梅毒血清学试验阳性的14例梅毒患者的临床分析

目的 :讨论合并神经系统病变梅毒患者的临床表现、诊断和治疗。方法 :回顾性分析 14例梅毒血清学试验阳性梅毒患者的临床特点、血清学变化、影像学异常、治疗及预后。结果 :据脑脊液结果确诊神经梅毒 6例 ,疑诊 3例 ,非神经梅毒 5例。治疗 14例 ,有效 10例 (神经梅毒 5例 ,疑诊者 2例 ,非神经梅毒 3例 ) ,无效 2例 ,死亡 1例 ,失访 1例。治疗后血清和脑脊液中TPPA转阴率低于RPR。 3例头颅磁共振扫描异常 ,治疗后改善。结论 :神经梅毒表现多样 ,脑脊液检查及RPR试验能明确诊断。     

The Role of Transcranial Doppler Embolic Monitoring in the Management of Intracranial Arterial Stenosis

Intracranial arterial stenosis (IAS) is thought to be responsible for 8% of all ischemic stroke subtypes. The best medical treatment for this condition is still controversial. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) emboli monitoring may help to guide the treatment by measuring the frequency of microembolic signals (MES). We report a case of IAS where TCD emboli monitoring proved useful in establishing the mechanism of stroke by being artery‐to‐artery emboli and guiding therapy based on the frequent symptoms and number of MES.     

MicroV Technology to Improve Transcranial Color Coded Doppler Examinations

The purpose of this review is to provide an update on technology related to Transcranial Color Coded Doppler Examinations. Microvascularization (MicroV) is an emerging Power Doppler technology which can allow visualization of low and weak blood flows even at high depths, thus providing a suitable technique for transcranial ultrasound analysis. With MicroV, reconstruction of the vessel shape can be improved, without any overestimation. Furthermore, by analyzing the Doppler signal, MicroV allows a global image of the Circle of Willis. Transcranial Doppler was originally developed for the velocimetric analysis of intracranial vessels, in particular to detect stenoses and the assessment of collateral circulation. Doppler velocimetric analysis was then compared to other neuroimaging techniques, thus providing a cut‐off threshold. Transcranial Color Coded Doppler sonography allowed the characterization of vessel morphology. In both Color Doppler and Power Doppler, the signal overestimated the shape of the intracranial vessels, mostly in the presence of thin vessels and high depths of study. In further neurosonology technology development efforts, attempts have been made to address morphology issues and overcome technical limitations. The use of contrast agents has helped in this regard by introducing harmonics and subtraction software, which allowed better morphological studies of vessels, due to their increased signal‐to‐noise ratio. Having no limitations in the learning curve, in time and contrast agent techniques, and due to its high signal‐to‐noise ratio, MicroV has shown great potential to obtain the best morphological definition.     

Transcranial Doppler Sonography Guided by Magnetic Resonance Angiography for Improved Monitoring of Intracranial Arteries

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography combines the advantages of real–time hemodynamic information, cost–effectiveness, and bedside application. However, measurements can be difficult to reproduce because the spatial resolution and the determination of insonation angles are limited. The purpose of this study was to use the high anatomic resolution of threedimensional (3D) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images for the stereotactic guidance of TCD in order to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of TCD examinations. The MRA examinations were performed on a 1.5 T scanner using a 3D flow compensated gradient–echo sequence. A noninvasive stereotactic mask was used for image registration. The MRA data were then transferred to a personal computer. An infrared tracking system registered the position of the head and the ultrasound probe during TCD. This enabled the authors to superimpose a virtual ultrasound beam onto the MRA projections of the intracranial arteries displayed on the monitor of the personal computer. This allows the examiner to easily identify the insonated intracranial artery and displays the insonation angle. In volunteer examinations (n=1 0), the accuracy and reproducibility     

