胸弯为主的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形术后肩部失平衡的危险因素分析

【摘要】 目的：观察以胸弯为主的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）患者后路矫形术后肩部失平衡的发生情况,探讨其危险因素。方法：回顾性分析96例以胸弯为主的AIS患者的临床资料,Lenke分型为Lenke 1、2、3、4型,均为右胸弯且Cobb角＜80°。男15例,女81例;年龄10～18岁,平均14.5岁。均采用后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定矫形,随访22～68个月,平均42.2个月。根据术后肩部平衡情况,将患者分为肩部平衡组和肩部失平衡组,分析比较两组患者的临床资料和影像学特点。结果：肩部失平衡患者17例,发生率为17.7%。单变量分析和Logistic回归分析的结果发现与术后肩部失平衡相关的3个独立因素为：术前锁骨角（OR=1.873,P=0.018）、术前主胸弯Cobb角（OR=2.222,P=0.028）和术后主胸弯Cobb角（OR=0.483,P=0.039）。其中锁骨角和术前主胸弯Cobb角为危险因素,术前锁骨角的正值越大,主胸弯角度越大,术后肩部失平衡的危险性越大;术后主胸弯Cobb角为保护因素,术后主胸弯残余角度较大时,能相对避免肩部失平衡的发生。结论：术前锁骨角为正性倾斜、主胸弯角度较大和术后主胸弯残余角度过小可能是AIS患者主胸弯矫正后肩部失平衡的独立危险因素。     

Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者不同上端融合椎对术后双肩平衡的影响

【摘要】 目的：探讨不同上端融合椎对术前双肩水平的Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopath?鄄ic scoliosis,AIS）患者术后双肩平衡的影响。方法：选取2006年6月~2009年6月在我院行后路主胸弯融合术并有2年以上完整影像学随访资料的32例Lenke 1型AIS患者。所有患者术前均表现为双肩水平,其中男6例,女26例,手术时年龄13~19岁,平均14.9岁,上胸弯Cobb角平均为23.7°±8.0°（10°~36°）,主胸弯Cobb角平均47.5°±6.9°（40°~62°）。按照上端融合椎不同将AIS患者分为两组：A组,上端融合椎为T3,19例;B组,上端融合椎为T4,13例。A组患者的手术时年龄、Risser征、上胸弯及主胸弯柔韧度与B组比较均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。采用方差分析比较两组患者术前、术后1年和末次随访时的上胸弯及主胸弯Cobb角、顶椎及躯干偏移距离、影像学肩关节高度差（radiographic shoulder height, RSH）、喙突高度差（CPH）和锁骨角（CA）。结果：A组随访时间2~4.5年,平均3.6±1.3年;B组随访时间2~4.8年,平均3.1±2.1年,两组比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。术前、术后1年和末次随访时,A组患者的上胸弯Cobb角、主胸弯Cobb角、顶椎及躯干偏移距离、RSH、CPH及CA与B组比较均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。A、B两组患者术后1年和末次随访时的上胸弯Cobb角、主胸弯Cobb角、顶椎及躯干偏移距离、RSH、CPH、CA分别与术前比较均有显著性改善（P<0.05）;末次随访时,两组患者的上胸弯Cobb角及RSH、CPH、CA较术后1年均显著减小（P<0.05）,均获得较满意的双肩平衡。结论：对于术前双肩水平的Lenke 1型AIS患者,上端融合椎为T3或T4对重建术后双肩平衡的疗效无明显差别;对此类患者上端融合至T4即可获得良好的矫形效果和满意的双肩平衡。     

