间充质干细胞成软骨分化相关研究进展

软骨细胞移植疗法已成功应用于软骨损伤修复和软骨组织工程研究,但软骨细胞取材有限,因此探索软骨细胞替代物成为研究热点。间充质干细胞具有分化为骨、软骨等组织的潜能,在软骨损伤、骨关节炎修复及软骨组织工程等方面起着重要作用。该文就间充质干细胞成软骨分化相关研究进展作一综述。     

Ad-TGFβ1重组腺病毒载体转染兔骨髓间充质干细胞的研究

利用软骨组织工程修复人体关节面的软骨面缺损是自20世纪末以来人们探讨的研究方向，其中骨髓间充质干细胞作为种子细胞向软骨细胞分化的研究是具有优势的一个热点。我们利用重组腺病毒作为载体，将TGFβ1基因转染兔骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs），为其向软骨细胞表型的分化提供实验基础。     

骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化的影响因素研究进展

软骨组织工程的研究发展为关节软骨损伤的修复带来了新的希望.骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)具有分化为骨、软骨、肌腱、脂肪等组织的多分化潜能[1],也是目前软骨组织工程的研究热点[2].BMSCs在修复软骨损伤时,无论在体内体外,都须经历向软骨细胞分化的过程,在此过程中有着诸多影响因素,现就目前研究影响BMSCs向软骨细胞分化的文献进行综述分析如下.     

骨髓间充质干细胞修复软骨缺损研究进展

间充质干细胞是一类多能干细胞,在胚胎形成过程中分化为骨、软骨、肌腱、肌肉、脂肪和骨髓基质等多种间充质组织.近年研究者成功地分离到人和多种动物骨髓间充质干细胞并发现其在体外仍保持干细胞特性,能够诱导分化为成骨细胞、软骨细胞、成肌细胞和脂肪细胞等细胞系.动物实验表明,骨髓间充质干细胞能够修复具有临床意义的软骨缺损.此外,由于具有多能性,骨髓间充质干细胞还是很好的基因载体,在创伤修复的基因治疗中有广阔的应用前景.     

骨髓基质干细胞修复软骨缺损的实验研究

[目的]探寻体外诱导骨髓基质干细胞成软骨细胞的最佳细胞因子，寻求体内修复家兔软骨缺损的最为有效方案。[方法]rhFGF1、rhTGF-β1、rhIGF-1单独或联合应用对骨髓基质干细胞进行体外诱导培养，应用常规染色、MTT、免疫组织化学染色的方法筛选诱导骨髓基质干细胞成软骨细胞的最佳细胞因子，并将其与骨髓基质干细胞复合于纤维蛋白凝胶制成凝胶复合物，直接种植到兔膝关节实验性关节软骨缺损处，并与对照组相比较，观察软骨修复效果。[结果]常规形态学观察，rhTGF-β1和rhIGF-1联合应用诱导的细胞在形态上类似于软骨细胞，免疫组化染色提示诱导细胞具有软骨细胞表型。凝胶复合物直接种植在体内能诱导骨髓基质干细胞向软骨细胞分化，修复缺损的软骨，缺少细胞因子的对照组软骨缺损修复效果差。[结论]rhTGF-β1和rhIGF-1联合应用可作为诱导骨髓基质干细胞向软骨细胞分化的最佳组合，骨髓基质干细胞凝胶复合物能修复软骨缺损。     

骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells，MSCs)是存在于骨髓基质中的一种多能干细胞，在特定的培养条件下，MSCs可分化成成骨细胞、软骨细胞、脂肪细胞、成纤维细胞等多种间充质细胞。由于它们可以作为滋养层支持造血干细胞的生长，因此也被称为骨髓基质细胞(bone marrow stromal cells，BMSCs)。本文就骨髓MSCs的分离培养及成软骨分化的研究进展作一综述。     

补肾中药对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的作用研究

骨髓间充质干细胞作为骨损伤后,骨修复、重建的种子细胞,越来越成为骨组织工程学中的研究热点。骨修复、重建的关键核心是如何能够提高骨髓间充质干细胞的高效增殖和成骨定向分化。以"肾藏精,主骨,生髓"的中医理论为依据,同时实验和临床也证实,补肾中药可以有效地促进骨髓间充质干细胞增殖、以及定向成骨分化。为骨损伤之后的修复和重建提供新的治疗途径。笔者就近年补肾中药促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的研究作一综述。     

