Outcomes following completion and salvage surgery for early rectal cancer: A systematic review

Objectives

To establish outcomes after completion and salvage surgery following local excision in literature published since 2005, to inform decision-making when offering local excision.

Late breast recurrence after lumpectomy and irradiation

For 276 patients with early breast cancer followed from 10-21 years after lumpectomy and radiotherapy, the recurrence rate in the treated breast was 15.6%, and 7.2% developed contralateral breast cancer. Only 63% of breast recurrences occurred within 5 years, and the remainder were "late failures," with 5 of the 43 recurrences observed after 10 years. The proportion of failures occurring late was greater for T1 than for T2 tumors (53% vs 25%). Twenty-six percent of early recurrences were inoperable, and an adverse impact of early recurrence on 10-year survival was clearly demonstrable. Late recurrences were all operable and did not appear to be associated with decreased survival. Only 16 of the 36 patients (44%) with operable breast recurrence ever developed metastatic disease, and 5 year survival following salvage therapy was 62%. Although the treated breast remains at continuous cancer risk even beyond 5 year, the prognosis of late recurrence appears quite similar to that of contralateral breast cancer. We do not consider the phenomenon of late recurrence to lend support to a policy of primary mastectomy, just as the existence of contralateral breast cancer does not justify routine "prophylactic" contralateral mastectomy.     

直肠癌术后局部复发及其外科处理

目的探讨直肠癌术后局部复发原因及治疗问题。方法对４１例直肠癌术后局部复发作回顾性研究。分析了直肠癌术后局部复发时间，局部复发部位，治疗情况和预后。结果本组患者中２４例首次手术为直肠经腹低位切除术（Ｄｉｘｏｎ＇ｓ术），其中１８例为吻合口复发，６例为盆腔复发。１７例首次手术为经腹会阴联合切除术（Ｍｉｌｅｓ＇术），均为会阴部复发。３２例（７８．０％）于术后２年内复发。本组３２例再次行根治性手术，术后无瘤生存１年内１１例，２年内６例，５例无瘤生存３年以上。结论外科手术仍是首选的治疗方法     

从术后局部复发形式探讨直肠癌保肛手术的适应证

分析我科收治的１２９例局部复发直肠癌复发形式的特征，指出第一次行Ｄｉｘｏｎ手术者以吻合口及其周围组织的复发最多，第一次行拉出术者以拉出肠管及其周围组织复发最多。并结合直肠癌壁内逆向浸润及淋巴转移规律的研究结果。分析了复发的原因，进而提出保肛手术的原则及适应证：保肛手术必须在充分清除淋巴结，清除足够的侧方组织及切除足够的远端正常肠管的基础上根据肿瘤的部位选择不同的保肛手术，即肿瘤下缘距肛缘８ｃｍ者行Ｄｉｘｏｎ手术，７ｃｍ者行Ｔｕｒｂｕｌｌ－Ｃｕｔａｉｔ手术，６ｃｍ者行Ｂｌａｃｋ或Ｂａｂｃｏｃｋ手术，５ｃｍ者行Ｂａｃｏｎ或Ｗａｕｇｈ手术，且指出保肛手术宜选择病期较早者进行。     

Oncological outcomes of transanal local excision for high risk T(1) rectal cancers

AIM:To evaluate the oncological outcomes of transanal local excision and the need for immediate conventional reoperation in the treatment of patients with high risk T1 rectal cancers.METHODS:Twenty five high risk T1 rectal cancers treated by transanal local excision at the Guangdong General Hospital were analyzed retrospectively.Twelve patients received transanal local excision and 13 patients underwent subsequent immediate surgical rescue after transanal local excision within 4 wk.Differences in the local recurrence rates and 5-year overall survival rates between the two groups were analyzed.The prognostic value of immediate conventional reoperation for high risk T1 rectal cancers was also evaluated.RESULTS:The median follow-up period was 62 mo.The local recurrence rates after transanal local excisionfor high risk T1 rectal cancer were 50%.By immediate conventional reoperation,the local recurrence rates were significantly reduced to 7.7%.The difference between these two groups was statistically significant(P = 0.030).Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a trend for decreased 5-year overall survival rates for patients treated by transanal local excision compared with immediate conventional reoperation(63%vs 89%).CONCLUSION:Transanal local excision cannot be considered sufficient treatment for patients with high risk T1 rectal cancers.Immediate conventional reoperation should be performed if the pathology of the local excision is high risk.     

