空军飞行人员营养膳食状况调查

目的 掌握当前飞行人员营养状况以及存在的问题,提出纠正措施. 方法 采用称重法进行膳食调查,食物重量精确到10 g,每个伙食单位连续调查3 d,其中包括1个飞行日.数据录入采用本所自行设计开发的"营养计算软件",该软件数据库采用中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所编制的<中国食物成分表2004>. 结果 飞行人员膳食摄入中蛋白质和脂肪偏高、碳水化合物偏低.维生素A、维生素B_1、维生素B_2摄入量仅达到或接近标准低限,微量元素达到标准要求.南方和北方部队在膳食结构上没有明显差别. 结论 飞行人员膳食结构不平衡,某些营养素超标和另一些营养素缺乏同时存在.应采取措施减少脂肪摄入量,增加水果蔬菜和动物脏腑以提高维生素摄入量.     

膳食对船员营养和免疫状况的影响(论著)

目的：了解改善膳食对船员航海期间营养与免疫状况的影响。方法：检测了５６名航海船员膳食改善前后的营养素摄入量，以及维生素Ａ、Ｂ１、Ｂ２、Ｃ和尼克酸体内含量，血清免疫球蛋白、补体Ｃ３水平和外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群等营养与免疫指标。结果：膳食改善前，船员补体Ｃ３，Ｔ淋巴细胞ＣＤ４亚群，维生素Ｂ２和Ｃ的４小时负荷尿含量分别为０．８８±０．３０ｇ／Ｌ，３７．０６％±５．４９％，３０７．９０±１４８．４０μｇ和１．８０±０．９０ｍｇ。膳食改善后依次增加到１．１３±０．３３ｇ／Ｌ，４１．１８％±５．９７％，５１２．６０±１０３．９０μｇ和４．７０±１．０１ｍｇ。各指标膳食前后差别有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：改善膳食可增强船员免疫功能和营养状况。     

飞行学员空间认知特征与飞行能力的关系

采用认知能力评估测验，测验了88名飞行学员及100名陆军学院学员（对照组），旨在探讨飞行学员空间认知特征及其与飞行能力之间的关系。结果表明：①飞行学员组的四项机空间认知测验（三维定向、图画完形、积木连接和定位测验）得分显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）；而两组四项语言序贯性测验的系列声音、系列数字二项测验成绩，飞行学员组均高于对照组（P＜0．01）；组字和组词二项测验成绩两组间则无显著性差异（P＞0.05）；②中上、中及中下等飞行技术水平的三组飞行学员空间认知测验成绩依次下降（图画完报一项P＜0．01，余三项P＞0．05）。     

Gender-specific cerebral activation during cognitive tasks using functional MRI: comparison of women in mid-luteal phase and men

Previous studies of gender-specific differences in functional imaging during spatial and language tasks have been inconclusive. Furthermore, among women, such differences may occur during mid-luteal phase compared to the rest of the menstrual cycle. In order to examine further gender differences, functional MRI was performed in 12 male volunteers and 12 female volunteers (in the mid-luteal phase) during mental rotation and verb-generation tests. Two-sample t-tests with uncorrected P values of <0.001 for the specific regions of interest (ROIs) revealed cerebral activation differences in both stimuli. During mental rotation tests, higher levels of activation were noted in the right medial frontal, precentral, and bilateral inferior parietal cortex, while in women this occurred in the right inferior and medial temporal, right superior frontal cortex, and left fusiform gyrus. During verb-generation tests, higher levels of activation in men was found in the left medial temporal and precentral cortex. Our results indicate that differences in cerebral activity during cognitive tasks can be shown between men and women in the mid-luteal phase. Gender differences while performing a mental rotation task were more prominent than during a verb-generation task.     