Lenke 5型脊柱侧凸前路选择性融合术后胸弯的转归及其影响因素

目的 探讨Lenke 5型脊柱侧凸前路选择性融合术后胸弯的转归及其可能的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析伴有胸弯的29例女性Lenke 5型脊柱侧凸患者,年龄12～20岁,平均(15.3±2.0)岁;Risser征0～5级,平均(3.8±0.8)级.所有患者均行前路选择性融合术,随访24～58个月,平均33个月,分析术后胸弯的转归及其与术前相关指标的关系.结果所有患者行前路选择性融合术后,主弯Cobb角减小至11.9°±7.3°(矫正率为74.7%±15.3%),胸弯Cobb角减小至16.7°±7.5°(矫正率为40.4%±21.8%).胸弯Cobb角矫正丢失2°以上的9例患者术前胸弯Bending相矫正率较低(F=5.408,P=0.028).在发生显著胸弯矫正丢失的3例患者中,2例术前胸弯Cobb角均达35°以上,2例胸弯柔软度低于50%,1例主弯和胸弯Cobb角比值低于1.25,1例Risser征为0级.末次随访时,胸弯Cobb角与术前胸弯Cobb角、胸弯Bending相Cobb角以及胸弯和主弯Cobb角比值均正相关(分别为r=0.664,19<0.001;r=0.555,P=0.001;r=0.515,P=0.002).而末次随访时胸弯矫正率则与术前胸弯Bending相矫正率正相关(r=0.495,P=0.006).结论 Lenke 5型患者行前路选择性融合术后胸弯的自发性矫正可能与术前胸弯Cobb角、柔软度以及生长潜能等密切相关,但术前胸弯柔软度小能完全反映术后自发性矫正的程度.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸术后肩部外观可塑性与融合策略

【摘要】 目的：本研究旨在探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）术后肩部外观可塑性,分析基于该现象的胸弯融合上端椎选择策略。方法：对56例Lenke Ⅰ型AIS患者进行回顾性研究,术后随访2～5年。术前Cobb角主胸弯57.65°±12.28°、上胸弯20.34°±9.52°。根据术前肩部平衡、上胸弯柔韧度情况,主胸弯融合上端椎选择方案为：术前右肩抬高非僵硬性上胸弯（柔韧度＞30%）患者10例,选择端椎下位椎（端椎－1）;僵硬性上胸弯（柔韧度≤30%）患者7例,选择端椎。术前双肩平衡非僵硬性上胸弯患者,7例选择端椎上位椎（端椎＋1）,7例选择T3;僵硬性上胸弯患者,5例选择T4,6例选择T3。术前左肩抬高非僵硬性上胸弯患者4例,选择端椎上位椎（端椎＋1）;僵硬性上胸弯患者,1例选择T4,9例选择T3。配对t检验比较术后即刻、末次随访外观肩高（CSD）,评估术后肩部外观可塑性。并对术后肩部平衡进行主观评价,其中患者和家属一方或双方认为肩部外观未恢复平衡,为主观评价不满意。通过分析外观CSD变化,影像学冠状面平衡及T2～T5后凸角,患者及家属主观评价,总结基于肩部外观可塑性的上端椎选择策略。结果：末次随访Cobb角主胸弯19.16°±10.34°、上胸弯11.83°±8.65°,冠状面平衡0.67±0.56cm,T2～T5后凸角17.23°±7.28°。1例患者2年内随访主观评价左肩抬高,其余患者无并发症发生。术前、术后即刻、末次随访时,CSD值：1.04±0.24cm、0.92±0.22cm、0.63±0.16cm;CSD≥1cm患者例数：31例、23例、5例。术后即刻与末次随访CSD存在显著差异（t=7.98,P＜0.001）,最大肩部外观可塑值ΔCSD为1.69cm。随访中肩部恢复平衡的上端椎选择方案：术前右肩抬高非僵硬性上胸弯患者选择端椎－1,右肩抬高僵硬性上胸弯患者选择端椎,双肩平衡非僵硬性上胸弯患者选择端椎＋1或T3,双肩平衡僵硬性上胸弯患者选择T3后,患者末次随访CSD均＜1cm,主观评价满意;术前左肩抬高非僵硬性上胸弯患者选择端椎＋1后1例末次随访CSD为1.06cm,左肩抬高僵硬性上胸弯患者选择T3后1例末次随访CSD为1.02cm,主观评价满意。随访中肩部未恢复平衡的上端椎选择方案：术前双肩平衡僵硬性上胸弯患者选择T4后,2例CSD分别为1.45cm、1.54cm,其中1例随访2年内主观评价左肩抬高;术前左肩高僵硬性上胸弯患者选择T4,1例CSD较大为1.52cm。结论：AIS患者术后肩部外观存在可塑性,基于该特性Lenke Ⅰ型AIS患者胸弯融合上端椎策略为：术前右肩抬高非僵硬性上胸弯患者选择端椎－1,僵硬性上胸弯患者选择端椎;双肩平衡非僵硬性上胸弯患者选择端椎＋1,僵硬性上胸弯患者选择T3;左肩抬高非僵硬性上胸弯患者选择端椎＋1,僵硬性上胸弯患者选择T3。     

