Urological leaks after pelvic exenterations comparing formation of colonic and ileal conduits

Background

The aim of this study was to assess possible risk factors for urinary leakage of a newly formed urinary conduit after a partial or total pelvic exenteration.

Methods

An analysis was conducted from prospectively collected data of patients who underwent a pelvic exenteration with conduit formation for advanced and recurrent pelvic cancer.

Results

Of 232 patients undergoing a pelvic exenteration, 74 (32%) had a conduit formed. Of these, 47 (64%) had an ileal conduit compared with 27 (36%) a colonic conduit. Twelve (16%) patients developed a leak, of which nine occurred within the first month. Factors associated with a conduit leak included involvement of R2 surgical margins (43%), the magnitude of the exenteration and a current cardiovascular medical history (27%). Leaks were not found to be associated with either radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The 30-day leak rate for ileal conduits was 17% (8/47) and 4% (1/27) for colonic conduits with enterocutaneous fistula only occurring in the ileal conduit group (2/47). Fistula, drained collections and sepsis occurred in 40% of ileal and 19% of colonic conduits (p < 0.01). Patients with a conduit leak had a longer length of stay (59 versus 23 days, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Urine leaks after conduit formation in association with exenterations are relatively common with a prolonged length of hospital stay. Positive surgical margins and exenterations involving all four quadrants of the pelvis were associated with higher leak rates. There was no evidence of a difference between ileal and colonic conduits and number of leaks. However colonic conduits had less total complications including sepsis, leak and pelvic collections with comparatively no complications of a small bowel fistula.     

膀胱全切术后体外可控性回肠代膀胱术

 目的　探讨膀胱全切术后尿流改道新方法即体外可控性回肠代膀胱术的可行性及疗效。方法　取一段回肠 ,将中间部分折叠成N形并缝制成贮尿囊 ;远端回肠从腹壁造瘘口穿出体外 ,于此处取腹壁皮瓣包绕外露肠管缝制成皮管 ,构建输出道 ;将尿液控制器置于皮管外 ,利用气囊控制排尿。结果　 10只杂交狗顺利度过手术期 ,术后 3月时贮尿囊最大容量为 (15 0± 4 0 )ml,最大充盈压为 (2 4 .4± 5 .3)cmH2 O。临床应用 5例 ,随访 (3～ 14 )月 ,术后 3月时贮尿囊最大容量达 (2 90± 80 )ml,最大充盈压为 (36 .3± 8.2 )cmH2 O ,最大尿流率为 (2 0 .3± 4 .7)ml s,无残余尿。X线影像学检查 ,肾脏显影良好 ,输尿管通畅。尿液控制器的气囊充气后 ,无尿液流出 ;气囊消气后 ,尿液呈粗线条流出。结论　该尿流改道术式具有体外自主控制排尿的特点 ,不必佩戴集尿袋或自行导尿 ,且手术操作比较简单、并发症少、安全可靠。     

Clinical algorithms for the diagnosis and management of urological leaks following pelvic exenteration

Background

Urine leak following pelvic exenteration for locally advanced pelvic malignancy is a major complication leading to increased mortality, morbidity and length of stay. We reviewed our experience and developed a diagnostic and management algorithm for urine leaks in this patient population.

Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent en bloc cystectomy and conduit formation as part of pelvic exenteration at a single quaternary referral centre from 1995 to 2012 were reviewed. Patients with urine leak were identified. Medical records were reviewed to extract data on diagnosis and management and a suggested clinical algorithm was developed.

Results

Of 325 exenterations, there were 102 conduits, of which 15 patients (15%) developed a conduit related urine leak. Most (14/15) patients were symptomatic. Diagnosis was made by drain creatinine studies (12/15) and/or imaging (15/15). Management comprised of conservative management, radiologic urinary diversion, early surgical revision and late surgical revision in 3, 11, 2 and 1 patients respectively. Important lessons from our 17 year experience include a high index of suspicion in a patient who is persistently septic despite appropriate treatment, the importance of regular drain creatinine studies, CT (computer tomography) with delayed images (CT intravenous pyelogram) when performing a CT for investigation of sepsis and early aggressive management with radiologic urinary diversion to facilitate early healing.

