肺结核合并肺部感染患者的菌群分布特点及其耐药性分析

目的分析肺结核合并肺部感染患者的菌群分布特点及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法选择2011年3月—2015年4月孝感市中心医院收治的肺结核合并肺部感染患者314例,取患者早晨洗漱后咳出的深部痰或支气管灌洗液进行细菌培养,分析其菌群分布特点及耐药性。结果 314份标本共培养出病原菌414株,其中革兰阳性菌108株(占26.09%)、革兰阴性菌290株(占70.05%)、真菌16株(占3.86%);革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主(占13.53%),革兰阴性菌以铜绿假单胞菌为主(占22.22%),真菌均为白色假丝酵母菌。药敏试验结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对青霉素G的耐药率为100.0%,对万古霉素的耐药率均为0;铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药率均为100.0%,肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为0,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率较低,均为15.2%,鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星和头孢哌酮的耐药率较低,分别为18.7%和21.9%。结论肺结核合并肺部感染患者病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要革兰阳性菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,主要革兰阴性菌为铜绿假单胞菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对万古霉素无耐药,肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南无耐药,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮耐药率低。     

387例急性脑梗死合并肺部感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的检测和分析急性脑梗死合并肺部感染患者的病原菌分布以及耐药性,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集2012年1月至2018年6月在本院进行诊治并符合急性脑梗死患者合并肺部感染诊断标准的患者387例,对其痰标本进行细菌培养,并检测分析其耐药性。结果 387例急性脑梗死合并肺部感染患者临床标本共培养出431株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌(G-)304株,占70.53%;革兰阳性菌(G+)98株,占22.74%;真菌29株,占6.73%。G-菌中检出率较高的次为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌。其中肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、亚胺培南具有较高的敏感性,对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星具有较高的耐药性;铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、氨曲南较敏感,对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、左氧氟沙星耐药率为79.41%-86.76%;大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、亚胺培南较敏感,对头孢唑林、左氧氟沙星耐药率为85.71%-96.43%。G+菌中检出率较高的是金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌,两细菌对利奈唑胺、替考拉宁、呋喃妥因、万古霉素较敏感,对青霉素、氨苄西林耐药率为81.48%-100.00%;真菌中检出率较高的是白色假丝酵母菌和热带假丝酵母菌,两真菌对酮康唑、制霉菌素、氟胞嘧啶较敏感,对氟康唑、伊曲康唑和两性霉素B耐药率为26.67%-40.00%。结论急性脑梗死合并肺部感染患者感染病原菌普遍存在一定的耐药性,应及时做病原菌培养和耐药性试验,以利于控制患者病情。     

糖尿病并发细菌感染的临床资料回顾性分析

目的对糖尿病并发细菌感染的临床患者资料进行分析,以求指导糖尿病并发呼吸道细菌感染患者的临床应用抗生素有效治疗。方法随机选取2015年1月—2015年12月期间,该院接诊的糖尿病并发呼吸道细菌感染患者100例送检的痰液标本,依据临床微生物实验室报告的微生物培养结果,对相应的病例进行回顾性分析。结果从收集的100份标本中,患者阳性病原菌标本共检测出菌株126株,糖尿病患者常见的呼吸道感染细菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占69.04%,主要有铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、以及大肠埃希菌,对于此4种敏感的药物有:哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、美罗培南,肺炎克雷伯杆菌敏感的药物哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南,对大肠埃希菌敏感的药物氨苄西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、美罗培南、头孢他啶、氨曲南、阿米卡星,对铜绿假单胞菌敏感的药物哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、美罗培南、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南。革兰氏阳性菌占30.95%,主要有金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌。3种革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦中度敏感;如果还未能明确致病细菌,则可以选择哌拉西林/他唑巴坦进行治疗。结论糖尿病并发细菌感染的患者在细菌培养结果不明确的时候应该首选头孢三代,明确致病原因之后则应该及时进行调整,在进行细菌感染治疗的同时,注意控制血糖变化。这从临床推广角度来看,对于提升患者治愈率和存活率均有重要意义。     