颈动脉内膜切除术中经颅多普勒超声监测的应用

目的 应用经颅多普勒超声（trascranial Doppler,TCD）术中监测研究颈动脉内膜切除术（carotidendarterectomy,CEA）术中的脑血流变化和微栓子出现的规律。方法 应用TCD监测18例颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞者CEA中各期的同侧大脑中动脉（middle cerebralartery,MCA）的脑血流和微栓子信号（microembolic signal,MES）。记录CEA各期MCA收缩期血流速度（peak systolic velocity,PSV）、搏动指数（pulsitility index,PI）及微栓子的数量。结果 （1）术中1例患者出现左眼动脉颞上支栓塞,其余患者无并发症。（2）释放期和缝合期MCA的PSV及PI较基线期明显升高（P <0.01）。44.4%（8/18）的患者阻断后PSV下降>60%。术中,77.8%（14/18）的患者采取了分流措施。释放颈内动脉后33.3%（6/18）的患者PSV升高100%以上。（3）100%的患者于手术中监测到MES。患者的总MES为11～150个,平均60±42个。栓子主要集中于分流期和释放期。结论 TCD作为一项无创、实时的监测工具能够广泛应用于CEA术中监测,及时地发现围手术期的各种血流变化及MES的产生,有效预测围手术期的卒中发生,优化术中操作。     

Non‐Invasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring with Transcranial Doppler in a Patient with Progressive Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

In many intracranial disease states, monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) is essential to evaluate response to the therapeutic measures as well as estimation of prognosis. Although, direct estimation of ICP is reliable, it is invasive and not possible in all patients. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography is a bedside and noninvasive technique that provides reliable and real‐time information about cerebral hemodynamics. We present a case of extensive and progressive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in which TCD served as an excellent tool for monitoring ICP and the serial observations correlated closely with clinical status and ophthalmological findings.     

Effects of visual contrast on visual evoked potentials and Doppler signal

We studied visually evoked cerebral blood flow responses (VEFR) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) to different visual contrasts and analysed the relationship between them. The records were made from 35 healthy volunteers aged 38.6 +/- 10.1 years. The stimulus was a black-and-white checkerboard with visual contrasts (VC) of 1%, 10% and 100%. The VEFR were measured in the posterior cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler, and the VEP were recorded from the occipital leads. We found the relationship between visual contrast and VEFR (r = 0.79, P < 0.01) as well as between visual contrast and VEP (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). We also found moderate association between the VEP and the VEFR (r = 0.69, P < 0.01). The analysis of the regression slopes between two different age subgroups (P < 0.01) did not show a significant difference (P = 0.020). We concluded that a simultaneous recording of VEFR and VEP to visual contrasts could allow an assessment of neurovascular coupling in humans.     

The Role of Transcranial Doppler Monitoring in Patients with Multi‐Territory Acute Embolic Strokes: A Review

Acute multi‐territory, embolic cerebral infarctions are often associated with serious underlying clinical conditions including the presence of highly “active” emboligenic sources causing that in turn may result in high early recurrence rates. Prompt diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment are substantial for the prevention of subsequent embolization that would result in further clinical deterioration. Among other clinical investigations, transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring is highly efficacious for the detection of microembolic signals (MES) that correspond to microthrombi entering the intracranial circulation. The presence and burden of MES, especially in multiple intracranial arteries, is clearly associated with an increased risk of symptomatic, recurrent embolization, and thus can justify a more aggressive treatment approach (clopidogrel load followed by dual antiplatelet therapy or alternatively therapeutic dose of low‐molecular‐weight heparin). In this narrative review, we discuss the most important causes of multi‐territory embolic ischemic strokes and also underscore the utility of TCD as a noninvasive tool for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment.     