侧弯全节段椎弓根螺钉固定矫治单胸弯特发性脊柱侧凸的下固定融合椎选择

目的:探讨后路侧弯全节段椎弓根螺钉固定矫治单胸弯特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)时下固定融合椎(LIV)的选择。方法:2003年5月~2003年10月,采用侧弯全节段椎弓根螺钉固定矫治38例单胸弯AIS患者,其中,LenkeⅠA20例,LenkeⅠB18例,均采用站立位胸弯下旋转中立椎(NV)结合骶正线的方法确定LIV。术前摄站立前后、侧位,卧位左右侧屈位片,术后2周、6个月、12个月摄站立前后位和侧位平片,观察手术前后的躯干平衡、失代偿情况。结果:围手术期未出现脊髓、神经根损伤等严重并发症,平均融合8.4个节段。胸弯由术前平均57.4°矫正至术后平均11.3°,腰弯由术前平均26.8°自发矫正至平均4.9°;下固定融合椎的倾斜角由术前平均18.1°纠正至平均3.5°。胸椎矢状面Cobb角由术前平均27.1°改善至平均32.3°;水平面顶椎旋转度由术前Ⅰ~Ⅲ度改善至0~Ⅰ度。经过1年以上的随访,仅1例患者出现轻度失代偿,其余患者躯干平衡良好,未发现失代偿现象。结论:采用后路侧弯全节段椎弓根螺钉技术矫治单胸弯AIS患者时结合站立位下NV和CSVL确定LIV,可在保证矫形效果的同时节省融合节段,保存更多的腰椎活动节段。     

Lenke 5C型脊柱侧凸后路选择性矫形术下端融合椎影像学改变对冠状面平衡的影响

【摘要】 目的：探讨下端融合椎（lowest instrumented vertebra,LIV）相关影像学指标对Lenke 5C型特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）患者术后冠状面平衡的影响。方法：本研究包括30例行后路选择性融合的Lenke 5C型AIS患者,所有患者于术前、术后即刻及末次随访时拍摄站立前后位像及术前仰卧位拍摄左右Bending像。对术前、术后和末次随访时的冠状面平衡与LIV相关影像学指标（LIV偏移、LIV旋转、LIV倾斜度、LIV尾侧椎间盘开角）进行分析。结果：所有患者平均随访33个月（24~50个月）,其中LIV为L3者20例,L4者10例。30例Lenke 5C型AIS患者术前冠状面胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角平均为49.8°±5.1°,术前冠状面胸弯Cobb角平均为25.6°±7.1°。相关性检验发现以下3个指标与术后即刻冠状面平衡（coronal trunk balance,CTB）有显著相关性：（1）术前CTB（r=0.69,r2=0.48,P<0.01）;（2）术前LIV倾斜度（r=0.63,r2=0.40,P<0.01）;（3）术后即刻LIV倾斜度（r=0.60,r2=0.36,P<0.01）。在末次随访时,不管是术前还是术后的LIV相关影像学指标均与末次随访时CTB无显著相关（P>0.05）。结论：对行后路选择性融合术的Lenke 5C型AIS患者而言,术前冠状面平衡与否及术前LIV倾斜度大小对预测术后即刻冠状面平衡有重要的作用。术前LIV倾斜大于25°的患者容易发生术后即刻冠状面失平衡。然而,LIV倾斜度对Lenke 5C型AIS患者术后冠状面平衡无显著影响。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形术后 新发上胸弯转归分析