Conclusion

Urine leak after pelvic exenteration is a complex problem. Conservative management usually fails and early diagnosis and intervention is the key. It is hoped that our algorithms will facilitate diagnosis and subsequent management of this group of patients.     

Management of locally advanced rectal cancer

The treatment of rectal cancer typically involves a multidisciplinary approach. A minority of patients will have tumors that are full thickness, involve adjacent structures, or have metastatic disease to regional lymph nodes. The combination of adjuvant therapy and surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for locally advanced carcinoma of the rectum. This article will review the role of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with high risk tumors. The operative considerations in advanced rectal cancers will be reviewed. In particular, the role of mesorectal excision and exenterative surgery will be discussed.     

Pathology reporting of pelvic exenteration specimens for locally recurrent rectal cancer

IntroductionReporting of pelvic exenteration specimens for locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) can be challenging for structured pathological analysis and currently, there is a lack of specific guidelines. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of pathology reporting in a cohort of patients who underwent pelvic exenteration for LRRC in a high-volume tertiary unit.Materials and methodsIn a retrospective analysis of histopathology reports of consecutive patients who underwent pelvic exenteration for LRRC from 1996 to 2018, the quality of pathology reporting was assessed using the Structure Reporting Protocol for Colorectal Cancer. The primary endpoint was the completeness of pathology reporting, secondary endpoints were the association between the reporting style (narrative versus synoptic), reporting period (the first half versus the second half), as well as the activity of the pathologists with the completeness of pathology reporting.Results221 patients who underwent pelvic exenteration for LRRC were included into the study. There was a high variability in completeness of pathology reporting within the cohort, ranging from 9.5% to 100%. Notably, microscopic clearance was reported in only 92.4% of the reports. Overall, a significantly higher rate of completeness was observed in synoptic reports when compared to narrative reports and in more recent compared to earlier reports. There was no significant association between the activity of pathologists and the completeness of reporting.ConclusionsThis study shows a significant variability in the quality of reporting in pelvic exenteration for LRRC. The use of synoptic reporting clearly resulted in more complete reports.     

Total pelvic exenteration for locally advanced and locally recurrent rectal cancer in the elderly

Background

Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) is a radical approach for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) and locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) in case of tumour invasion into the urogenitary tract. The aim of this study is to assess surgical and oncological outcomes of TPE for LARC and LRRC in elderly patients compared to younger patients.

Outcomes of young patients diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer

BackgroundThe incidence of rectal cancer is higher in the older population. In developed nations, there has been a rise in incidence in young onset colorectal cancer (CRC). We examined the outcomes of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) in younger patients (yRC) compared with older patients, using a retrospective audit.MethodsAll cases of LARC referred to two tertiary referral cancer centres in Western Sydney were examined. Patient demographics, presenting symptoms, treatment, relapse free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) were obtained. Under 50 years old was used as the cut-off age for defining yRC.ResultsAll 145 consecutive patients were treated for LARC, including 28 in the yRC and 117 in the older patient group. Median follow-up was 54 months. yRC were more likely to complete neoadjuvant therapy (100% vs. 86%; P=0.032) and to undergo more extensive surgical procedures (24% vs. 2%, P<0.0001). yRC were more likely to have microsatellite high (MSI) tumours (30% vs. 4.7%; P=0.003). yRC demonstrated significantly poorer RFS compared with the standard group (HR 2.79; median RFS 4.67 vs. 16.02 months; P=0.023). In the relapsed setting, yRC had poorer PFS compared with the standard group (median PFS 2.66 vs. 9.70, P=0.006, HR 3.04). A difference in OS was also seen between the two groups, with yRC demonstrating poorer OS (median OS 40.46 vs. 58.26 months, HR 3.48, P=0.036).ConclusionsPatients under 50 years with LARC are more likely to have MSI tumours with a more aggressive disease course and poorer RFS, PFS and OS. Initiatives to improve early detection of these patients may improve outcomes. Further research is necessary to understand this disease and optimise its treatment.     