基于体素的遗忘型轻度认知障碍和轻度阿尔茨海默病全脑白质MR扩散张量成像分析

Objective To evaluate the microstructural integrity of white matter (WM) in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) using voxel-based analysis (VBA), and investigate the relationship between WM abnormalities and gray matter(GM) atrophy.Methods Thirty-three cases with aMCI, 32 cases with mild AD and 31 normal aging volunteers as control subjects were scanned on a 3.0 T MR system using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled(3DSPGR) sequences. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps and morphological images were preprocessed by SPM5 and voxel-based comparisons between the 2 patient groups and the control group were performed by t test. Results Relative to the control group, patients with aMCI showed significantly reduced FA value in bilateral frontal, temporal and left occipital WM, left anterior part of cingulum, left inferior parietal lobule, and the W M adjacent to the triangular part of the right lateral ventricle(k≥20 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced FA value was found in bilateral hippocampal,inferior parietal lobular,frontal,temporal,and occipital WM,bilateral corpus callosum,anterior part of cingulums,the WM adjacent to the triaangular part of the bilateral lateral ventricles,left temporal stem,left thalamus,right precuneus(k≥20 voxels).Significantly reduced GM volume was found in left hippocampus,parahippocampal gyrus,lingual gyrus and superior temporal gyrus,bilateral insulae and middle temporal gyri in aMCl group whencompared with control group(k≥50 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced GM volume was found in bilateral hippoeampi,parahippocampal gyri,amygdalae,thalami,temporal,parietal,frontal,occipital cortex(k≥50 voxels).The pattern of areas with reduced FA differs;from that of the GM volumetric reduction.No areas with significantlv reduced FA was detected in aMCl compared with mild AD. There was no significant correlation between FA value of WM in patient groups and Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)scores.Conclusions Voxel-based MRI DTI analysis of whole brain white matter can objectively reveal widespread white matter abnormalities in early-stage AD.The difierence between WM FA reduction pattern and GM volumetric reduction pattern indicates that the pathological WM changes in earlyslage AD were caused by multiple mechanisms. FA did not vary significantly in patients pr0gressing from aMCI to mild AD and can hardly reflect the severitv of cognitive function damage in these patients.     

基于体素的遗忘型轻度认知障碍和轻度阿尔茨海默病全脑白质MR扩散张量成像分析

Objective To evaluate the microstructural integrity of white matter (WM) in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) using voxel-based analysis (VBA), and investigate the relationship between WM abnormalities and gray matter(GM) atrophy.Methods Thirty-three cases with aMCI, 32 cases with mild AD and 31 normal aging volunteers as control subjects were scanned on a 3.0 T MR system using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled(3DSPGR) sequences. Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps and morphological images were preprocessed by SPM5 and voxel-based comparisons between the 2 patient groups and the control group were performed by t test. Results Relative to the control group, patients with aMCI showed significantly reduced FA value in bilateral frontal, temporal and left occipital WM, left anterior part of cingulum, left inferior parietal lobule, and the W M adjacent to the triangular part of the right lateral ventricle(k≥20 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced FA value was found in bilateral hippocampal,inferior parietal lobular,frontal,temporal,and occipital WM,bilateral corpus callosum,anterior part of cingulums,the WM adjacent to the triaangular part of the bilateral lateral ventricles,left temporal stem,left thalamus,right precuneus(k≥20 voxels).Significantly reduced GM volume was found in left hippocampus,parahippocampal gyrus,lingual gyrus and superior temporal gyrus,bilateral insulae and middle temporal gyri in aMCl group whencompared with control group(k≥50 voxels).In mild AD,significantly reduced GM volume was found in bilateral hippoeampi,parahippocampal gyri,amygdalae,thalami,temporal,parietal,frontal,occipital cortex(k≥50 voxels).The pattern of areas with reduced FA differs;from that of the GM volumetric reduction.No areas with significantlv reduced FA was detected in aMCl compared with mild AD. There was no significant correlation between FA value of WM in patient groups and Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)scores.Conclusions Voxel-based MRI DTI analysis of whole brain white matter can objectively reveal widespread white matter abnormalities in early-stage AD.The difierence between WM FA reduction pattern and GM volumetric reduction pattern indicates that the pathological WM changes in earlyslage AD were caused by multiple mechanisms. FA did not vary significantly in patients pr0gressing from aMCI to mild AD and can hardly reflect the severitv of cognitive function damage in these patients.     