  目的 对术前无上胸弯的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者行后路矫形手术后新发上胸弯的情 况进行转归分析。 方法回顾性分析21 例患者的影像学资料, 平均随访时间19.8 个月, 对新发上胸弯 的冠状面Cobb 角、T1倾斜、放射学肩高度等影像学参数进行测量与分析。 结果 21 例患者术前主胸弯 冠状面Cobb 角平均为54.3°, 末次随访时平均为14.1°, 手术矫形率平均为74.6豫。术前5 例患者为负性 T1倾斜, 16 例为T1水平;术后均出现正性T1倾斜及新发上胸弯, T1倾斜平均6.0°, 新发上胸弯冠状面 Cobb 角平均为16.0°;末次随访时T1倾斜平均4.0°, 上胸弯平均为13.2°, 18 例患者仍存在正性T1倾斜, 17 例患者仍存在10°以上的上胸弯。术前5例患者放射学肩高度为双肩等高, 16 例为右肩高;术后19 例患者为左肩高, 6 例患者存在双肩不平衡;末次随访时有14 例患者为左肩高, 5 例患者存在双肩不平 衡。末次随访时与术后相比, T1倾斜程度、上胸弯冠状面Cobb 角均有改善(t=2.755, P=0.009;t=2.142, P= 0.038), 但上胸弯比例、左肩高发生率、双肩失平衡发生率差异均无统计学意义(χ²=4.421, P=0.107;χ²= 0.123, P=1.000;χ²=3.535, P=0.130)。 结论 青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者后路手术矫形时新发上胸弯不易 自行代偿, 且易对双肩平衡产生影响, 应以预防其发生为主。     

Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人矫形术后肩平衡的相关因素分析

目的 探讨术前右肩高Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）病人术后的肩关节高度变化,并分析术后肩平衡的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年12月于我院手术治疗的术前右肩高Lenke 1型AIS病人41例,根据术后肩部平衡状态分为双肩平衡组和双肩失衡组。分别测量两组病人术前、术后3个月及术后2年的影像学肩关节高度差（radiographic shoulder height,RSH）、上胸弯Cobb角、主胸弯Cobb角、锁骨角、胸廓锁骨角度差（clavicle chest cage angle difference,CCAD）和T₁倾斜角,并计算主胸弯矫正率、上胸弯矫正率、主胸弯柔韧度、上胸弯柔韧度等;分析双肩失衡组病人末次随访时RSH与术前影像学指标的相关性。结果 双肩失衡组术前的锁骨角和CCAD值均高于双肩平衡组,上胸弯柔韧度低于双肩平衡组（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关分析显示术前锁骨角、CCAD与术后RSH呈正相关（P＜0.05,r＞0）;上胸弯柔韧度与术后RSH呈负相关（P＜0.05,r＜0）;锁骨角变化、主胸弯及上胸弯矫正率、主胸弯角度变化与RSH变化呈正相关（P＜0.05,r＞0）。Logistic回归分析未见双肩失平衡的独立危险因素。结论 术前锁骨角、CCAD及上胸弯柔韧度是Lenke 1型AIS病人术后RSH的预测因素,应避免主胸弯过度矫正导致术后肩失衡的发生。     

