细胞凋亡信号通路调控与肿瘤辐射敏感性

电离辐射作用于细胞引起各种损伤而导致细胞死亡的主要机制是诱导细胞发生凋亡。高剂量（大于10Gy）的电离辐射会使细胞发生被动的坏死过程，而促发细胞凋亡所需要的辐射剂量远远低于促发细胞坏死所需剂量。在肿瘤放射治疗过程中，降低辐射剂量诱导肿瘤细胞发生凋亡，而使正常细胞受照剂量降低，减小损伤，具有重要的生物学意义。因此临床上利用放疗方法诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡成为众多肿瘤治疗的目标之一。但由于肿瘤细胞可对放射治疗产生耐受，导致疗效下降，提高肿瘤细胞对放疗的敏感性一直是科研人员关注的研究方向。     

应用脉冲电场凝胶电泳分析X射线诱发人骨肉瘤细？…

目的 研究电离辐射诱发人骨肉瘤肿瘤细胞ＤＮＡ双链断裂与辐射损伤修复效应,观察辐射损伤、损伤修复效应敏感性之间的关系。方法 选用强制均匀电场电泳,分别测定经不同的剂量Ｘ射线照射和相同剂量照射后培养不同时间,人骨肉瘤Ｒｈｏ０和１４３．Ｂ肿瘤细胞株ＤＮＡ双链断裂。结果 （１）Ｘ射线诱发人骨肉瘤瘤细胞的ＤＮＡ双链辐射剂量呈线性正比关系;（２）培养后的人骨肉瘤肿瘤细胞对射诱发的ＤＮＡ双链断裂具有一定修复能力     

X射线对小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的影响

采用荧光分光光度法对裂解ＤＮＡ进行定量，并用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法定性研究Ｘ射线全身照射后小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡。结果表明，４ＧｙＸ射线照后２小时胸腺细胞凋亡开始增加，于照后１４小时达峰值，尔后呈下降趋势。ＤＮＡ裂解率在照后２４小时降至１４小时的５０％，这可能是内环境中巨噬细胞吞噬凋亡小体所致。在照射后１４小时研究其剂量－效应关系发现，高剂量照射使ＤＮＡ裂解明显增多，形成１８０ｂｐ（ｂａｓｅｐａｉｒｓ）左右或其整倍数的ＤＮＡ断片，电泳呈现＂梯形图谱＂；而低剂量辐射可使ＤＮＡ裂解率降低。剂量－效应曲线呈Ｊ型。     

辐射增强启动子调控的p53基因联合照射对肿瘤细胞的作用

目的 研究辐射增强启动子调控的野生型-p53抑癌基因系统联合照射对人肿瘤细胞系HeLa和A549细胞的特异性杀伤作用。方法 构建辐射增强启动子pE6（TATA）-p53,Western blot检测不同射线剂量诱导下人肺腺癌A549细胞系和人宫颈癌HeLa细胞系中P53蛋白的表达水平,筛选出最适的照射剂量;AnnexinV-FITC试剂盒检测肿瘤细胞系早期凋亡率;利用克隆形成实验检测此系统对肿瘤细胞放射敏感性的影响。结果 在HeLa和A549细胞中,P53蛋白表达均受放射线诱导增高,且在6 Gy时辐射诱导活性最高;实验组质粒的细胞早期凋亡率与转染对照组质粒的细胞早期凋亡率相比有明显提高（F=11.018、10.736,P<0.05）。HeLa细胞和A549细胞的放射增敏比（SER）分别为2.56和2.36。结论 辐射增强启动子调控的p53基因系统具有显著的诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用,可以提高肿瘤细胞的辐射敏感性,对肿瘤的治疗提供了新思路。     

裂变中子诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的剂量效应

目的 研究反应堆裂变中子诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的剂量效应,并与＾６０Ｃｏγ射线的效应相比较,探讨两种辐射诱导细胞凋亡的异同。方法 用光镜和电镜形态学观察与ＤＮＡ琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法对细胞凋亡进行定性研究;用流式细胞术（ＦＣＭ）和二苯胺（ＤＰＡ）法对其进行定量研究。     

