、居家照护者需求量表展开调查.结果 居家老年髋部骨折照护者专业化照护需求总分为(14.54±1.84)分,后续医疗服务维度总分为(3.65±0....     

城市失能老人的资源禀赋与家庭照护质量的关系

目的:探查城市失能老人拥有的资源禀赋与家庭照护质量之间的关系.方法:对311位居家失能老人进行了问卷调查,用SPSS17.0建立数据库,进行描述统计和相关分析.结果:在经济资本中,月收入与照护评价相关;在人力资本中,年龄、文化程度、患病情况与照护评价相关;在照护资源中,代际关系、婚姻状况与照护评价相关.结论:失能老人的资源禀赋的多寡影响家庭照护质量.实施健康老龄化战略,增加老人的经济收入,支持家庭照护,建设社会化长期照护设施,有助于提高失能老人的生存品质.     

潍坊市社区居家失能老年人长期照护需求调查及影响因素分析

目的：调查失能老年人对长期照护的需求情况，并分析其影响因素，为社区居家养老服务体系的构建和相关政策制定提供参考。方法：2021年9月，采用自行设计的调查问卷对潍坊市社区居家失能老年人开展问卷调查，共调查社区居家失能老年人402人。应用SPSS 19.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果：多重线性回归分析结果显示，失能等级、月平均收入、年龄、用药种类、居住情况是居家失能老年人长期照护需求的影响因素。结论：相关管理部门应完善针对社区居家失能老年人长期照护的相关法律法规，重视能级评估，规范服务项目，探索适合潍坊市社区居家失能老年人长期照护的服务模式，切实提高失能老年人的生活质量。     

Infection control in home-based care for people living with HIV/AIDS/TB in South Africa: An exploratory study

The majority of HIV and AIDS patients in sub-Saharan African countries receive health care services at home. Yet research on infection control in home-based care settings is virtually non-existent. This study explored infection control practices in home-based care in a South African province with a high HIV/TB prevalence. We conducted interviews with 10 managers of home-based care organizations and 10 focus group discussions with 80 volunteer caregivers working in high HIV/TB prevalent communities in South Africa. Findings show that volunteers had insufficient training on infection control. Materials necessary for the maintenance of hygiene and protective equipment were in short supply and the protective equipment supplied was of poor quality. Home-based care patients lived in crowded and poor conditions, and family members were negatively disposed to the use of protective devices. Together, these factors put volunteers and family caregivers at risk of infection with HIV and TB. Health policy should address the training of volunteer caregivers and the regular supply of good quality materials to ensure effective infection control. It is also important to educate families on infection control. Finally, there is a need to integrate HIV and TB control at the community level.     

Use of Home-Based Clinical Care and Long-Term Services and Supports Among Homebound Older Adults

ObjectivesDescribe use of home-based clinical care and home-based long-term services and supports (LTSS) using a nationally representative sample of homebound older Medicare beneficiaries.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting and ParticipantsHomebound, community-dwelling fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries participating in the 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study (n = 974).MethodsUse of home-based clinical care [ie, home-based medical care, skilled home health services, other home-based care (eg, podiatry)] was identified using Medicare claims. Use of home-based LTSS (ie, assistive devices, home modification, paid care, ≥40 hours/wk of family caregiving, transportation assistance, senior housing, home-delivered meals) was identified via self or proxy report. Latent class analysis was used to characterize patterns of use of home-based clinical care and LTSS.ResultsApproximately 30% of homebound participants received any home-based clinical care and about 80% received any home-based LTSS. Latent class analysis identified 3 distinct patterns of service use: class 1, High Clinical with LTSS (8.9%); class 2, Home Health Only with LTSS (44.5%); and class 3, Low Care and Services (46.6% homebound). Class 1 received extensive home-based clinical care, but their use of LTSS did not meaningfully differ from class 2. Class 3 received little home-based care of any kind.Conclusions and ImplicationsAlthough home-based clinical care and LTSS utilization was common among the homebound, no single group received high levels of all care types. Many who likely need and could benefit from such services do not receive home-based support. Additional work focused on better understanding potential barriers to accessing these services and integrating home-based clinical care services with LTSS is needed.     