后路矫形手术对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱高度的影响

要】 目的：评估后路矫形手术对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）患者脊柱高度的矫正程度及其影响因素。方法：2010年1月~2011年6月接受后路矫形内固定术的AIS患者277例,单弯（single curve,SC）173例,双弯（double curve,DC）104例,站立位主弯Cobb角平均53.63°±15.38°（40°~140°）,仰卧位主弯Cobb角43.87°±15.01°（20°~124°）。脊柱高度（spinal height,SH）定义为仰卧位全脊柱正位X线片上T1椎体上终板中点至S1椎体上终板中点之间的垂直距离。测量术前、术后SH,ΔSH为手术矫正SH值。评估不同Cobb角侧凸患者的ΔSH,并采用偏相关分析评估脊柱侧凸术前Cobb角、Cobb角矫正值、Cobb角矫正率、术前SH及术后SH与ΔSH的相关性。结果：SC组仰卧位Cobb角术后矫正至15.69°±9.21°（4°~79°）,DC组仰卧位主弯Cobb角术后矫正至19.50°±13.07°（3°~95°）,矫正率分别为69.7%和65.5%。SC组和DC组术前SH分别为41.29±2.96cm和39.97±3.26cm,术后SH分别为43.77±2.71cm和42.86±3.04cm。SC组术前仰卧位Cobb角分别为≤30°、31°~40°、41°~50°、51°~60°、61°~70°、71°~80°、>80°时,ΔSH分别为1.97±0.79cm、2.14±0.63cm、2.52±0.65cm、2.77±0.51cm、3.92±0.61cm、4.33±0.22cm、4.85±0.22cm;而在DC组中,ΔSH分别为2.37±0.60cm、2.35±0.69cm、2.56±0.53cm、3.27±0.40cm、3.79±0.94cm、3.89±1.11cm、5.46±0.91cm。ΔSH与术前Cobb角[SC：r=0.702,P<0.001;DC（主弯+次发弯）：r=0.718,P<0.001]、Cobb角矫正值[SC：r=0.659,P<0.001;DC（主弯+次发弯）：r=0.698,P<0.001]和术后SH[SC：r=0.182,P=0.017;DC（主弯+次发弯）：r=0.213,P=0.033]呈显著相关性,但与Cobb角矫正率[SC：r=0.083,P>0.05;DC（主弯+次发弯）：r=0.039,P>0.05]和术前SH[SC：r=-0.082,P>0.05;DC（主弯+次发弯）：r=-0.047,P>0.05]无明显相关性。结论：后路矫形手术可显著改善AIS患者的SH,术前Cobb角和Cobb角矫正值是影响SH矫正程度的主要因素,术后SH是次要影响因素,而Cobb角矫正率则影响不大。     

近端固定椎的选择对Lenke 5型脊柱侧凸前路矫形疗效的影响

  目的 探讨近端固定椎的选择对Lenke 5型脊柱侧凸前路融合术矫形疗效的影响。方法 2002年1月至2006年12月接受前路选择性单棒矫形手术治疗 且获得2年以上随访的女性Lenke 5型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者36例,近端固定至上端椎21例、近端固定至上端椎下方椎体15例。两组患者平均年龄为（15.3± 1.8）岁和（15.5±1.9）岁,平均胸腰或腰主弯Cobb角为46.2°和46.7°,近端胸弯为26.3°和29.6°。平均融合节段为5.3和4.8个椎体。结果 两组平均随访 31和33个月。冠状面胸腰或腰主弯矫正率为79%和70%（P=0.062）,近端胸弯自发矫正率为46%和29%（P=0.044）。矢状面上,术前和术后两组患者腰椎前凸角、 骶骨倾斜角差异均无统计学意义。矢状面平衡维持于较小的负平衡。胸椎后凸角分别有4.0°和2.3°的轻度增加,末次随访时近端固定至上端椎组大于近端固定 至上端椎下方椎体组（P=0.029）。胸腰段交界性成角均表现为轻度后凸增加,并最终保持2°~4°后凸角。近端交界性后凸均有轻度增加,融合节段成角均呈前 凸减小甚至出现后凸趋势。结论 Lenke 5型脊柱侧凸行前路选择性融合术中,近端融合至上端椎较固定至端椎下方椎体可获得更好的冠状面主弯矫正和近端胸弯 自发性矫正,矢状面矫形效果相似。     