Intra-operative radiotherapy of rectal cancer: Results of the French multi-institutional randomized study

Purpose

To assess efficacy and tolerance of intra-operative radiation therapy (IORT) in patients suffering from locally advanced rectal cancer, treated with preoperative radiotherapy followed by surgical resection.

Methods and materials

In this French, multicenter, comparative, phase III study, 142 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (T3 or T4 or N+, and M0), treated with a 4-week preoperative radiotherapy (40 grays) were randomly assigned to either surgical resection alone (Control group: n = 69) or combined to 18-gray intra-operative radiation therapy (IORT group: n = 73) between 1993 and 2001.

Results

The 5-year cumulative incidence of local control was 91.8% with IORT and 92.8% with surgery alone (p = 0.6018); the mean duration without local relapse (Kaplan-Meier method) was 107 versus 126 months, respectively. No statistically significant difference was demonstrated for overall survival (p = 0.2578) disease-free survival (p = 0.7808) and probability of metastatic relapse (p = 0.6037) with 5-year cumulative incidences of 69.8% versus 74.8%, 63.7% versus 63.1%, and 26.1% versus 30.2%, respectively. 48 patients of the IORT group and 53 patients of the control group were alive with a median follow-up of 60.1 and 61.2 months, respectively. Post-operative complications were observed in the IORT group in 21 patients (29.6%) and in the control group in 13 patients (19.1%) (p = 0.15), with an acceptable tolerance profile.

Conclusions

Although this randomized study did not demonstrate any significant improvement in local control and disease-free survival in rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative radiation therapy receiving IORT or not, it confirmed the technical feasibility and the necessity for evaluating IORT for rectal carcinoma in further clinical studies.     

三维适形放疗治疗直肠癌术后复发病例临床观察

目的：观察三维适形放疗治疗直肠癌术后复发病例的疗效。方法：选择直肠癌术后复发患者54例接受三维适形放疗,其中低分化腺癌4例,中分化腺癌37例,高分化腺癌7例,粘液腺癌6例。放疗总剂量在60－72GY／22－24F／每周4－5次,其毒性作用用血液学、生化试验、胃肠道和泌尿系统反应进行评价。观察有无放射性肠淡症状,监测血细胞。每3月复查MRCT1次,二年生每6月复查MR或CT1次。结果：迄2000年12月25日止共随访54例,随访到53例（98.1%）,失访1例（1.9%）;中位随访时间为15.4个月,平均访时间为14.3个月（3－30个月）。疗效判定标准：按WHO制订标准,完全缓解5例,占9.3%;部分缓解27例,占50.0%。稳定15例,占27.8%;进展6例占11.1%。有效率为59.3%。一年生存率61.1%（33/54）,症状缓解率92.6%（50／54）。放射性肠炎发生率约为5.6%。均未出现白细胞减少和肝、肾功能降低与尿频、尿急、尿痛和血尿。结论：三维适形放射治疗直肠癌术后复发患者具有明显的剂量分布优势,局部控制率和症状缓解率高,放射性肠炎发生率低。     

直肠癌术后局部复发的治疗与预后分析

目的 分析直肠癌根治术后局部复发患者的生存状况及影响因素.方法 回顾性分析四川省肿瘤医院2013年10月至2018年1月收治的35例单纯性直肠癌局部复发患者的资料,分析其生存状况,并采用多因素Cox回归分析影响预后的相关因素.结果 35例患者中男20例,女16例;中位生存期125(6～144)个月,5年存活率为53.1...     

Site-specific risk factors for local recurrence after rectal cancer surgery

BackgroundQuite few studies examined risk factors for local recurrence after rectal cancer surgery with respect to local recurrence sites.MethodsLocal recurrence sites were categorized into axial, anterior, posterior, and lateral (pelvic sidewall), and axial, anterior, and posterior type were combined as the “other” type of local recurrence. Among 76 patients enrolled into our prospective randomized controlled trial to determine the indication for pelvic autonomic nerve preservation (PANP) in patients with advanced lower rectal cancer (UMIN000021353), multivariate analyses were conducted to elucidate risk factors for either lateral or the “other” type of local recurrence.ResultsUnivariate analyses showed that tumor distance from the anal verge was significantly (p = 0.017), and type of operation (sphincter preserving operation (SPO) vs. abdominoperineal resection (APR)) was marginally (p = 0.065) associated with pelvic sidewall recurrence. Multivariate analysis using these two parameters showed that tumor distance from the anal verge was significantly and independently correlated with pelvic sidewall recurrence (p = 0.017). As for the “other” type of local recurrence, univariate analyses showed that depth of tumor invasion (p = 0.011), radial margin status (p < 0.001), and adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.037) were significantly associated, and multivariate analysis using these three parameters revealed that depth of tumor invasion (p = 0.004) and radial margin status (p < 0.001) were significantly and independently correlated with the “other” type of local recurrence.ConclusionRisk factors for local recurrence after rectal cancer surgery were totally different with respect to the intra-pelvic recurrent sites. Site-specific probability of local recurrence can be inferred using these risk factors.Trial registration numberUMIN000021353.     