转化生长因子-β1基因修饰对骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化的影响

目的观察骨髓间充质干细胞经转化生长因子-β1(transforminggrowthfactor,TGF-β1)基因修饰后增殖能力和向软骨细胞分化能力的变化。方法利用脂质体将pcDNA3-TGF-β1基因导入骨髓间充质干细胞,通过大体形态观察、CCK-8测定转染前后骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖代谢能力,同时RT-PCR和Westernblot法检测软骨特异性细胞外基质蛋白Ⅱ型胶原的表达。结果基因修饰后骨髓间充质干细胞倍增能力明显增强,并且Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达增加。结论经TGF-β1基因修饰的MSCs向软骨细胞分化能力增强,是优秀的软骨组织工程种子细胞。     

结缔组织生长因子与软骨修复研究进展

软骨损伤后修复是目前研究热点之一.结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)作为一种多功能生长因子,可调节软骨细胞增殖分化、促进细胞外基质合成并维持平衡,具有诱导间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化的功能,其作用贯穿软骨细胞生长发育和损伤修复的整个过程.研究CTGF作用机制对于生物学、组织工程学及基因治疗修复软骨具有重要意义.该文就CTGF结...     

关节液来源间充质干细胞在组织工程中应用研究进展

间充质干细胞是治疗软骨损伤的新方法,间充质干细胞的来源选择是目前研究重点。关节液来源间充质干细胞(SF-MSC)是从关节液中分离而来,具有间充质干细胞的生物学特性。SF-MSC易于获取,与脂肪和骨髓来源的间充质干细胞相比,其具有更强的软骨分化能力,被认为是治疗软骨损伤的理想种子细胞。体内研究证实,SF-MSC复合支架材料或关节内注射SF-MSC对修复软骨损伤有很好的效果。目前研究表明,SF-MSC有望成为治疗软骨损伤的候选间充质干细胞。该文就SF-MSC在组织工程中应用的研究进展作一综述。     

Zellbasierte Therapieoptionen von Gelenkknorpeldefekten

Cartilage defects are multifactorial and site-specific and therefore need a clear analysis of the underlying pathology as well as an individualized therapy so that cartilage repair lacks a one-for-all therapy. The results of comparative clinical studies using cultured chondrocytes in autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) have shown some superiority over conventional microfracturing under defined conditions, especially for medium or large defects and in long-term durability. Adult mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from bone marrow, have the potency to proliferate in culture and are capable of differentiating into the chondrogenic pathway. They represent a promising versatile cell source for cartilage repair but the ideal conditions for cultivation and application in cartilage repair are not yet known or have not yet been characterized. Adding a scaffold offers mechanical stability and advances chondrogenic differentiation for both possible cell sources.     

Cell-based therapy options for osteochondral defects. Autologous mesenchymal stem cells compared to autologous chondrocytes

Cartilage defects are multifactorial and site-specific and therefore need a clear analysis of the underlying pathology as well as an individualized therapy so that cartilage repair lacks a one-for-all therapy. The results of comparative clinical studies using cultured chondrocytes in autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) have shown some superiority over conventional microfracturing under defined conditions, especially for medium or large defects and in long-term durability. Adult mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from bone marrow, have the potency to proliferate in culture and are capable of differentiating into the chondrogenic pathway. They represent a promising versatile cell source for cartilage repair but the ideal conditions for cultivation and application in cartilage repair are not yet known or have not yet been characterized. Adding a scaffold offers mechanical stability and advances chondrogenic differentiation for both possible cell sources.     

Recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells and expression of TGF-beta 1 and VEGF in the early stage of shock wave-promoted bone regeneration of segmental defect in rats.

Extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) treatment has recently been established as a method to enhance bone repair. Here, we reported that ESW-promoted healing of segmental defect via stimulation of mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and differentiation into bone forming cells. Rats with a segmental femoral defect were exposed to a single ESW treatment (0.16 mJ/mm(2), 1 Hz, 500 impulses). Cell morphology and histological changes in the defect region were assessed 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post-treatment. Presence of mesenchymal stem cell was assayed by immuno-staining for RP59, a recently discovered marker, and also production of TGF-beta 1 and VEGF was monitored. ESW treatment increased total cell density and the proportion of RP59 positive cells in the defect region. High numbers of round- and cuboidal-shaped cells strongly expressing RP59 were initially found. Later, the predominant cell type was spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells, subsequently, aggregates of osteogenic and chondrogenic cells were observed. Histological observation suggested that bone marrow stem cells were progressively differentiated into osteoblasts and chondrocytes. RP59 staining was initially intense and decreased with the appearance of expression depended on the differentiation states of osteogenic and chondrogenic cells during the regeneration phase. Mature chondrocytes and osteoblasts exhibited only slight RP59 immuno-reactivity. Expression of TGF-beta 1 and VEGF-A mRNA in the defect tissues was also significantly increased (P<0.05) after ESW treatment as determined by RT-PCR. Intensive TGF-beta 1 immuno-reactivity was induced immediately, whereas a lag period was observed for VEGF-A. Chondrocytes and osteoblasts at the junction of ossified cartilage clearly exhibited VEGF-A expression. Our findings suggest that recruitment of meseoblasts at the junction of ossified cartilage clearly exhibited mesenchymal stem cells is a critical step in bone reparation that is enhanced by ESW treatment. TGF-beta 1 and VEGF-A are proposed to play a chemotactic and mitogenic role in recruitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.     