战斗机飞行员基本认知能力年龄差异及对飞行的影响

目的探讨战斗机飞行员基本认知能力年龄差异及其对飞行训练的影响。方法对象为１２０名健康男性战斗机飞行员，年龄２３岁～４０岁。采用的７项反映基本认知能力的纸笔测验是识符检数、找规律填数、填写数据、找特殊图形、加法计算、比较刻度值和判别方向。对６个不同年龄组的战斗机飞行员的认知作业成绩差异和飞行能力与飞行训练成绩差异进行Ｆ检验。结果与飞行关系密切的找特殊图形、加法计算、比较刻度值和判别方向４项认知作业成绩存在非常显著性的年龄差异（Ｆ＝４．７５～１４．３１，Ｐ＜０．００１）。不同年龄飞行员的飞行能力和飞行训练成绩差异无显著性。结论战斗机飞行员的计算、表象旋转、仪表认读和方位判断等与飞行有关的基本认知能力有明显的年龄差异。但这种年龄差异尚未对飞行带来严重影响。     

北京市中学生核与辐射认知现状调查

目的 了解北京市中学生对核与辐射常识的认知水平,为做好辐射防护知识的普及提供基线资料和科学依据。方法 设计核与辐射认知调查问卷,采用随机整群抽样的方法,以北京市部分在读高中生为研究对象,进行自填式问卷调查。结果 本调查共收回有效问卷1 029份。调查对象对核与辐射常识的总体答对率为51.5%,核与辐射常识男生的得分显著高于女生（t=4.131,P<0.05）。关于核与辐射知识的主观认知情况,有87人（8.5%）表示“很清楚”,779人（75.7%）表示“了解一点”,163人（15.8%）表示“一无所知”。不同核与辐射知识主观认知度人群,核与辐射常识得分有显著差异（J-T=8.279,P<0.05）。核电支持程度与核与辐射知识主观认知程度两变量之间存在相关关系（r=0.161,P<0.05）。不同核电支持程度学生之间,核与辐射常识得分有显著差别（J-T=7.508,P<0.05）,得分高者,对核电支持程度也越高。结论 学生群体对核与辐射常识的认知存在短板,建议有关部门在学生群体中加强核与辐射知识的科普教育,以提高科学素养和综合素质,促进防灾减灾能力的提升和核能事业可持续发展。     

严重烧伤病人的营养支持护理

目的：探讨严重烧伤病人营养疗法中的护理经验。方法：回顾性总结和分析68例病人的营养护理疗法,休克纠正过后,实行早期胃肠道营养,4～7天静脉营养液以能量为主,此后注意加强蛋白质,氨基酸、及脂肪乳剂的补充。结果：68例病人均未出现体重明显下降及营养不良,治疗中也未发生严重并发症,全部治愈。创面愈合时间为36—82天。结论：严重烧伤的营养支持宜采用胃肠道与静脉营养相结合的原则,而护理工作至关重要。     

^18F-AV45PET显像在轻微认知下降和轻度认知障碍患者中的应用

目的 探讨^18F-AV45 PET显像检测的轻微认知下降(SCD)和轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者脑β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积与患者认知状态的关系.方法 将上海交通大学附属第六人民医院2018年12月至2019年3月间诊断为SCD或MCI,且在2周内行^18F-AV45 PET显像、脑MRI T1扫描和简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)检查的24例患者纳入研究,前瞻性收集数据,其中男11例、女13例,年龄(63.2±7.6)岁;SCD 15例、MCI 9例.对^18F-AV45 PET图像进行目测分析(阳性、弱阳性、阴性);再基于MRI图像对PET图像进行预处理后进行半定量分析,选择8个感兴趣区(ROI):额叶、外侧顶叶、外侧颞叶、内侧颞叶、枕叶、基底神经节、后扣带回和楔前叶,以小脑灰质为参考区,计算Aβ沉积的标准摄取值比值(SUVR),并计算偏相关系数,分析不同脑区SUVR与MMSE的相关性.结果 24例患者中,PET显像示Aβ沉积阳性16例、弱阳性8例,各脑区SUVR范围为0.93~1.87,MMSE评分为(28.2±2.0)分.MMSE评分与额叶皮质(r=-0.432)、后扣带回(r=-0.434)和楔前叶(r=-0.418)的SUVR呈负相关(均P<0.05),余脑区的SUVR与MMSE的相关性均无统计学意义(r值:-0.412^-0.110,均P>0.05).结论 ^18F-AV45 PET显像能无创性检测脑Aβ沉积,并在一定程度上反映SCD和MCI患者的临床认知状态.     