小鼠受亚致死剂量60Co γ 射线照射后胸腺细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨小鼠受亚致死剂量６０Ｃｏγ射线照射后胸腺细胞凋亡的变化规律，为研究辐射后免疫功能的重建打下基础。方法采用６０Ｃｏγ射线，２．０，４．０，６．０Ｇｙ单次全身照射，用ＰＩ染色流式细胞仪分析，ＤＮＡ琼脂糖凝胶电泳及细胞激活增殖能力的测定等方法观察胸腺细胞凋亡的规律。结果胸腺细胞照后２小时即出现明显的细胞凋亡，４～８小时达高峰，后渐减少，４．０Ｇｙ，６．０Ｇｙ在３６小时内的凋亡率均比２Ｇｙ高，照后１０天三个剂量组的凋亡率基本接近正常；ＤＮＡ琼脂糖凝胶电泳有大量的小分子片断，呈典型的梯状图谱；４Ｇｙ组用ＰＨＡ、ｒＩＬ－２不同组合刺激受照组细胞，发现胸腺细胞凋亡率有不同程度的下降。结论亚致死剂量６０Ｃｏγ射线照射后小鼠胸腺细胞出现明显的凋亡，４Ｇｙ照射剂量可能是胸腺细胞达凋亡高峰的最适剂量，ＰＨＡ、ｒＩＬ－２联合对辐射诱导的胸腺细胞的凋亡有明显的保护作用。     

pEgr-hPTEN稳定转染联合辐射诱导人胶质瘤SHG-44细胞凋亡及Bcl-2表达下调

目的 探讨辐射诱导表达载体pEgr-hPTEN体外稳定转染人胶质瘤SHG-44细胞后联合X射线照射，诱导细胞凋亡的作用及凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2表达的变化。方法 以脂质体介导携有外源野生型PTEN基因的辐射诱导表达载体pEgr-hPTEN，体外转染SHG-44细胞，筛选稳定转染的细胞克隆并扩增培养；应用电子显微镜、流式细胞仪等方法，检测稳定转染联合X射线照射对胶质瘤细胞超微结构、细胞凋亡及Bcl-2蛋白表达等特性的影响。结果 稳定转染细胞超微结构有明显的退行性改变，可见核内染色质趋边的类似早期凋亡的改变；稳定转染联合X射线照射可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡，5Gy以内随吸收剂量的增加，早期凋亡细胞百分数明显增加，稳定转染不同剂量照射组早期凋亡细胞百分数分别为稳定转染0Gy假照组的1．5—2．3倍、为未转染照射组的1．9—4．4倍、为未转染0Gy假照组的3．4—5．1倍；同时稳定转染细胞Bcl-2蛋白表达则呈剂量依赖性下降。结论 体外PTEN基因转染联合X射线照射可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡明显增多，Bcl-2蛋白表达下调，具有显著的肿瘤抑制作用。     

60Coγ射线照射诱导人卵巢癌细胞凋亡及细胞周期的改变

目的：探讨^60Coγ射线照射对人卵巢癌细胞株A2780及其顺铂耐药株A2780－CP体外生长、凋亡及细胞周期的影响。方法：采用四甲基偶唑蓝（MTT）比色法分析不同辐照剂量（1－10Gy)对A2780及A2780－CP两种细胞株体外生长的影响,用流式细胞术（FCM）比较两者辐照后凋亡及细胞周期的变化。结果：（1）1－10^60Coγ射线照射引起A2780细胞株明显的生长抑制和凋亡,而A2780－CP细胞则表现出明显的辐照抗性。（2）6Gy ^60Coγ射线照射后6－48hA1780细胞呈现G1期细胞阻滞和S期细胞比较下降,A2780－CP细胞则呈G1期细胞比例减少和S期细胞比例增加。结论卵癌耐药细胞具有辐射抗性和物征性的细胞周期变化,流式细胞术测定辐照诱导肿瘤细胞凋讯及细胞周期的变化可预测恶性肿瘤细胞的辐射敏性。     