我国老年人社区居家养老服务利用情况的影响因素研究

目的 分析我国老年人社区居家养老服务利用情况的影响因素。方法 选取2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据(CHARLS)中重要变量完整的17 075名老年人,收集人口社会学特征、生活方式、养老服务利用等信息。根据社区居家养老服务利用情况分为利用组（1 946人）和未利用组（15 129人）。按1∶1对人口学特征行倾向性评分匹配,并采用logistic回归分析社区居家养老服务利用的影响因素。结果 成功匹配1 945对,匹配前两组数据在年龄、教育水平、婚姻状态的组间差异有统计学意义(t=42.560,χ¹=126.614,191.320,P<0.001),匹配后在人口学特征上的组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析模型结果显示,戒烟(OR=1.168,95%CI:1.008~1.396)、患慢性病(1~2类,OR=1.433,95%CI:1.107~1.687;≥3类,OR=1.566,95%CI:1.269~1.931)、无社会活动量(OR=0.617,95%CI:0.515~0.741)、无长期照顾者(OR=0.573,95%CI:0.496~0.661)、有养老金或退休金(OR=1.221,95%CI:1.034~1.443)及医疗服务满意度(一般,OR=1.375,95%CI:1.127~1.678;满意,OR=1.531,95%CI:1.257~1.865)是老年人社区居家养老服务利用的独立影响因素(P均<0.05)。结论 倡导健康的生活方式、加强健康管理、鼓励社会活动、加强长期照护和提高社区医疗服务水平可有效促进我国老年人对社区居家养老服务的利用。     

自贡市城区老人养老方式与生活质量分析

目的分析自贡市城区60岁及以上老年人养老方式及其生活质量。方法2018-11/2019-03采用随机整群抽样法抽取四川省自贡市城区60岁及以上老年人为研究对象,依据其养老模式分为居家养老组、社区养老组、机构养老组,采用健康状况调查简表(SF-36)面对面调查其生活质量。结果共调查自贡市315例60岁及以上老年人,收集有效数据305例,有效率96.82%(305/315);居家养老者中在婚、子女个数≥2个、经济状况为≥3000元/月者占比较社区养老、机构养老者高(P<0.05),3组其他一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组在生理功能、社会功能、精神健康、情感职能、总体健康方面评分及总评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中居家养老组在生理功能、精神健康、情感职能、总体健康方面评分及总评分高于社区养老组、机构养老组,社区养老组社会功能评分高于居家养老组、机构养老组(P<0.05)。结论与居家养老老年人相比,机构养老与社区养老的老年人生理功能、心理状况相对较差,但社区养老老年人社会功能好,在控制其他影响因素情况下,居家养老总体较好。     

Cost-Effectiveness in Perioperative Care: Application of Markov Modeling to Pathways of Perioperative Care

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the application of cost-effectiveness modeling to redesign of perioperative care pathways, from a hospital perspective.MethodsA Markov cost-effectiveness model of patient transition between care locations, each with different characteristics and cost, was developed. Inputs were derived from clinical trials piloting a preoperative call center and a postoperative medium-acuity care unit. The effect chosen was days at home (DAH) after surgery, reflecting quality of in-hospital care, acknowledged financially by fundholders, and relevant to consumers. Cost was from the hospital’s perspective. A model cycle time of 4 hours for 30 days reflected relevant timelines and costs.ResultsA Markov model was successfully created, accounting for the care locations in the 2 pathways as model states and accounting for consequences and costs. Cost-effectiveness analysis allowed the calculation of an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio comparing these pathways, providing a mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of ?$427 per additional DAH, where incremental costs and DAH were ?$644 and +1.51, respectively. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggested the new pathway had a 61% probability of reduced costs and a 74% probability of increased DAH and a 58% probability this pathway was dominant. Tornado analysis revealed the major contributor to increased costs as intensive care unit stay and the major contributor to decreased costs as ward stay. For the new pathway, the probability of transfer from ward to home and the probability of staying at home had the greatest impact on DAH.ConclusionsThese data suggest Markov modeling may be a useful tool for the cost-effectiveness analysis of initiatives in perioperative care.     