Surgical assessment of the proximal thoracic curve in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Existing predictive signs as available in current literature may miss potential proximal thoracic (PT) curve deterioration and shoulder imbalance, following selective main thoracic (MT) curve correction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The present study is an attempt to evaluate and complement these signs, through a retrospective study of 56 AIS patients who underwent correction and fusion from 1986 till 2003 with follow-up 4–16 years. Forty-nine had fusion of MT curve, 7 of MT and PT. Cotrel–Dubousset instrumentation in 45, Luque in 12. Preoperative data: MT 50° (40°–80°), PT 25° (0°–50°), shoulder elevation from −4 cm (right) to 2 cm (left), clavicle angle from −14° to 5°, PT bending correction from 0 to 100% and T1 tilt from −15° to 14°. We introduced the first rib index (FRI), i.e., the difference between the diameter of right and left first rib arch as a percentage of the sum of both diameters, averaging from −22.7 to 14.3%. (Minus signs refer to or predict right, while positive left shoulder elevation.) Evaluation included all predictive parameters as related principally to postoperative left shoulder elevation ≥1 cm, patient satisfaction and surgeon fulfillment. Postoperative correction MT curve 53% (23–83%) and PT 35% (0–100%). One progressive paraplegic started 40 min following normal wake-up test. Immediate decompression, full recovery. Three cases with wound infection recovered after late removal of instrumentation. Loss of correction ≥10° in five. Fifteen had postoperative persisting left shoulder elevation ≥1 cm. Seven of these expressed dissatisfaction. Statistically FRI proved valuable predictive factor always in combination with previously described signs. We concluded that a postoperative left shoulder elevation ≥2 cm is a potential cause of dissatisfaction and may be prevented with thorough validation of all predictive signs, principally the FRI. Part of this paper was presented at the 62nd annual meeting of the Hellenique Orthop. Society (October 2006) and received the 1st award for best clinical paper.     

Dextrocardia and coronal alignment of thoracic curve: a population study

The objective of this study was to evaluate the coronal alignment of the thoracic spine in persons with dextrocardia. Generally, the thoracic spine is slightly curved to the right. It has been suggested that the curve could be triggered by pulsation forces from the descending aorta. Since no population study has focused on the alignment of the thoracic spine in persons with situs inversus, dextrocardia, and right-sided descending aorta, we compared the radiographs of the thoracic spine in persons with dextrocardia to those having normal levocardia. Among 57,440 persons in a health survey, 11 cases of dextrocardia were identified through standard radiological screening. The miniature chest radiographs of eight persons were eligible for the present study. The study was carried out as a nested case–control study. Four individually matched (age, gender, and municipality) controls with levocardia were chosen for each case. Coronal alignment of the thoracic spine was analyzed without knowledge of whether the person had levo- or dextrocardia. A mild convexity to the left was found in all persons with dextrocardia and right-sided descending aorta (mean Cobb angle 6.6° to the left, SD 2.9). Of the 32 normal levocardia persons, 29 displayed a convexity to the right, and the remaining three had a straight spine (mean Cobb angle 5.2° to the right, SD 2.3). The difference (mean 11.8°, SD 3.5) differed significantly from unity (P = 0.00003). In conclusion, it seems that a slight left convexity of the thoracic spine is frequent in dextrocardia. We assume that the effect of the repetitive pulsatile pressure of the descending thoracic aorta, and the mass effect of the heart may cause the direction of the convexity to develop opposite to the side of the aortic arch.     

O型臂导航系统辅助胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入的准确性及学习曲线

目的:探究应用O型臂导航系统辅助胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入的准确性及其学习曲线.方法:回顾性分析2015年5月～2018年5月我院行胸椎内固定手术的患者临床资料109例,其中男性49例,女性60例,年龄53.5±12.3岁(27～77岁).根据是否使用O型臂导航系统辅助置钉分为导航组(A组,n=66)和非导航组(B组,n=43...     