Updated systematic review of the approach to pelvic exenteration for locally advanced primary rectal cancer

ObjectivesTo review the evidence regarding surgical advances in the management of primary locally advanced rectal cancer.BackgroundThe management of rectal cancer has evolved significantly in recent decades, with improved (neo)adjuvant treatment strategies and enhanced perioperative protocols. Centralization of care for complex, advanced cases has enabled surgeons in these units to undertake more ambitious surgical procedures.MethodsA Pubmed, Ovid, Embase and Cochrane database search was conducted according to the predetermined search strategy. The review protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021245582).Results14 studies were identified which reported on the outcomes of 3,188 patients who underwent pelvic exenteration (PE) for primary rectal cancer. 50% of patients had neoadjuvant radiotherapy. 24.2% underwent flap reconstruction, 9.4% required a bony resection and 34 patients underwent a major vascular excision. 73.9% achieved R0 resection, with 33.1% experiencing a major complication. Median length of hospital stay ranged from 13 to 19 days. 1.6% of patients died within 30 days of their operation. Five-year overall survival (OS) rates ranged 29%–78%.LimitationsThe studies included in our review were mostly single-centre observational studies published prior to the introduction of modern neoadjuvant treatment regimens. It was not possible to perform a meta-analysis on the basis that most were non-randomized, non-comparative studies.ConclusionsPelvic exenteration offers patients with locally advanced rectal cancer the chance of long-term survival with acceptable levels of morbidity. Increased experience facilitates more radical procedures, with the introduction of new platforms and/or reconstructive options.     

Quality of life following urinary diversion: Orthotopic ileal neobladder versus ileal conduit. A multicentre study among long-term,female bladder cancer survivors

IntroductionWomen undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) followed by urinary diversion (UD) for bladder cancer experience a substantial reduction in health-related quality of life (HRQOL). At present, studies comparing long-term QOL outcomes for different UD methods, needed to inform evidence-based choices of bladder reconstruction for female patients, are sparse. Our objective was to compare two common UD methods in terms of their HRQOL outcomes in women.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively analysed HRQOL in 73 consecutive female bladder cancer patients having undergone orthotopic ileal neobladder (IONB, N = 24) or ileal conduit (IC, N = 49) following RC between 2007 and 2013 in six Italian academic urological centres. Patients had no evidence of tumour recurrence and were actively followed up. Validated Italian versions of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) generic (QLQ-C30) and bladder-cancer-specific (QLQ-BLM30) questionnaires were used to evaluate HRQOL.ResultsPatients in the IONB group were significantly younger than those in the IC group (median age: 67 and 73 years, respectively, p = 0.02). Barring that, the two groups did not present statistically significant differences in median length of follow-up (43 vs 54 months), pathological stage, grading of the neoplasm, or adjuvant chemo - or radiotherapy. No significant differences in QOL were found between the groups, with the exception of financial difficulties, affecting IONB patients significantly more than IC patients (mean score on a scale of 0–100: 33.3 ± 29.5 vs 18.4 ± 19.3, respectively; p = 0.05).ConclusionFinancial difficulties was the only HRQOL item to differ between the two UD groups.     

Preservation of bowel and urinary continence in the management of locally recurrent rectal cancer

BACKGROUND: The management of locally recurrent rectal cancer should achieve local tumor control and potentially improving disease-free and overall survival. Radical pelvic resection has traditionally been associated with permanent fecal and urinary diversion. However, as advanced techniques have evolved to allow restoration of intestinal and urinary continence, we reviewed the use of these techniques in patients with recurrent rectal cancer. METHODS: Patients with recurrent rectal cancer who underwent a resection at Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center between 1993 and 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. Data collected included demographic data, surgical and oncological history, patterns of recurrence, treatment modalities, and outcome. Follow-up data was obtained from the last clinic visit and/or tumor registry. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer (male/female 45/22, age 32-81 years) were included in the analysis. Continence was re-established in 22 (33%) patients, urinary continence was restored in 12 patients, and intestinal continuity in 14 patients (both in 4 patients). A temporary diverting ostomy was necessary in 5 out of 14 (36%) patients. Mortality was zero and morbidity was low and included two urinary leaks and one fecal leak all of which could be managed non-operatively. At a median follow-up of 16 months (range 5-55), 11 (50%) patients were still alive, 7 (31%) without evidence of disease. Comparison of the groups of patients either with or without continence preservation showed no statistically significant difference in disease-free survival and overall survival rates. High quality of life was achieved with restoration of continuity, no patient with restored continuity expressed a desire for a diversion. CONCLUSION: If an oncologically adequate resection of the recurrent rectal cancer can be performed without impairment of the pelvic floor integrity, continence preservation is feasible and results in good functional and oncological outcome.     