Development of a new method to harvest chondroprogenitor cells from underneath cartilage defects in the knees

Background  Mesenchymal progenitor cells from bone marrow hold great potential as a cell source for cartilage repair. Aspiration from the iliac crest is the most widely used method to harvest bone marrow cells for cartilage repair. The objective of our study was to establish a new method to isolate mesenchymal progenitor cells by direct aspiration of bone marrow from the subchondral spongious bone underneath cartilage defects during microfracture treatment and to confirm the chondrogenic potential of the resulting cell cultures. Methods  Bone marrow was aspirated arthroscopically from patients treated for isolated cartilage defects. Adherent stromal cells were isolated, expanded in monolayer cultures, and characterized by flow cytometry. Chondrogenic induction of cells was achieved by combination of spheroid cultures in hanging drops and the concomitant use of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). Articular chondrocytes established in three-dimensional (3D) cultures were used as positive cartilage-forming units, and skin fibroblasts were used as negative controls. Three-dimensional constructs were stained for immunohistochemical and histological examination, and a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to quantify the expression of aggrecan, collagen types 1 and 2, and Sox9. Results  Mesenchymal stem cell-like progenitor cells (MSCs) displaying chondrogenic differentiation capacity were harvested arthroscopically from underneath cartilage lesions on distal femurs using the one-hole technique. Stem cell-related surface antigens analyzed by flow cytometry confirmed the nature of the isolated adherent cells. MSC spheroids stained positive for glycosaminoglycans and collagen type 2. Realtime PCR showed that MSCs in 3D spheroids significantly increased gene expression of collagen type 2, aggrecan, and Sox 9 and down-regulated expression of collagen type 1 when compared to the mRNA levels measured in MSCs monolayers. Conclusions  We describe a new technique that may be applied for harvesting bone marrow cells from cartilage defects during arthroscopic intervention of the knee. Cells harvested in this way hold full chondrogenic differentiation potential. Our data imply that MSC storage may be established by using marrow from this approach, bypassing the need for cell aspiration from the iliac crest.     

成软骨诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞膜片修复肋软骨供区缺损的实验研究

目的采用兔胸廓损伤动物模型,观察成软骨诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞膜片对肋软骨供区再生修复的影响。方法将16只家兔随机分为4组,每组4只,分别为健康对照组,实验1、2、3组。健康对照组家兔无任何处理,对实验组的每组双侧第4—6肋软骨均采用不同的2种方法处理,同侧3根肋软骨采用同一种方法处理,3种方法在每组中两两配对。3种方法分别为：①直接缝合软骨膜;②骨髓间充质干细胞膜片折叠数层成圆筒状填塞人肋软骨缺损处缝合;③成软骨诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞膜片同法折叠数层成圆筒状填塞入肋软骨缺损处,缝合封闭缺损。3种方法在各实验组兔两侧肋软骨中两两配对,健康对照组不做处理。术后16周,处死家兔取材进行大体观察,常规HE染色,并行生物力学检测,测定所有肋软骨的抗压强度及弯曲强度。结果各实验组家兔的胸廓整体形态均较良好,各组及各处理方法间无明显差别。生物力学检测显示,3种处理方法之间均存在差异（P〈0．01）,方法3处理的修复组织的抗压、弯曲强度与健康对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;方法1、2处理的修复组织的抗压、弯曲强度明显低于健康对照组（P〈0．01）;方法2处理的修复组织的抗压、弯曲强度优于方法1。组织切片HE染色病理观察,可见方法1、2处理的修复组织主要为纤维组织,方法3处理的修复组织内,可见新生的软骨细胞和大量的软骨细胞外基质。结论成软骨诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞膜片可以促进肋软骨供区软骨细胞的再生,修复肋软骨供区缺损,维持胸廓的正常形态和稳定性,从而降低术后胸廓畸形的发生率。     

A review of the effects of insulin-like growth factor and platelet derived growth factor on in vivo cartilage healing and repair