Costs and determinants of privately financed home-based health care in Ontario, Canada

The Canadian context in which home-based healthcare services are delivered is characterised by limited resources and escalating healthcare costs. As a result, a financing shift has occurred, whereby care recipients receive a mixture of publicly and privately financed home-based services. Although ensuring that care recipients receive efficient and equitable care is crucial, a limited understanding of the economic outcomes and determinants of privately financed services exists. The purposes of this study were (i) to determine costs incurred by families and the healthcare system; (ii) to assess the determinants of privately financed home-based care; and (iii) to identify whether public and private expenditures are complements or substitutes. Two hundred and fifty-eight short-term clients (<90 days of service utilisation) and 256 continuing care clients (>90 days of utilisation) were recruited from six regions across the province of Ontario, Canada, from November 2003 to August 2004. Participants were interviewed by telephone once a week for 4 weeks and asked to provide information about time and monetary costs of care, activities of daily living (ADL), and chronic conditions. The mean total cost of care for a 4-week period was $7670.67 (in 2004 Canadian dollars), with the overwhelming majority of these costs (75%) associated with private expenditures. Higher age, ADL impairment, being female, and a having four or more chronic conditions predicted higher private expenditures. While private and public expenditures were complementary, private expenditures were somewhat inelastic to changes in public expenditures. A 10% increase in public expenditures was associated with a 6% increase in private expenditures. A greater appreciation of the financing of home-based care is necessary for practitioners, health managers and policy decision-makers to ensure that critical issues such as inequalities in access to care and financial burden on care recipients and families are addressed.     

社区居家养老服务高质量发展评价指标体系的构建研究

目的：社区居家养老服务对于缓解养老压力和提升老人生活质量具有重要作用,本文结合新时代养老服务高质量发展需求,基于SERVPERF模型,构建社区居家养老服务高质量发展评价指标体系,为社区居家养老服务高质量发展的评价和改进提供参考。方法：通过梳理社区居家养老服务相关政策及文献,结合专家访谈,确定初步指标池;开展两轮德尔菲专家咨询,确定评价指标体系。结果：两轮咨询专家积极系数均为100%,专家权威系数分别为0.79、0.82,专家协调程度逐轮提升;最终确定的评价指标体系包括6个一级指标和36个二级指标。结论：本研究构建的社区居家养老服务高质量发展评价指标体系具有一定科学性和可靠性,可为社区居家养老服务高质量发展的评价、建设和改进提供依据。     

Health economic evaluation of rivaroxaban in elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation

Background

Electrical cardioversion (ECV) is a procedure in which a direct current electric shock is used to quickly and effectively restore the normal sinus rhythm. Appropriate anticoagulation reduces the risk of embolic events during and after ECV. The aim of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban compared with vitamin K oral antagonists (VKAs) in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing elective ECV in the Netherlands.

Methods and results

A static transmission model over a 1-year time horizon was developed to compare rivaroxaban with VKAs in terms of clinical outcomes, health effects (quality-adjusted life years; QALYs), and costs. Cost-effectiveness was assessed from a societal and health care payer perspective at a willingness-to-pay level of €20,000 per QALY gained. The use of rivaroxaban as an anticoagulant in patients with atrial fibrillation scheduled for ECV would lead to a health gain of 0.23 QALYs per patient and would cost €1.83 per patient from the societal perspective, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €7.92 per QALY gained. The probability of rivaroxaban being cost-saving compared with VKAs was 49.6% from this perspective. From the health care payer perspective, the incremental cost would be €509 per patient with a health gain of 0.23 QALYs per patient, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €2198 per QALY gained.

Conclusions

The use of rivaroxaban in elective ECV is a cost-effective alternative to the use of VKAs. Rivaroxaban has a 50% probability of being cost-saving compared with VKAs and would increase a patient’s quality of life when non-health care costs such as productivity loss and informal care costs are taken into account.