Health related quality of life after radical cystectomy: Comparison of ileal conduit to continent orthotopic neobladder

Aims

To compare health related quality of life (HRQOL) between patients with two different types of urinary diversion, ileal conduit and orthotopic neobladder, and between them and an age-matched population of healthy subjects.

Materials and methods

Eighty eight patients treated with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer at our institutions between 2002 and 2007 were contacted for this survey. All of them had a follow-up of more than 12 months after surgery and were recurrence free. The SF-36 questionnaire was provided to each patient during a follow-up visit at outpatient clinics. Overall, 79 patients (90%) returned the questionnaire and were included in this analysis. They were divided into two groups: group 1 comprised 44 patients with an ileal conduit diversion, and group 2 included 35 patients with a neobladder. As a control, normative values of an age-matched healthy Italian population were considered.

Results

No significant difference was found in scale scores between the neobladder and ileal conduit groups. Scale scores for role-physical functioning, social functioning and role-emotional functioning in both the neobladder and ileal conduit groups were significantly below the Italian population norm. Patients with a neobladder 65 years old or older (n = 18) had significantly lower scores for role-physical functioning and role-emotional functioning than those younger than 65 years (n = 17; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Few differences between ileal conduit and orthotopic bladder substitution have been detected. Thus, the assumption that continent reconstruction provides better HRQOL than ileal conduit diversion cannot be supported. Patient education and active participation in treatment decisions seem to be the key to postoperative satisfaction.     

局部晚期和复发直肠癌放射治疗配合动脉灌注化疗疗效分析

目的探讨动脉灌注化疗提高局部晚期和复发直肠癌放射治疗疗效。方法62例直肠癌随机分为放射治疗配合动脉灌注化疗(综合组)31例,单纯放射治疗(单放组)31例。动脉插管化疗采取经肠系膜下动脉和髂内动脉灌注,每次氟尿嘧啶600mg/m2,顺铂70mg/m2,2～3周重复,共2～3次。放射治疗采用8～18MVX射线照射,总量达DT40～50Gy时争取手术,不能手术者加量至DT60～70Gy。结果综合组有效率为83.9%,单放组有效率为54.8%(P<0.01)。综合组1、3、5年生存率分别为90.3%、68.8%、52.0%,单放组分别为80.7%、50.6%、29.8%(P<0.05),综合组和对照组中位生存时间分别为65个月和39个月。综合组副反应大,但患者均能耐受。结论放射治疗辅以动脉灌注化疗为局部晚期和复发直肠癌有效治疗方法。     

Diagnosis and operation for locally recurrent rectal cancer

Local recurrence of rectal cancer following abdominoperineal resection is rarely amenable to limited resection. Six patients with deeply invading recurrent lesions had pelvic exenteration combined with sacral resection. This procedure seems a reasonable treatment for palliation and the chance of cure in selected patients. In order to select good candidates for this extensive procedure, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assays and the diagnosis of locally recurrent tumor with pelvic computed tomography (CT) were evaluated. CEA assay is valuable for diagnosing most recurrent rectal cancers, but it is inadequate for early detection. A high CEA level often indicates extrapelvic tumor spread. CT examination is very valuable for the early detection and localization of recurrence in relation to pelvic structures.     

三维适形放射治疗局部晚期和术后复发性直肠癌

目的：探讨局部晚期和术后复发性直肠癌三维适形放射治疗（three dimensional conformal radiation therapy,3D-CRT）的临床疗效。方法：60例局部晚期和术后复发性直肠癌均在外照射40Gy后随机分为后程适形放疗组（适形组）30例,常规放疗组（对照组）30例。结果：适形组及对照组有效率分别为86.7%和70.0%,2组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;适形组及对照组1、2、3年生存率分别为80.0%、53.3%、36.7%和56.7%、40.0%、13.3%,P=0.02;1、2、3年局部控制率分别为86.7%、80.0%、50.0%和73.3%、53.3%、30.0%,2组差异均有统计学意义（P=0.0438）;在副反应方面2组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：局部晚期和术后复发性直肠癌常规外照射加三维适形放疗有较好疗效。     