重症监护患者临床分离菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的:了解重症监护病房感染患者临床分离菌的分布及对抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法:收集湖北地区15所三级甲等医院重症监护患者临床标本培养的致病菌1 935株,并进行纸片法药敏试验,根据2001年NCCLS颁布的准则,采用“WHONET 5”软件进行分析。结果:革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌分别占25.9%和74.1%。革兰阴性菌中以铜绿假单胞菌最常见(22.2%),再依次为不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和克雷伯杆菌;革兰阳性菌中,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌多于金黄色葡萄球菌(分别为10.0%和7.8%)。药敏试验表明:铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南( IMP)的敏感率为62.0%,对其他所有抗菌药物的敏感率均低于60%。对不动杆菌属、克雷伯菌属和肠杆菌属敏感率较高的有IMP、美罗培南(MER),对大肠埃希菌敏感率较高的有IMP、MER和头孢吡肟,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌仅对左氧氟沙星敏感(敏感率87.0%),对其他抗菌药物的敏感率均低于57%。结论:重症监护患者感染致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,尤以铜绿假单胞菌常见。致病菌耐药问题严重,及时监测重症监护患者感染致病菌的变迁和耐药发展趋势以指导临床用药至关重要。     

艾滋病合并细菌性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药研究

目的研究艾滋病合并细菌性肺炎患者的病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床疾病防控提供指导。方法收集艾滋病合并细菌性肺炎患者痰液等标本,分离鉴定病原菌,并对病原菌进行耐药性分析。结果分离鉴定出106株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌66株,革兰阳性菌40株;革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌29株,肺炎克雷伯菌18株,阴沟肠杆菌10株,铜绿假单胞菌2株,鲍曼不动杆菌1株,其他革兰阴性菌6株;革兰阳性菌中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌20株,金黄色葡萄球菌11株,肺炎链球菌5株,其他革兰阳性菌4株。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星的耐药率分别为51.72%、37.93%、31.03%、24.14%和10.34%;肺炎克雷伯菌对庆大霉素、氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、头孢他啶的耐药率分别为55.56%、44.44%、33.33%、27.78%和16.67%,主要革兰阴性菌对美罗培南均敏感;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对庆大霉素、苯唑西林、利福平、阿奇霉素、克林霉素的耐药率分别为75.00%、50.00%、40.00%、30.00%和25.00%;金黄色葡萄球菌对庆大霉素、阿奇霉素、苯唑西林、克林霉素、利福平的耐药率分别为63.64%、54.55%、45.45%、45.45%和27.27%;肺炎链球菌对苯唑西林、庆大霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素、利福平的耐药率分别为40.00%、20.00%、20.00%、20.00%和20.00%,主要革兰阳性菌对利奈唑胺均敏感。结论艾滋病合并细菌性肺炎患者感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中以大肠埃希菌最为常见。治疗革兰阴性菌感染患者时首选美罗培南;治疗革兰阳性菌感染患者时首选利奈唑胺。     

血液肿瘤并发败血症143株病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的探讨血液肿瘤患者并发败血症病原菌分布及对抗生素的敏感性。方法回顾分析2004-01/2006-12住院的血液肿瘤患者血培养标本中分离的病原菌。结果472份血培养标本检出致病菌143株,阳性率30.3%。革兰阴性菌95株（66.4%）,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主;革兰阳性菌40株（28.0%）,以表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌8株（5.6%）。革兰阴性杆菌除对亚胺培南、美洛培南的耐药率较低外,对其他抗菌药耐药性较高,铜绿假单胞菌对美洛培南也有一定耐药性。3种主要革兰阴性菌大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林均高度耐药。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药率低,尚未检出耐万古霉素菌株,部分肠球菌和溶血葡萄球菌株对替考拉宁耐药。结论血液肿瘤患者并发败血症的病原菌中,以革兰阴性菌为主;抗生素的大量使用,使革兰阴性菌和阳性菌的耐药率都增高,应根据细菌培养及药敏实验在临床中合理使用抗生素。     

我院COPD急性加重患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解亳州市人民医院慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)住院患者感染病原菌的分布情况及耐药性特点。方法分析亳州市人民医院2018年1月-2018年12月280例AECOPD住院患者痰培养的检出病原菌分布和耐药特征。结果 280例AECOPD患者痰标本共分离病原菌301株,其中革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌分别占79. 4%和1. 66%,真菌占18. 94%。革兰阴性菌排名前3位的病原菌分布为铜绿假单胞菌(28. 57%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(14. 29%)、大肠埃希菌(12. 62%),革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林和头孢类抗生素耐药率高,其中铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松的耐药率均超过90%;肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林耐药率100%;鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松耐药率均为100%,对亚胺培南耐药率为44. 44%。革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌为主,其中金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺均敏感。前三位真菌为白假丝酵母菌(13. 29%)、热带假丝酵母菌(3. 99%)、曲霉菌(1%),白假丝酵母菌为主,对氟康唑、伏立康唑均敏感,耐药率较低。结论亳州市人民医院AECOPD患者病原菌以革兰阴性菌占绝对优势,且耐药性严重,真菌感染在AECOPD患者占一定比例,临床上应根据病原菌分布及耐药性、合理选择抗生素,有利于提高临床诊疗。     