快中子诱导人鼻咽癌细胞系凋亡的研究

目的　研究中子不同剂量照射人鼻咽癌（ＣＮＥ２） 细胞凋亡发生特点及与Ｘ射线所致凋亡的差异。探讨凋亡在中子治疗肿瘤中的作用及临床意义。方法　采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳及ＤＮＡ特异性荧光染色方法（Ｈｏｅｃｈｓｔ３３３４２） 检测照射后不同时间人鼻咽癌（ＣＮＥ２）细胞。结果　发现中子可诱导人鼻咽癌细胞发生凋亡,这种凋亡发生存在着一定的时间剂量相关性。在相同剂量照射下,同一时间点上,中子照射所致的凋亡反应强于Ｘ 射线所致的凋亡。结论　快中子照射离体细胞可引起较强的凋亡反应。中子杀伤肿瘤的机理可能也是主要通过凋亡途径来实现的。     

γ射线诱导癌细胞凋亡致敏树突状细胞后的免疫应答

目的 观察树突状细胞（DCs）从γ射线诱导的凋亡胆管癌细胞获取抗原后，抗肿瘤免疫应答及对胆管癌细胞的特异性免疫杀伤效果。方法 用粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM－CSF）加白介素－4（IL－4）从人外周血分化、诱导DCs,γ射线在体外诱导培养的人胆管癌细胞凋亡，将DCs、T淋巴细胞和凋亡胆管癌细胞共培养，同时设计不同类型肿瘤细胞（坏死胆管癌细胞及培养胆管癌细胞）作对照，7d后，分离、富集DCs、T淋巴细胞进行免疫应答及肿瘤细胞杀伤试验。结果 与凋亡胆管癌细胞共培养之DCs可以有效提呈胆管癌细胞抗原，有强烈的免疫应答，刺激的细胞毒T淋巴细胞（CTLs)特异性地杀伤胆管癌细胞。结论 γ射线诱导癌细胞凋亡可以致敏rhGM-CSF加rhIL-4从人外周血单核细胞诱导、扩增出的DCs并产生显著的杀伤胆管癌细胞的免疫反应，可望成为特异性免疫治疗肿瘤的一条新途径。     

放射诱导大鼠脑神经元和胶质细胞凋亡及敏感性的比较研究

目的　探讨X射线照射对大鼠脑神经元和胶质细胞凋亡的影响。方法　大白鼠分对照组及 2 ,4 ,6 ,8GyX射线照射组 ,照射后 1,2 ,4 ,6 ,12 ,2 4h分别取材进行光镜、电镜及DNA电泳观察 ,并用双标法计数凋亡的神经元数、胶质细胞数。结果　照射后鼠脑细胞系 2种细胞均产生凋亡的改变 ,胶质细胞凋亡率较神经元升高显著 (P <0 0 0 0 1) ,随着剂量的增高细胞凋亡率逐渐增多。结论　X射线能诱导鼠脑神经元和胶质细胞凋亡 ,凋亡率有剂量依赖性和时间规律性 ,其中胶质细胞最敏感。     

放射性核素147Pm诱发Molt-4细胞和Ana-1细胞凋亡

对放射性核素１４７Ｐｍ内照射诱发Ｍｏｌｔ－４细胞和Ａｎａ－１细胞的死亡形式进行研究。方法通过形态学变化、琼脂糖电泳、ＭＴＴ和ＪＡＭ实验对核素诱发的细胞死亡形式进行了定性及定量分析。结果表明放射性核素１４７Ｐｍ诱发的细胞死亡具有典型的细胞凋亡形态学特征，且细胞凋亡的程度及ＤＮＡ链断裂量与１４７Ｐｍ作用的时间和内照射的累积吸收剂量有关。结论放射性核素１４７Ｐｍ内照射可诱发细胞凋亡。     