认知功能障碍治疗对脑卒中功能障碍康复的影响

目的：研究认知功能障碍治疗对脑卒中功能障碍康复的影响。方法：随机选择60例脑卒中患者,分为早期综合康复组（30例）和对照组（30例）,均采用神经内科常规药物治疗,早期综合康复组采用认知功能障碍治疗结合常规康复训练综合治疗。对照组仅采用常规康复训练。两组患者分别在进入研究时和3个月后测试Bathel指数（BI）。Fugl-Meyer评定（FMA）分。简明精神状态检查（MMSE）分。结果：治疗3个月后,早期综合康复组BI,FMA,MMSE积分均较治疗前改善（P〈0.05）;对照组BI、FMA、MMSE积分也较前改善（P〈0.05）;BI、FMA、MMSE积分在两组间有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：3个月后早期综合康复治疗对脑卒中功能障碍有明显的改善作用。     

慢性肾脏病患者认知功能障碍与胰岛素抵抗的相关研究

目的：探讨慢性肾脏病（ chronic kidney disease,CKD）患者认知功能与胰岛素抵抗（ IR）的关系。方法将101例CKD3～4期患者分为两组：合并认知功能损害患者组38例,认知功能正常组63例,比较两组间性别、年龄、BMI、TC、TG、CRP、内生肌酐清除率（ CCr）、HOMA－IR、颈动脉内膜中层厚度（ intima －media thickness, IMT）、收缩压（ SBP）和舒张压（ DBP）的差别,并进行Logistic回归分析。结果与认知功能正常组相比,慢性肾脏病合并认知功能损害组BMI、TG、FINS、CRP、IMT及HOMA－IR较高（ P＜0．05）;Logistic回归分析显示IMT、CCr及HOMA－IR对认知功能障碍的发病具有相关性。结论 HOMA－IR、IMT及CCr是认知功能障碍的独立危险因素。     

脑震荡大鼠认知行为障碍及多巴胺能神经元的变化

目的　探讨脑震荡大鼠认知障碍的特征及多巴胺能神经元的变化。方法　用金属单摆打击装置复制大鼠单纯性脑震荡模型。随机分为伤后1，2，4，8，16，24d六个损伤组和对照组（各12只）；应用Morris水迷宫评价大鼠的学习记忆功能；用免疫组织化学方法研究中脑黑质致密区（SNC）和腹侧被盖区（VTA）多巴胺能神经元的变化。结果　8d组脑震荡后1～3d大鼠隐匿平台逃避潜伏期显著延长（P〈0，05），16d组和24d组水迷宫实验与对照组比较，差异无统计学意义。SNC和VTA的神经元酪氨酸羟化酶在伤后各组均不同程度增强，4d组反应最强，24d组有所减弱；24d组的SNC与对照组比较差异无统计学意义，但VTA与对照组比较，差异仍有统计学意义（P〈0，05）。结论 （1）脑震荡后大鼠出现近期空间学习记忆功能障碍；（2）脑震荡后多巴胺能神经元酪氨酸羟化酶表达增高。     

早期肠内营养对SAP大鼠模型营养学的影响及机制研究

目的探讨早期肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎（severe acute pancreatitis,SAP）大鼠模型营养学的影响及机制研究。方法将60只SD大鼠建立SAP模型,随机分为两组,对照组（n=15）,采用肠外营养（PN）治疗;实验组又分为3组（n：15）,采用不同时机启动肠内营养（EN）治疗。比较治疗后肿瘤坏死因子（TNF—α）、血淀粉酶、白细胞介素10（IL-10）等病情指标,以及血清白蛋白（ALB）、转铁蛋白（TRF）、总蛋白（TP）等营养学指标,取肠道标本观察黏膜厚度及绒毛密度情况。结果治疗后实验组TNF-α、血淀粉酶、IL-10水平较对照组有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,ALB、TRF、TP水平较高（P〈0．05）：病理检查显示：实验组肠黏膜厚度和绒毛密度情况均较对照组好。结论早期肠内营养能更好地控制病情,可以改善SAP大鼠模型营养学状况,EN启动越早恢复越快。     

北海方格星虫营养成分分析

目的 通过对广西北海产方格星虫的营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和微量元素含量的初步测定,评价其营养成分,为进一步的研究提供参考.方法 以广西北海产方格星虫为原材料,采用化学分析、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成分析、微量元素分析等方法测定其营养成分.结果 样品(30目干燥粉末)的蛋白质含量为79.90%,脂肪3.08%,总糖5.67%,含有17种氨基酸,20种脂肪酸和多种微量元素.结论 北海产方格星虫富含蛋白质、多种氨基酸和微量元素,是值得进一步开发利用的海洋生物.     