多普勒超声对脑静脉系统血栓形成的诊断价值

多普勒超声在颅内外动脉系统疾病中的诊断价值已受到临床医生的一致认可,但在脑静 脉系统的应用却一直未受到足够的重视。脑静脉血栓形成（cerebral venous thrombosis,CVT）发病率 较低,诊断主要依靠磁共振静脉血管成像及数字减影血管造影,然而这些形态学检查不能为临床提 供血流动力学信息。多普勒超声能够对脑静脉系统血流动力学进行检测,为CVT的诊断、治疗及预后 提供丰富的信息,本文将多普勒超声在颅内静脉中的应用进行综述,旨在提高超声医生及临床医生 对超声在颅内静脉血流动力学的评估作用的认识。     

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in brain death: Experience in 140 patients

Abstract

The interpretation of clinical tests for brain death is often complicated by the presence of facial trauma, or the use of barbiturate therapy for reduction of intracranial pressure. We propose a non-invasive technique – transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography for the diagnosis of brain death. One hundred and forty comatose patients, 111 of whom were believed to be brain dead underwent TCD examinations. TCD assessments of the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and the basilar artery were performed before formal clinical testing for brain death. The TCD spectra recorded in the brain dead (BD) patients consisted of short, sharp systolic peaks followed by retrograde flow during diastole or just systolic peaks with absent flow in either direction. There were no survivors among patients who displayed these two TCD patterns. The 29 comatose control patients always showed flow throughout the cardiac cycle – no retrograde flow was ever recorded in these patients all of whom survived. Of particular interest were the basilar artery results. In nine BD patients no MCA signals could be obtained while good quality signals were recorded from the basilar artery. The TCD results agreed essentially with 100% accuracy with clinical testing and four vessel cerebral angiography. This paper illustrates the usefulness of TCD examination of the MCAs and especially the basilar artery in the diagnosis of brain death.     

Transcranial Doppler for evaluation of idiopathic intracranial hypertension

OBJECTIVES: The value of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography in assessing patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) is uncertain. We sought to determine the contribution of TCD to their evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients with suspected IIH underwent TCD. Mean blood flow (BFV), peak systolic (PSV) and end-diastolic (EDV) velocities, and pulsatility (PI) and resistance (RI) indexes were obtained in the middle cerebral (MCA) and vertebral (VA) arteries and compared (Student's t-test) between patients with confirmed IIH and controls. IIH patients and controls were comparable in terms of age, gender and weight. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD BFV(MCA), PSV(MCA), EDV(MCA) and PI(VA) in the 13 IIH patients were higher than in the ten controls (59 +/- 6.8, 94 +/- 28.5, 43 +/- 12.4, 0.86 +/- 0.16 and 50 +/- 8.6, 72 +/- 25.8, 32 +/- 11.5, 0.58 +/- 0.45 respectively, P < 0.05) but still within normal values. The mean +/- SD PI(MCA), RI(MCA) and RI(VA) values in the IIH patients and controls were similar. CONCLUSIONS: TCD parameters had no useful unique features for monitoring IIH patients.     

Insonation Method and Diagnostic Flow Signatures for Transcranial Power Motion (M-Mode) Doppler

Background and purpose. Power motion mode Doppler (PMD) simultaneously displays flow signal intensity and direction over several centimeters of intracranial space. Insonation protocol for PMD and spectral transcranial Doppler (TCD) with typical PMD flow signatures is described in serial patients with acute stroke symptoms examined via conventional windows with a PMD/ TCD unit. Results. Thirty‐five patients were studied within 12 hours after stroke onset (age 64 ±15 years; 8 received intravenous and 3 intra‐arterial thrombolysis). One patient had no temporal window, and 3 patients had suboptimal windows. In 90% of patients, PMD showed more than 1 ipsilateral temporal windows. In 63% of patients (n= 22), PMD simultaneously displayed the entire M1 (65–45 mm) and proximal M2 (45–30 mm) flows, leading to spectral TCD examination of the proximal M2 middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 28 of 35 patients (80%). All patients had sufficient foraminal (depth display = 60–110 mm) and orbital (depth display = 30–80 mm) windows. PMD displayed the entire basilar artery stem (75–100+ mm) in 69% (n= 24) of patients, and the distal basilar flow was detected in all patients by both PMD and TCD. TCD results were normal (12), proximal intracranial stenosis (5), large vessel occlusion (17), and cerebral circulatory arrest (1). Compared to spectral TCD, PMD signatures of similar diagnostic significance were low resistance (vessel identification and recanalization), high resistance (ophthalmic artery identification and distal obstruction), collateral (communicating arteries and leptomeningeal flow), reverberating (circulatory arrest), and branch embolization. Conclusions. PMD is a window‐finding tool and a guide for spectral TCD gate placement. PMD facilitates flow detection in the M2 branches and the distal basilar artery. PMD can demonstrate recanalization of the entire MCA main stem and proximal branches, increase the yield of embolus detection and procedure monitoring, and facilitate abnormal flow pattern recognition.     