Oncologic outcomes of intersphincteric resection without preoperative chemoradiotherapy for very low rectal cancer

BackgroundWhen a rectal cancer is located at less than 4 cm from the anal verge, abdominoperineal resection (APR) is generally performed. If an ideal surgery that could replace APR were to be developed, it could contribute to anal preservation in patients with very low rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate oncologically whether intersphincteric resection (ISR) could replace APR for a very low rectal cancer.MethodsBetween 2001 and 2011, ISR was curatively performed in 124 patients with a very low rectal cancer who might otherwise have been treated with APR. No patient received preoperative chemoradiotherapy. The median duration of follow-up was 65 months (range 14–122 months). Local recurrence was defined as only intra-pelvic recurrences including lateral lymph node metastasis. The survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsPostoperative morbidity including anastomotic leakage (5.6%) was 12%. There was no in-hospital mortality. In those patients with Stages I, II, and III disease, the local recurrence rate was 4.7%, 4.9%, and 5.0%, respectively. The recurrence-free 5-year survival rates were 92.2% (95% CI: 84–100%), 81.9% (95% CI: 70–94%) and 69.6% (95% CI: 53–87%) at each stage, respectively. The cancer-specific 5-year survival rates were 90.5% (95% CI: 81–100%), 91.0% (95% CI: 82–100%), and 83.6% (95% CI: 70–97%) at each stage, respectively. The overall recurrence-free survival and local recurrence rates after ISR were similar to those after APR.ConclusionsThe ISR procedure appears to be oncologically acceptable, replacing APR in selected patients. Accumulated experience supports this practice worldwide in future.     

保留盆腔自主神经在男性直肠癌根治术中的应用

目的探讨保留盆腔自主神经直肠癌根治术对减少男性患者术后排尿功能障碍和性功能障碍的作用。方法采用病例对照法,分析56例直肠癌根治术中保留盆腔自主神经组和不保留组患者术后排尿和性功能障碍的发生率及局部复发率。结果排尿功能障碍总发生率为研究组25.00%(14/56),对照组为60.71%(34/56),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。研究组和对照组病人术后勃起功能障碍的发生率分别为26.79%和75.00%,射精功能障碍发生率分别为28.57%和69.64%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。局部复发率分别为7.14%和8.93%,差异无统计学意义。结论保留盆腔自主神经的直肠癌根治术在不增加局部复发率的情况下,可以改善患者术后的性功能和排尿功能,提高患者术后的生活质量。     

Radiotherapy does not compensate for positive resection margins in rectal cancer patients: report of a multicenter randomized trial

PURPOSE: Circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement is a prognostic factor for local recurrence in rectal cancer. In a randomized trial comparing preoperative radiotherapy (5 x 5 Gy), followed by total mesorectal excision (TME) with TME alone, we demonstrated the beneficial effect of short-term preoperative radiotherapy on local recurrences. Here we evaluate the effect of radiotherapy on local recurrence rates in patients with different CRM involvements. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Circumferential margins were defined as positive (< or =1 mm), narrow (1.1-2 mm), or wide (>2 mm). Postoperative radiotherapy was mandatory for surgery-only patients with a positive CRM, but was not always administered and enabled us to compare local recurrence rates for patients with or without postoperative radiotherapy. Furthermore, the effect of preoperative radiotherapy was assessed in the different margin groups. RESULTS: Of 120 patients in the surgery-only group with a positive CRM, 47% received postoperative radiotherapy. There was no difference in the local recurrence rate between the irradiated and nonirradiated patients (17.3% vs. 15.7%, p = 0.98). Preoperative radiotherapy was effective in patients with a narrow CRM (0% vs. 14.9%, p = 0.02) or wide CRM (0.9 vs. 5.8%, p < 0.0001), but not in patients with positive margins (9.3% vs. 16.4%, p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: Preoperative hypofractionated radiotherapy has a beneficial effect in patients with wide or narrow resection margins, but cannot compensate for microscopically irradical resections resulting in positive margins.     