急性缺氧对经不同感觉通道引发的脑事件相关电位和反应时的影响

目的研究经不同感觉通道输入信息时脑认知能力的差异，观察急性缺氧时经不同感觉通道输入信息时脑认知能力的改变。方法１０名受试者在地面和４３００ｍ模拟高度（吸入低氧混合气）分别进行视觉、听觉和视－听（视觉和听觉刺激同时呈现）Ｏｄｄｂａｌ任务测试，记录脑电图（ＥＥＧ）和反应时（ＲＴ），ＥＥＧ经叠加平均处理提取出脑事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ），并测量其Ｐ３波的潜时和波幅。以Ｐ３潜时和ＲＴ为主要指标评定脑认知能力。采用两因素析因设计及统计学处理。结果不同感觉通道间比较，视觉通道的Ｐ３潜时和ＲＴ均长于听觉和视－听通道，ＲＴ以视－听通道最快。急性缺氧对视觉通道和听觉通道均可明显减慢其Ｐ３潜时和ＲＴ。结论对听觉刺激的脑认知反应速度较视觉为快，而用视听联合刺激可加快反应速度。缺氧会减慢脑信息加工过程，听觉刺激的认知反应和视觉一样对缺氧敏感。     

Wilfred Trotter and the biosociology of peace and war

The distinguished surgeon Wilfred Trotter (1872–1939), in his book Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War, can be regarded as a pioneer of biosociology and its application to the phenomenon of war. In this paper some of Trotter's ideas are discussed and their relevance to the problems of the present day are considered.     

Nutritional supplements in Norwegian elite athletes--impact of international ranking and advisors

The aims of this study were to investigate (a) the use of nutritional supplements (NS) (vitamins, minerals, Omega 3, antioxidants, ginseng, amino acids, Creatine and energy supplements) in elite athletes of different international ranking (b) why athletes are using NS, and (c) who recommends the elite athletes to use NS. The total population of elite athletes in Norwegian National Teams (n = 1620, 960 males and 660 females aged 15-39 years) and randomly selected (n = 1681) (916 males and 765 females) controls from the general population, were given a questionnaire including questions about use of nutritional supplements (NS), and from whom athletes had received information about nutrition and recommendations to use NS. The response rate was 76% for male and 92% for female athletes and 75% and 81% for male and female controls, respectively. A similar percentage of female athletes (54%) and controls (52%) reported use of one or more NS, but more male athletes (51%) than male controls (32%) used NS (P < 0.001). However, independent of gender, more athletes as compared to controls used minerals (males 26% vs. 8%; females 42% vs. 20%), amino acids (males 12% vs. 4%; females 3% vs. 0), and Creatine (males 12% vs. 2%; females 3% vs. 0). A lower percentage of NS users were observed in the best female athletes (52%) as compared to female athletes with less experience of international competition (73%) (P < 0.01). In male athletes, NS use was independent of international ranking (49%-53%). The coach was the main advisor for use of NS for both male (58%) and female athletes (52%). For male and female athletes, the main reason for using NS was that they felt it was needed in addition to their daily intake (56% and 67%, respectively). Forty one percent of the male and 37% of the female athletes using NS felt they were well informed about nutrition in general and NS. However, 8% of the NS users did not know whether the NS they used was doping classified or not. In conclusion: we found that a similar percentage of female elite athletes and controls, but a higher percentage of male elite athletes than controls, reported the use of NS. There was a lower percentage of NS use among the top female athletes, but not the top male athletes as compared to the less successful elite athletes. The coach was the main advisor for NS use both for male and female elite athletes.     

脑力疲劳对决策的影响及机制分析

目的 综述国内外脑力疲劳与决策研究的进展,分析脑力疲劳对决策的影响路径.资料来源与选择 国内外该领域的相关文献. 资料引用 引用国内外公开发表的文献资料41篇.资料综合 飞行是一种高认知负荷的作业,脑力疲劳是飞行员常常处于的工作状态.大量研究表明,脑力疲劳降低唤醒度,损伤认知功能,造成情绪变化;而决策前认知加工与情绪又会对决策行为产生重要影响. 结论 脑力疲劳很可能通过决策前认知和情绪的中介影响飞行决策,进而威胁飞行安全.