Sensitivity of transcranial Doppler for confirming brain death: a prospective study of 270 cases

OBJECTIVE: The reported sensitivity of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) for confirming brain death (BD) ranges from 91% to 100%. We assessed the frequency and causes of false-negative results in TCD examination in a series of patients with BD and in the literature. METHODS: We carried out a prospective TCD examination of consecutive patients with the clinical diagnosis of BD. RESULTS: In 204 (75.5%) of 270 patients, TCD showed a pattern compatible with BD. The causes of the false-negative results were persistent flow in the intracranial arteries in 47 (17.4%) patients and a lack of signal in 19 (7%). Absence of sympathomimetic drug use [odds ratio (OR) 5.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-16.0, P = 0.003) and female gender (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.1-12.5, P = 0.03) were associated with false-negative results. A review of 16 studies showed a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 98% of TCD for confirming BD. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of TCD for confirming BD may be lower than previously reported, but is probably similar to that of other non-invasive methods. The specificity of TCD is close to 100%. Uniform criteria are needed for the routine use of TCD as a confirmatory test for BD.     

Transcranial Doppler Microembolic Signal Monitoring is Useful in Diagnosis and Treatment of Carotid Artery Dissection: Two Case Reports

Arterial dissection is the underlying stroke mechanism in approximately 2.5% of all strokes and the second leading cause of stroke in patients younger than 45 years of age. Controversy exists regarding the medical management of carotid dissection. Both anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents have been used with no compelling data supporting one therapy over the other. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) emboli monitoring may help in establishing the diagnosis and guide the treatment by measuring the frequency of microembolic signals (MES). We present two cases of carotid dissection where TCD monitoring for MES helped in establishing the diagnosis and proved useful in identifying that standard anticoagulation treatment was not preventing emboli. Both cases were also monitored for emboli count reduction with subsequent antiplatelet therapy.     

Experience of Meningovascular Syphilis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patient

Since the start of the antibiotic era, syphilis has become rare. However, in recent times, it has tended to be prevalent concomitantly with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and coinfection in North America and Europe. Now, such cases are expected to increase in elsewhere including Korea. A 40-year-old male patient visited hospital complaining of a headache for about one month. Brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, showed leptomeninged enhancing mass with edema an right porisylvian region, which was suspected to be glioma. Patient underwent a blood test and was diagnosed with syphilis and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Partial cortical and subcortical resection were performed after small craniotomy. The dura was thick, adhered to the brain cortex, and was accompanied by hyperemic change of the cortex. The pathologic diagnosis was meningovascular syphilis (MS) in HIV infection. After the operation, the patient was treated with aqueous penicillin G. Thereafter, he had no neurological deficit except intermittent headache. At first, this case was suspected to be glioma, but it was eventually diagnosed as MS in HIV coinfection. At this point the case was judged to be worth reporting.     