含有上胸弯的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的矫形效果分析

目的分析含有上胸弯的特发性脊柱侧凸患者的矫形效果。方法含有上胸弯的特发性脊柱侧凸患者26例,其中双胸弯（PUMCⅡa）13例,三弯13例（PUMCⅢa11例,Ⅲb2例）,分为手术融合范围含上胸弯组（A组,18例）,未含上胸弯组（B组,8例）。根据其临床及影像学资料,对侧凸及双肩平衡的矫形效果进行回顾性分析。结果上胸弯与主胸弯冠状面Cobb角术前A组为45．3°和61．2°,B组为35．6°和58．9°,术后A组为24．2°和20．1°、B组为26．4°和20．3°,A组上胸弯与主胸弯冠状面矫形率为48．2％和68．7％,B组上胸弯自动矫形率与主胸弯冠状面矫形率为24．5％和66．3％,上胸弯矫形率A组明显优于B组,主胸弯矫形率二组问比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后放射学检查双肩高度差〉10mm（双肩不平衡）的发生比例,A组与B组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术前左肩高或双肩等高的患者术后双肩失平衡的发生率明显高于术前右肩高的患者（P〈0．05）。结论对于含有上胸弯、术前左肩高或双肩等高的特发性脊柱侧凸患者,手术矫形时应考虑融合上胸弯,以获得更好的上胸弯冠状面矫形率,同时避免或减少术后双肩失平衡的发生。     

腰骶半弯对成人脊柱畸形术后冠状面失平衡的影响

目的 :分析成人胸腰椎/腰椎畸形矫形术后冠状面失平衡的原因和危险因素,探讨腰骶半弯(L4-S1)对术后失平衡的影响。方法:回顾性分析2008年1月～2018年9月间在我院接受手术治疗的成人脊柱畸形患者,病例入选标准:(1)年龄≥20岁;(2)影像学检查胸腰弯/腰弯为主弯(顶椎位于T12-L4之间),腰骶半弯为代偿弯;(3)胸腰弯/腰弯冠状面Cobb角度≥30°;(4)脊柱内固定融合≥5个节段;(5)随访时间6个月以上且具有完整影像资料。统计分析患者的人口学特点、手术方式、影像学参数、冠状面平衡与腰骶半弯的关系,以及治疗效果的健康相关生活质量评分改善情况。结果:共有157例成人胸腰椎脊柱畸形患者纳入本研究,包括男性52例,女性105例,平均年龄56.5岁(26～77岁)。病因学诊断包括先天性脊柱畸形39例,成人特发性脊柱畸形35例,退行性脊柱侧凸83例。术后总共有24例(15.3%)患者发生了冠状面失平衡,失平衡患者的ODI和SF-12PCS评分较术前无明显改善。影像学评估冠状面平衡组与失平衡组患者的主弯Cobb角与柔韧性,腰骶半弯Cobb角与柔韧性,以及L4、L5椎体术前的倾斜角,手术截骨方式,上、下固定点选择,主弯矫正度和残余角度,腰骶半弯矫正度均没有统计学差异(P0.05)。平衡组患者的腰骶半弯残余角度明显小于失平衡组患者(6.3°vs 12.2°,P=0.000),L4和L5椎体倾斜度明显小于失平衡组的患者(L4:8.2°vs 17.3°,P=0.000;L5:6.4°vs15.2°,P=0.000)。术前冠状面向腰弯凸侧偏移的患者发生冠状面失平衡的概率显著增加(23.2%)。结论:冠状面失平衡以后患者的健康相关生活质量受到明显影响。术前冠状面向腰弯凸侧偏移,术后腰骶半弯残余角度过大,术后L4、L5椎体过度倾斜倾是发生冠状面失平衡的危险因素。     

Discrepancy between radiographic shoulder balance and cosmetic shoulder balance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with double thoracic curve