Psoas hitch ureteral reimplantation after surgery for locally advanced and locally recurrent colorectal cancer: Complications and oncological outcome

Introduction

The most important prognostic factor for oncological outcome of rectal cancer is radical surgical resection. In patients with locally advanced T4 rectal cancer (LARC) or locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) (partial) resection of the urinary tract is frequently required to achieve radical resection. The psoas bladder hitch (PBH) technique is the first choice for reconstruction of the ureter after partial resection and this bladder-preserving technique should not influence the oncological outcome.

Predictors for long-term survival after interdisciplinary salvage surgery for advanced or recurrent gynecologic cancers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We wanted to identify factors which allow predicting long-term survival after pelvic exenteration (PE) for locally advanced or recurrent gynecologic malignancies. METHODS: All patients undergoing PE at our institution from 1983 to 2002 were screened. In 203 cases data were obtainable and analyzed with respect to factors predicting outcome considering morbidity, mortality, and survival. Follow-up data and data concerning late complications not documented in our records were obtained by telephone interviews. RESULTS: Mean age was 55 (22-77) years. PE was performed for locally advanced (36%) or recurrent (64%) cervical (n = 133), endometrial (n = 26), vaginal (n = 23), vulvar (n = 10), and ovarian cancer (n = 11, cases with rectum and/or bladder resections). In 13.4% (n = 26) the intent of the procedure was palliation in the remaining cure. Procedures performed were anterior (n = 91), posterior (45), or total (n = 67) PE. 53% of patients underwent preoperative radio-chemotherapy, 11.8% as a neoadjuvant treatment. Mean OR time was 8.1 hr, an average of 5.6 units of packed red blood cells were perioperatively transfused. Microscopically complete resection was achievable in n = 69 patients. Perioperative mortality was 1% (n = 2). Seventy-one percent (n = 144) of patients were available for follow-up. Five-year overall survival in patients treated with a curative intent was 21%, 5-year survival in those patients with complete resection was 32%. Forty-two percent of patients with a complete resection without lymph node involvement, age 30-50, curative intention, and the absence of a pelvic sidewall infiltration survived 5 years or longer. CONCLUSION: In our series a 5-year survival rate of over 40% could be achieved for nodal-negative patients without pelvic sidewall infiltration when treated with curative intent and after complete resection.     

局部晚期直肠癌新辅助治疗pCR相关因素研究

目的 评价局部晚期直肠癌新辅助治疗后pCR的相关影响因素。方法 回顾分析2011—2013年间收治的265例AJCC分期Ⅱ、Ⅲ期直肠癌患者资料。所有患者均接受新辅助治疗±等待手术间期化疗, 而后手术。运用单因素和二元Logistic回归多因素分析影响pCR的预测因素, 并根据预测危险因素进行归类后分为无风险组(无因素)、低风险组(1个因素)、高风险组(2个因素)。建立临床风险评估模型。因素分析运用二元Logistic回归模型。结果 达pCR者50例(18.9%)。单因素分析中新辅助治疗前CEA、放化疗前T分期、同期放化疗结束至手术间隔时间和放化疗前肿瘤最大厚度对pCR有影响(P=0.017、0.001、0.000、0.040), 多因素分析显示新辅助治疗前CEA水平和同期放化疗结束至手术间隔时间是pCR影响因素(P=0.021、0.001), 进一步分层分析表明只有非吸烟组中新辅助治疗前低水平CEA对pCR有影响(P=0.044)。临床风险评估模型诊断pCR的敏感性为80.5%, 特异性为46.0%, AUC为0.690, 阳性预测值为35.49%, 阴性预测值为86.5%, 准确性为73.9%。结论 新辅助治疗能使部分局部晚期直肠癌患者达pCR。新辅助治疗前低水平CEA和更长的同期放化疗结束至手术间隔时间是局部晚期直肠癌新辅助治疗pCR的预测因素, 而新辅助治疗前低水平CEA对pCR预测只在非吸烟人群中有效。根据新辅助治疗前CEA>5 ng/ml和同期放化疗结束至手术间隔时间≤8周的危险因素建立的临床风险评估模型可用于预测局部晚期直肠癌新辅助治疗pCR率。     