82例肺脓肿致病菌及耐药性分析

目的探讨引起肺脓肿的病原菌的分布及耐药情况,指导临床合理应用抗生素。方法分析我院2004年1月至2008年8月收治的82例肺脓肿的感染致病菌。结果42例伴基础疾病的肺脓肿以革兰阴性杆菌感染为主,无基础疾病的以革兰阳性球菌居多;革兰阴性菌中常见致病菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌和不动杆菌,对常用抗生素的敏感药物有：亚胺培南,哌拉西林．三唑巴坦,头孢哌酮．舒巴坦,阿米卡星,头孢吡肟,环丙沙星。结论在肺脓肿的起始经验性治疗时,伴有基础疾病的应首选抗革兰阴性杆菌的敏感药物,但是头孢吡肟、环丙沙星已严重耐药。     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者病原菌分布及耐药性。方法 选取武汉市黄陂区人民医院ICU 2013年2月—2015年1月收治的VAP患者162例,回顾性分析患者的病历资料,分析其病原菌分布及耐药情况。结果 162份标本中培养分离出病原菌266株,其中革兰阴性菌202株(75.7%)、革兰阳性菌64株(24.3%)。革兰阴性菌以铜绿假单胞菌(占33.2%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(占24.8%)为主;革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(占53.1%)为主。铜绿假单胞菌对复方磺胺甲噁唑、头孢西丁的耐药率较高,分别为91.0%、79.0%;对亚胺培南的耐药率较低,为10.4%。肺炎克雷伯菌对环丙沙星、庆大霉素的耐药率较高,分别为82.0%、72.0%;对亚胺培南的耐药率较低,为4.0%。大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林、头孢曲松、头孢他啶的耐药率较高,分别为94.4%、86.1%、86.1%;对亚胺培南的耐药率较低,为2.8%。嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对除头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦和复方磺胺甲噁唑之外的常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高,均为75.0%及以上。金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对甲氧西林的耐药率分别为94.1%、80.0%,但耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌对替考拉宁和万古霉素的敏感率均为100.0%。结论 ICU VAP患者以革兰阴性菌感染为主,且大多数革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南较敏感。     

糖尿病合并慢性鼻窦炎患者鼻分泌物培养结果分析

目的探析糖尿病合并慢性鼻窦炎患者进行鼻分泌物培养,对其病原菌分布及其耐药性进行分析,为临床上合理用药抗菌药物提供可靠依据。方法选取该院2013年1月—2015年3月接受的150例病人,均是糖尿病合并慢性鼻窦炎,对这150例患者的情况进行回顾性分析,均进行鼻分泌物培养,分析病原菌种类及药敏试验的结果。结果1标本一共150份,其检出病原菌的标本120份,其阳性率为(120/150)80.0%,分离鉴定病原菌共136株,均是需氧菌;2136株需氧菌中,84株为革兰阳性菌,占61.76%,具体是表皮葡萄球菌39.71%,金黄色葡萄球菌8.09%、肺炎链球菌5.88%及人葡萄球菌4.41%;52株是革兰阴性菌,占38.24%,具体是产气肠杆菌11.03%、肺炎克雷伯菌7.35%、大肠埃希菌5.88%及阴沟肠杆菌5.15%;3耐药率:革兰阳性菌对青霉素G和红霉素耐药率较高,其耐药率为78.57%、66.67%;敏感率:革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、四环素、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星及利福平的敏感性较高,其敏感性为98.81%、64.29%、69.05%、66.67%、80.95%;4耐药率:革兰阴性菌对头孢唑林耐药率为92.31%、庆大霉素88.46%、氨苄西林86.54%、氨曲南82.69%、和哌拉西林76.92%;敏感率:对头孢吡肟敏感率为98.08%、头孢他啶90.38%、阿米卡星80.77%、亚胺培南100.0%、美罗培南86.54%、和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦71.15%。结论糖尿病合并慢性鼻窦炎患者的鼻分泌物检出率比较高,且这些病原菌多数表现为耐药,因此,临床上需要加强病原菌及耐药性监测,了解其分布特征,为临床上合理用药抗菌药物提供可靠依据。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.