Dose-response for radiation-induced apoptosis, residual 53BP1 foci and DNA-loop relaxation in human lymphocytes

The purpose was to compare the radiation-induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes with DNA-loop relaxation and DNA damage as a function of radiation dose and time after exposure. Morphological changes were analysed by staining with fluorescent dyes and apoptotic fragmentation of DNA with conventional agarose gel electrophoresis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and alkaline comet assay. Viability was estimated by trypan blue assay. The levels of protein p53 (TP53) were determined with Western blot. Relaxation of DNA-loops was analysed by the method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD) and neutral comet assay. Induction and repair of double-strand breaks (DSB) was studied by PFGE and by immunostaining of the TP53 binding protein 1 (53BP1). At various time points of apoptosis, there was a linear dose dependence for all apoptotic end-points up to 1-2 Gy followed by a plateau at higher doses. Immediately after irradiation, relaxation of DNA-loops due to strand breaks was observed. This relaxation had a similar dose-response with saturation at 2-3 Gy. This dose induced approximately one single-strand break (SSB) per 2 Mb of DNA, a value close to the average size of DNA-loops in resting lymphocytes. Similar saturations in dose-responses for apoptosis and DNA-loop relaxation were also observed if cells were treated by camptothecin (CPT) or etoposide VP-16, drugs that relax DNA-loops by induction of SSB and DSB, respectively. The PFGE data showed that the vast majority of DSB were repaired within few hours after irradiation. However, approximately 1.4 foci/Gy/cell, that corresponded to around 3.5% of initial DSB, remained in cells even 24 h after irradiation as measured with immunostaining. The probability to produce one or more than one residual foci per cell was calculated. Radiation at 2-3 Gy induced at least one residual 53BP1 focus per cell. The dose-responses for DNA-loop relaxation, induction of at least one residual 53BP1 foci per cell and apoptosis saturated at 2-3 Gy. The correlation between dose-responses obtained suggested that the DSB in residual foci and relaxation of DNA-loops may be linked to induction of radiation-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes.     

放射性核素235U诱发Molt-4细胞和Ana-1细胞凋亡

目的 对放射性核素＾２３５Ｕ内照射诱发Ｍｏｌｔ－４和Ａｎａ－１细胞的死亡形式进行了研究。方法 通过形态学、琼脂糖电泳、ＭＴＴ和ＪＡＭＰ实验对核素诱发的细胞死亡进行了定性及定量分析。结果 放射性核素＾２３５Ｕ诱发的细胞死亡具有典型的细胞凋记发形态学特征，且细胞凋亡的程度及ＤＮＡ链断裂量与２３５链断裂量与＾２３５Ｕ作用的时间和内照射的累积吸附剂量有关。结论 放射性核素＾２３５Ｕ内照射可诱导细胞凋亡。     

60Coγ射线诱导的新生大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞凋亡

目的 采用电离辐射诱导的新生大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞损伤模型,探讨电离辐射诱导发育脑神经细胞死亡的特征和机制。方法 新生大鼠接受单次2.0 Gyγ射线照射后,采用DNA凝胶电泳、TUNEL和HE染色鉴定大脑皮质神经细胞死亡的类型和时程变化特点;应用免疫组织化学方法研究p53和iNOS在细胞死亡过程中的可能作用。结果 DNA凝胶电泳、TUNEL和HE染色表明,2.0 Gyγ射线照射可诱导新生大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞凋亡。大脑皮质各区域凋亡指数于照射后4 h开始增高,至12 h达到峰值;照射后相同时间点各皮质区域凋亡指数比较,新皮质最高,海马次之,旧皮质最低;P53和iNOS免疫阳性细胞计数定量结果显示,照射后相同时间点各皮质区域P53和iNOS免疫阳性细胞数差异无统计学意义。结论 2.0 Gyγ射线照射诱导了新生大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞凋亡;不同皮质区域的神经细胞对电离照射引起的损伤反应是相似的,但不同皮质区域的神经细胞凋亡存在差异。     