同期放化疗治疗局部晚期不可手术的直肠癌近期疗效观察

目的：观察同期放化疗治疗局部晚期不可手术的直肠癌患者的近期疗效及耐受性。方法：３８例经病理证实的局部晚期或局部 区域复发的直肠癌患者接受全盆腔三维适形放疗ＤＴ４６～５０Ｇｙ／２３～２５ｆ,后缩野至肿瘤区继续推量至ＤＴ６４～６６Ｇｙ／３２～３３ｆ,同期接受奥沙利铂１３０ｍｇ／ｍ^２ｄ_１,氟尿嘧啶３５０ｍｇ／ｍ^２ｄ_１～ｄ_５,甲酰四氢叶酸２００ｍｇ／ｍ^２ｄ_１～ｄ_５,４周为１周期,共２个周期。结果：获ＣＲ７例（１９.４％）,ＰＲ１６例（４４.４％）,ＳＤ６例（１６.７％）,ＰＤ７例（１９.４％）,总有效率（ＣＲ＋ＰＲ）为６３.９％;疼痛症状缓解率为１００％;全身状况好转率７２.２％;中位生存时间为２２个月,１年和２年总生存率分别为６７.７％和２１.３％。治疗相关的毒副反应以中性粒细胞减少、腹泻、恶心呕吐以及周围神经毒性反应为主,其３级毒副反应的发生率分别为１９.４％、１６.７％、１３.９％和１１.１％,均无３级以上毒副反应发生。结论：以奥沙利铂为基础的化疗同期联合放疗对局部晚期不可手术直肠癌患者具有较好的姑息治疗作用,其治疗依从性高,治疗相关毒性可以接受,值得临床进一步推广。     

Prognostic factors after preoperative irradiation and surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer

Aims

The experience of preoperative irradiation in clinically locally advanced rectal cancer for the period 1991–2003 is reported. Prognostic factors for survival and recurrence, and parameters for obtaining a free circumferential margin were evaluated.

Methods

A prospective cohort study of 204 M0 patients given >45 Gy preoperatively (median age 66 years; 29% women; tumour level <16 cm from the anal verge).

Results

Multivisceral and/or pelvic wall resections were performed in 61% of the patients. R0, R1 and R2 resections were achieved in 74%, 21% and 5%. Five-year survival was 52% for all patients, 60% for R0 resections, 31% for R1 and 0% for R2. The calculated 5-year recurrence rates were 13% for R0 resections and 24% for R1 resections (p < 0.035). R-stage, N-stage, age, type of rectal resection and pelvic wall resection remained significant in Cox multivariate analysis for survival. Regarding local recurrence, the following parameters were independent: N-stage, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) response and pelvic wall resection. Medium high tumour level and reduced histopathological differentiation are important individual factors that seem to predict increased risk for not obtaining a R0 resection.

Conclusions

After preoperative irradiation and surgery, about 50% of the patients with locally advanced rectal cancer without overt metastases (M0) can be cured.     

三维适形放疗结合奥沙利铂为主的化疗治疗晚期直肠癌

目的 探讨三维适形放疗（3DCRT）结合奥沙利铂为主化疗治疗局部晚期和术后复发直肠癌的临床疗效。方法 66例局部晚期和术后复发直肠癌均在常规放疗44Gy后进入3DCRT，采用3DCRT结合奥沙利铂、氟尿嘧啶、亚叶酸钙同步化疗（综合组）34例，单独应用3DCRT（对照组）32例。综合组同步放化疗结束3～4周后，再巩固化疗2～3个周期。结果 综合组和对照组疼痛缓解率分别为97％和84％（P〉0．05）；有效率（CR＋PR）分别为91％和84％（P〉0．05）；2年局部控制率与局部无进展率之和分别为71％和66％（P〉0．05）；2年生存率分别为65％和38％（P〈0．01）；2年远处转移率分别为35％和63％（P〈0．01）。在毒副反应方面两个组相似（P〉0．05）。结论 三维适形放疗结合奥沙利铂为主化疗治疗局部晚期和术后复发直肠癌可明显减少远处转移率和提高2年生存率，且毒副反应可以耐受。