Successful rectal cancer local recurrence radiofrequency ablation

Local rectal cancer recurrences represent a great challenge, as surgical re-excisions or re-irradiation procedures are not always feasible. Moreover, scar or local recurrence is hard to elucidate with conventional diagnosis techniques. Emerging diagnostic and therapeutic procedures may be useful in this setting. A local rectal cancer recurrence radiofrequency ablation is reported. PET scan confirmed the recurrence, defined the target volume and assessed the success of the local therapy.     

Development of an irradiation method of intraoperative radiation therapy for curatively resected rectal cancer

Background. Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) has been performed to prevent local recurrence of rectal cancer only when positive margins are suspected. To further reduce local recurrence, we attempted to develop a new IORT irradiation method in which electron beam irradiation is administered as uniformly as possible to the intrapelvic dissection surfaces. Methods. Low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection were performed in one male and one female cadaver. Electron beam irradiation was administered by four different methods, and absorbed doses were measured at 15 sites within the pelvis. We also attempted to measure absorbed doses at nine sites within the pelvis in 14 patients treated with IORT. Results. The cadaver study revealed low absorbed doses in the lateral walls of the pelvis when a single irradiation was delivered from the anterior. When the lateral walls of the pelvis were irradiated twice, once each time on the right and left, the absorbed doses were low in the central pelvis and presacrum. Relatively high absorbed doses were achieved in all of these areas by a technique that combined these two methods. Adequate absorbed doses were not achieved by a single irradiation administered from the perineum. Conclusion. This study suggests that electron beam irradiation administered three times to the dissected surfaces in the pelvis after resection of rectal cancer (i.e., to the central pelvis and presacrum from the anterior, and to the left and right lateral walls of the pelvis) is the most suitable method for achieving adequate absorbed doses. Received: May 6, 1998 / Accepted: December 15, 1998     

Management and prognosis of locally recurrent rectal cancer – A national population-based study

Background

The rate of local recurrence of rectal cancer (LRRC) has decreased but the condition remains a therapeutic challenge. This study aimed to examine treatment and prognosis in patients with LRRC in Sweden. Special focus was directed towards potential differences between geographical regions and time periods.

Review of incomplete macroscopic resections (R2) in rectal cancer: Treatment,prognosis and future perspectives

Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent tumours, but with improved treatment and early detection, its prognosis has greatly improved in recent years. However, when the tumour is locally advanced at diagnosis or if there is local recurrence, it is more difficult to perform a complete tumour resection, and there may be a residual macroscopic tumour. In this paper, we review the literature on residual macroscopic tumour resections, concerning both locally advanced primary tumours and recurrences, evaluating the main problems encountered, the treatments applied, the prognosis and future perspectives in this field.     

直肠癌术后局部复发的外科治疗

目的：探讨直肠癌术后局部复发的外科治疗。方法：回顾性分析58例直肠癌根治术后局部复发患者的临床资料。结果：58例患者中再次手术15例（25．8％），其中根治性切除5例（8．6％），姑息性切除6例（10．3％），单纯结肠造瘘4例（6．9％），15例再手术患者的3年，5年生存率分别为46．7％和26．7％，非手术切除治疗者的3年、5年生态率分别为6．9％和0，有非常显著性差异（P＜0．01），结论：直肠癌根治术后2－3年内应严密随诊，对局部复发者再次行手术切除是首选的治疗方法。     

CT引导下直肠癌根治术后局部复发冷冻消融治疗的研究

背景与目的：结直肠癌的局部复发是接受根治性手术切除的患者治疗失败的主要原因之一。该研究旨在探索直肠癌根治术后局部复发冷冻消融治疗的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法：2013年10月-2015年1月共入组22例直肠癌根治术后局部复发患者,行27次冷冻消融术,术后随访12~32个月。治疗后影像学随访采用盆腔增强CT或MRI。统计技术成功率、并发症发生及处理情况、1年内靶病灶局部控制率,比较术前、术后患者疼痛评分。结果：该组研究技术成功率为100%,主要并发症发生率为18.5%,包括小便困难、患侧肌力下降、脓肿形成、重度组织冻伤。术后1年内靶病灶局部控制率为72.7%,局部病灶进展时间为(11.1±4.3)个月。患者术前与术后第3天进行数字疼痛评分(numerical rating scale,NRS),术前与术后6个月NRS差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术前与术后12个月NRS差异无统计学意义(P=0.854)。结论：CT引导下冷冻消融作为一种治疗直肠癌根治术后局部复发的新方法,安全可行,靶病灶局控率高,短期内疼痛缓解明显。