茶多酚诱导肝癌细胞凋亡

为进一步研究茶多酚诱导体外培养的肝癌细胞株HepG-II细胞发生凋亡的作用,采用MTT法、形态学观察、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和末端脱氧核苷酸转移标记法观察被茶多酚处理后的ＨepG－II细胞的形态学和生化等指标的变化。MTT法研究结果显示,当茶多酚浓度为250μg/ml时即时诱导HepG-II细胞凋亡,并与浓度呈正相关;当茶多酚浓度＞2000μg/ml时,抑制率增强的幅度明显减慢。透射电镜下观察到核染色质浓集呈块并可见凋亡小体;荧光染色在荧光显微镜下可见部分细胞核或细胞质内出现致密浓染的黄绿色块状和颗粒状荧光等凋亡细胞的形态学改变。琼脂糖凝胶电泳呈典型的DNA梯形图像。末端脱氧核苷酸转移标记法进一步证实茶多酚可诱导HepG-II细胞的凋亡。提示茶多酚可诱导体外培养的肝癌细胞株HepG-II细胞发生凋亡,具有抗肝癌的作用。     

Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines of ataxia telangiectasia patients are defective in X-ray-induced apoptosis.

PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the propensity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) obtained from unaffected healthy individuals and ataxia telangectasia (A-T) patients to undergo apoptosis after X-ray exposure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The LCL were exposed to 1-4 Gy X-rays at a dose-rate of 1.36 Gy/min. At various post-irradiation times (0, 24, 48 and 72 h) the induction of apoptosis was analysed by: (1) monitoring the formation of high molecular weight (HMW) DNA fragments by field inversion pulse gel electrophoresis (FIGE); and (2) morphological characterization of apoptotic cells after fluorescence staining. In parallel, cell-cycle distribution, monitored by DNA flow cytometry, was investigated in these cells. RESULTS: The LCL obtained from the A-T homozygotes were resistant to undergoing radiation-induced apoptosis during the observation time used. On the contrary, LCL from unaffected healthy controls displayed significant radiation-induced chromatin fragmentation seen at 48 h and 72 h after irradiation. In these cells, radiation-induced G -arrest (24h post-irradiation) preceded chromatin cleavage. In A-T LCL, the defective G1-arrest was not followed by apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of a defective cell-cycle control, EBV-transformed LCL of A-T patients compared with unaffected healthy controls do not undergo X-ray-induced apoptosis, at least during their first post-irradiation cell cycle.     

Can radiation-induced apoptosis be modulated by inhibitors of energy metabolism?

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of the inhibitors of energy metabolism, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) and sodium azide, on radiation-induced apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiation-induced apoptosis was determined in U937 monocytic leukaemia cells exposed to energy inhibitors post-irradiation. Apoptosis was scored microscopically using morphological criteria. Glycolysis was determined by assessing glucose consumption and lactate production. Adenine nucleotide levels were measured using a luciferase assay after enzymatic conversion to ATP. Respiration was measured using a Clark-type oxygen electrode. RESULTS: In addition to their apoptosis-inducing properties, both 2DG and azide modified post-irradiation apoptosis. 2DG induced apoptotic radiosensitization after exposure to lower concentrations (5 mM, 10 mM) up to 20 h post-irradiation while a level of radioprotection was found after 5 h exposure to higher doses up to 100 mM. By contrast, all doses of azide examined (5-50 mM) induced apoptotic radioprotection at all times examined. Glycolytic flux and ATP levels fell rapidly with increasing 2DG dose but energy charge remained unchanged. Glycolysis was less influenced by azide, with ATP levels being initially maintained after exposure but decreasing in a dose-dependent manner at 3 h post-irradiation. However, energy charge was unaffected by azide at the concentrations examined. CONCLUSIONS: Both 2DG and azide can influence radiation-induced apoptosis possibly through their effects on glycolysis and ATP levels. We suggest that modulation of energy metabolism provides mechanistic insight into radiation-induced apoptotic pathways.