颈部血管彩色超声和经颅多普勒超声联合检查评价前循环脑动脉粥样硬化

目的应用颈部血管彩色超声和经颅多普勒超声(TCD)联合检查方法,对急性缺血性脑卒中患者前循环脑动脉粥样硬化的程度进行评价,并讨论其临床意义。方法107例50～85岁急性前循环缺血性脑卒中患者,于发病后2周内完成颈部血管彩色超声及TCD检查。分别记录颈动脉颅外段狭窄组CT/MRI阳性侧和阴性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段(CCA/EICA)不同回声斑块、斑块大小以及动脉狭窄程度;前循环颅内血管狭窄组CT/MRI阳性侧和阴性侧颈内动脉虹吸段(SCA)、颈内动脉末段(TICA)、大脑中动脉M1段(MCA-M1)、大脑前动脉A1段(ACA-A1)狭窄程度及双侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段不同回声斑块检出率;前循环颅内外动脉联合狭窄组CT/MRI阳性侧和阴性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段、大脑中动脉M1段及大脑前动脉A1段狭窄程度。结果颈动脉颅外段狭窄组:CT/MRI阳性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段和阴性侧比较,不同回声斑块大小及阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);狭窄程度为40%～50%、>50%～70%的颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段,两侧狭窄血管阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);当狭窄程度达>70%～90%和>90%时,CT/MRI阳性侧检出率均大于阴性侧(P<0.05)。前循环颅内血管狭窄组:CT/MRI阳性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段与阴性侧之间不同回声斑块大小及阳性检出率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);颈内动脉虹吸段或颈内动脉末段和大脑中动脉M1段狭窄发生率,CT/MRI阳性侧大于阴性侧(P<0.05);大脑前动脉A1段狭窄发生率两侧差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。前循环颅内外动脉联合狭窄组:CT/MRI阳性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段狭窄程度>70%和大脑中动脉M1段狭窄阳性检出率均大于阴性侧(P<0.05);大脑前动脉A1段狭窄血管两侧阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论同一组脑动脉粥样硬化患者颈动脉粥样硬化进展程度基本相同,根据斑块回声和溃疡形成与否不能确定动脉-动脉栓塞的"责任斑块";颈部血管彩色超声检查提示颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段狭窄程度>70%,以及TCD提示颈内动脉虹吸段、颈内动脉末段、大脑中动脉M1段狭窄≥50%者,与同侧脑卒中的发生明显相关,二者联合应用有助于确定急性缺血性脑卒中的"责任动脉"。     

经颅多普勒血管搏动指数与脑血管反应性的关系

目的 研究经颅多普勒(TCD)搏动指数(PI)与脑血管反应性(CVR)的关系.方法 对70例PI增高患者(PI增高组)应用TCD行CO2吸入、过度换气和屏气试验检测CVR,并与PI正常者(正常对照组)进行比较.结果 (1)CO2吸入试验:PI增高组的大脑中动脉(MCA)平均血流速度(Vm)增加率[(21.61±7.39)%]明显低于正常对照组[(44.86±10.18)%] (P<0.01).(2)过度换气试验: PI增高组MCA Vm下降率[(21.89±6.60)%]明显低于正常对照组[(33.63±8.62)%](P<0.01).(3)屏气试验:PI增高组Vm增高率为(22.69±8.37)%、屏气指数为(0.58±0.24),显著低于正常对照组[(46.53±11.83)%、(1.16±0.37)](均P<0.01).结论 TCD PI增高可反映CVR下降.     

Transcranial Doppler Markers of Diffusion-Perfusion Mismatch

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: During the evaluation of acute ischemic stroke with diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI and PWI, respectively), the presence of salvageable brain tissue is suggested by the occurrence of a perfusion-diffusion "mismatch." DWI and PWI, however, are not universally available and have inherent inconveniences, which justify a search for practical diagnostic alternatives. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are transcranial Doppler (TCD) markers of mismatch. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 22 patients with acute ischemic stroke affecting the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, who had a TCD performed within 24 hours of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with DWI and PWI. RESULTS: MRI and TCD were performed on average 10.8 +/- 9.2 hours apart. Time from symptom onset to MRI and TCD completion were 1.6 +/- 1.6 and 2 +/- 1.9 days, respectively. MCA and intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) asymmetry, together with a large ICA-to-MCA gradient, were associated with the presence of mismatch. The combined use of 2 TCD parameters (MCA CBFV asymmetry of > or = 30% and ICA-to-MCA gradient > or = 20 cm/sec) had a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 80%, positive predictive value of 82%, and negative predictive value of 73% at detecting mismatch cases. CONCLUSIONS: Diffusion-perfusion mismatch appears to be associated with interhemispheric asymmetry between MCA and ICA CBFVs, and a large CBFV gradient between the ICA and MCA on the affected side. Prospective studies are required to verify these observations and to determine whether TCD can be used to follow patients with mismatch.