Growth factors may enhance current cartilage repair techniques via multiple mechanisms including recruitment of chondrogenic cells (chemotaxis), stimulation of chondrogenic cell proliferation (mitogenesis) and enhancement of cartilage matrix synthesis. Two growth factors that have been studied in cartilage repair are insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). IGF plays a key role in cartilage homeostasis, balancing proteoglycan synthesis and breakdown. Incorporating IGF into a fibrin clot placed in an equine cartilage defect improved the quality and quantity of repair tissue and reduced synovial inflammation. PDGF is a potent mitogenic and chemotactic factor for all cells of mesenchymal origin, including chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. Resting zone chondrocytes cultured with PDGF demonstrated increased cell proliferation and proteoglycan production, while maturation of these cells along the endochondral pathway was inhibited. Pretreating chondrocytes with PDGF promotes heterotopic cartilage formation in the absence of any mechanical stimulus. PDGF has also been shown to be a potent stimulator of meniscal cell proliferation and migration. These studies and others suggest a potential role for these potent biological regulators of chondrocytes in cartilage repair. More work needs to be performed to define their appropriate dosing and the optimum delivery method. Combining tissue growth factors with a biological matrix can provide a physical scaffold for cell adhesion and growth as well as a means to control the release of these potent molecules. This could result in biological devices that enhance the predictability and quality of current cartilage repair techniques.     

Human peripheral blood derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate similar characteristics and chondrogenic differentiation potential to bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells

The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cartilage repair has generated much interest owing to their multipotentiality. However, their significant presence in peripheral blood (PB) has been a matter of much debate. The objectives of this study are to isolate and characterize MSCs derived from PB and, compare their chondrogenic potential to MSC derived from bone marrow (BM). PB and BM derived MSCs from 20 patients were isolated and characterized. From 2 ml of PB and BM, 5.4 ± 0.6 million and 10.5 ± 0.8 million adherent cells, respectively, were obtained by cell cultures at passage 2. Both PB and BM derived MSCs were able to undergo tri‐lineage differentiation and showed negative expression of CD34 and CD45, but positively expressed CD105, CD166, and CD29. Qualitative and quantitative examinations on the chondrogenic potential of PB and BM derived MSCs expressed similar cartilage specific gene (COMP) and proteoglycan levels, respectively. Furthermore, the s‐GAG levels expressed by chondrogenic MSCs in cultures were similar to that of native chondrocytes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that MSCs from PB maintain similar characteristics and have similar chondrogenic differentiation potential to those derived from BM, while producing comparable s‐GAG expressions to chondrocytes. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:634–642, 2012     

Stem cell-derived chondrocytes for regenerative medicine

The regenerative capacity of cartilage is limited. Transplantation methods used to treat cartilage lesions are based mainly on primary cultures of chondrocytes, which dedifferentiate during cultivation in vitro and lose their functional properties. Stem cells are considered as an alternative source to generate cells for two reasons: first, they can almost indefinitely divide in culture, and second, they are able to differentiate into various mature cell types. Herein, we asked the question whether chondrocytes could be differentiated from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to a state suitable for regenerative use. When cultivated as embryoid bodies (EBs), murine ES cells differentiate into mesenchymal progenitor cells, which progressively develop into mature, hypertrophic chondrocytes and transdifferentiate into calcifying cells recapitulating all of the cellular processes of chondrogenesis. Chondrocytes isolated from EBs exhibit a high regenerative capacity. They dedifferentiate initially in culture, but later reexpress stable characteristics of mature chondrocytes. However, in cultures of chondrocytes isolated from EBs, additional mesenchymal cell types can be observed. Mesenchymal stem (MS) cells from bone marrow have already been used in tissue engineering settings. We compared the chondrogenic differentiation of MS and ES cells.     

Skeletal Cell Fate Decisions Within Periosteum and Bone Marrow During Bone Regeneration

Bone repair requires the mobilization of adult skeletal stem cells/progenitors to allow deposition of cartilage and bone at the injury site. These stem cells/progenitors are believed to come from multiple sources including the bone marrow and the periosteum. The goal of this study was to establish the cellular contributions of bone marrow and periosteum to bone healing in vivo and to assess the effect of the tissue environment on cell differentiation within bone marrow and periosteum. Results show that periosteal injuries heal by endochondral ossification, whereas bone marrow injuries heal by intramembranous ossification, indicating that distinct cellular responses occur within these tissues during repair. Next, lineage analyses were used to track the fate of cells derived from periosteum, bone marrow, and endosteum, a subcompartment of the bone marrow. Skeletal progenitor cells were found to be recruited locally and concurrently from periosteum and/or bone marrow/endosteum during bone repair. Periosteum and bone marrow/endosteum both gave rise to osteoblasts, whereas the periosteum was the major source of chondrocytes. Finally, results show that intrinsic and environmental signals modulate cell fate decisions within these tissues. In conclusion, this study sheds light into the origins of skeletal stem cells/progenitors during bone regeneration and indicates that periosteum, endosteum, and bone marrow contain pools of stem cells/progenitors with distinct osteogenic and chondrogenic potentials that vary with the tissue environment.