Shoulder balance is one of the key components to the body deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients with double thoracic curve and shoulder cosmesis plays an important role in patients’ satisfaction of surgical outcomes. Up to now, only radiographic parameters were used to evaluate the shoulder balance in literatures; no corresponding cosmetic parameters have been developed to evaluate the cosmetic shoulder balance. Meanwhile, we often confronted that perfect radiographic shoulder balance was achieved, but the patients complained about the residual cosmetic deformity. This phenomenon implied that discrepancy may exist between radiographic shoulder balance and cosmetic shoulder balance. The present study was carried out to investigate the correlation between radiographic and clinical cosmetic shoulder balance in AIS patients with double thoracic curve. Thirty-four AIS patients were recruited for this study. All the patients had a double thoracic curve. Six cosmetic parameters––inner shoulder height (SHi), outer shoulder height (SHo), shoulder area index 1 (SAI1), shoulder area index 2 (SAI2), shoulder angle (α1) and axilla angle (α2) were developed and measured on the standing photographs. Also, seven radiographic parameters––T1 tilting (T1), first rib angle (FRA), clavicle angle (CA), coracoid process height (CPH), clavicle-rib cage intersection (CRCI), first rib–clavicle height (FRCH), trapezius length (TL) were measured on the standing posterior–anterior radiographs. Correlation analysis was made between cosmetic parameters and radiographic parameters. SHi was found to be significantly correlated with T1, FRA, CA, CPH, CRCI (P < 0.05), among which FRA had the highest correlation coefficient. SHo was found to be significantly correlated with T1, FRA, CA, CPH, CRCI, FRCH (P < 0.05), among which CRCI had the highest correlation coefficient. However, none of the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.8. The correlation coefficients between radiographic parameters and SAI1, SAI2, α1, α2 were also below 0.8 that were similar with SH. The results indicated that radiographic parameters could only partially reflect the shoulder cosmetic appearances. However, none of the existing parameters can accurately reflect the shoulder cosmetic appearance. As cosmesis is critical important to patients’ satisfaction, spine surgeons should pay more attention to the cosmetic shoulder balance rather than radiographic shoulder balance.     

Spontaneous proximal thoracic curve correction after isolated fusion of the main thoracic curve in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical, radiographic, and patient outcome review of surgically treated adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the spontaneous correction of the noninstrumented proximal thoracic (PT) curve after isolated correction of the main thoracic (MT) curve by either an anterior (ASF) or posterior (PSF) instrumentation and fusion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There are no studies comparing the structural PT curve response after anterior versus posterior instrumented fusion of the MT curve in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS: Eighty-five patients (single surgeon) with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis underwent operative instrumentation and fusion of their MT curve. All patients had a PT curve > or =20 degrees (average 29 degrees, range 20-49 degrees; average residual side-bending 18 degrees, range 3-42 degrees ) and were evaluated for preoperative PT curve flexibility and postoperative curve correction after PSF with the PT curve not instrumented (n = 44) and ASF with the PT curve not instrumented (n = 41). Minimum follow-up was 2 years (average, 3.6 years). Preoperative, 1 week postoperative, and latest follow-up (minimum 2-year) full-length radiographs were evaluated for the PT, MT, and thoracolumbar-lumbar coronal, side-bending, and sagittal Cobb measurements, as well as T1 tilt, clavicle angle, radiographic shoulder height, and the PT, MT, and thoracolumbar-lumbar apical vertical translation. A patient outcome questionnaire was also completed to correlate patient satisfaction with respect to their shoulder balance and overall appearance. RESULTS: The two groups were found to be statistically equivalent (P = 0.66) in terms of preoperative PT curve, MT curve, and MT side-bending curves, with the PT side benders slightly more flexible for the ASF (43%) versus the PSF group (31%) (P = 0.02). RADIOGRAPHIC: The spontaneous improvement in the PT curve was significant (P < 0.0001) in both groups. Additionally, this correction was maintained over time. However, the spontaneous PT curve correction was significantly greater after an ASF versus PSF correction of the MT curve on both the immediate postoperative (P =0.017) and minimum 2-year (P = 0.0024) evaluations, whereas the MT curve correction was the same in both groups (P = 0.45). There was no difference in the postoperative sagittal change in the PT curve (P = 0.12) between the two groups, and there was no difference in radiographic shoulder height (P = 0.5883). PATIENT OUTCOME: Both groups reported improvement in shoulder balance and clinical appearance, but there was no statistical difference between the two groups (P = 0.24). Additionally, no patients reported deterioration in either parameter. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous proximal thoracic curve correction consistently occurs after instrumented correction of the main thoracic curve. Furthermore, this spontaneous correction is as good as or slightly better after an ASF versus PSF of the MT curve. The preoperative side bender radiographs (PT curve flexibility) positively correlate with the postoperative spontaneous PT curve correction.