空腹血糖受损诊断标准下调对糖调节受损人群检出率的影响

目的 分析空腹血糖受损（IFG）的空腹血糖（FPG）诊断标准下调对糖调节受损（IGR）人群检出率的影响，并探讨区分糖调节正常与受损的FPG理想截定点。方法 对2882例无2型糖尿病（T2DM）史的受试者进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验。采用1997年和2003年美国糖尿病学会分类诊断标准进行比较。结果 （1）IFG诊断标准下调后，单纯IFG者增加367例，IFG者由424例增加到1032例，其中包含的糖耐量受损（IGT）者由243例增加到484例；709例IGT者，包括在IFG者中的比例由34％上升到68％。（2）与糖耐量正常（NGT）人群相比，新增单纯IFG人群体质指数、FPG、2hPG、糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、胆固醇均升高（均P＜0．01），超重（52．6 vs 39．7％，χ^2=6．79，P〈0．01）和高甘油三酯血症发生率（32．2％ vs 24．9％，；χ^2=3．98，P〈0．05）明显增高。（3）非T2DM人群中诊断IGR（7．8≤2hPG＜11．1mmol／L）的FPG理想截定点为5．6mmol／L。结论 IFG诊断标准下调后，IFG、IFG＋IGT检出率明显增加；新增单纯IFG人群已经出现糖、脂代谢异常；非T2DM人群中诊断IGR的FPG理想截定点为5．6mmol／L。     

血糖调节受损与初诊糖尿病患者的干预效果比较

对糖调节受损IGR组,糖尿病DM组，分别进行个体化干预一年。结果：①组内比较：在干预前后，组内FPG、2hPG、WC、BMI都有显著差异（P值〈0．001）；②组间比较：FPG、2hPG、WC、BMI都有显著差异（P值〈0．002、〈0．05、〈0．05），而BMI变化不明显（P值〉0．4）。结论：社区干预对IGR组和DM组都有积极的意义。     

血糖调节受损与初诊糖尿病患者的干预效果比较

对糖调节受损IGR组,糖尿病DM组，分别进行个体化干预一年。结果：①组内比较：在干预前后，组内FPG、2hPG、WC、BMI都有显著差异（P值〈0．001）；②组间比较：FPG、2hPG、WC、BMI都有显著差异（P值〈0．002、〈0．05、〈0．05），而BMI变化不明显（P值〉0．4）。结论：社区干预对IGR组和DM组都有积极的意义。     

肥胖及2型糖尿病患者血清apelin水平及其相关因素分析

目的测定肥胖及新诊断2型糖尿病患者血清apelin水平，探讨apelin与体脂、糖、脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗等的相关性。方法62例2型糖尿病患者和72例正常糖调节（NGR）者按体重指数（BMI）≥25kg／m^2或〈25kg／m^2又各自分为超重／肥胖与正常体重亚组，采用放射免疫分析法检测空腹血清apelin水平，同时检测空腹血糖（FPG）、HbA1C、血脂各项指标及空腹胰岛素（FINS）水平，计算BMI和腰臀比，并以稳态模型计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。结果校正年龄及性别后，2型糖尿病组血清apelin水平高于NGR组[（317．9±99．6vs279．0±66．8）ng／L，P〈0．01]，2型糖尿病组和NGR组中的超重／肥胖者均高于非肥胖者[（354．0±114．4vs274．1±53．0）ng／L，（299．2±74．5vs252．8±48．9）ng／L，均P〈0．05]，且2型糖尿病超重／肥胖组明显高于NGR肥胖组（P〈0．01）；偏相关分析显示，空腹血清apelin与BMI、ln（HOMA-IR）、FPG、总胆固醇（TC）呈正相关（r=0．353，r=0．355，r=0．224，r=0．241，均P〈0．01），与腰围、收缩压呈正相关（r=0．263，r=0．183，P〈0．05）。多元逐步回归分析发现，BMI、ln（HOMA—IR）和TC是血清apelin的独立相关因素。结论血清apelin水平在肥胖和初发的2型糖尿病人群中升高，且与BMI、HOMA-IR及脂代谢相关，推测apelin可能参与构成胰岛素抵抗综合征的病理生理基础。     

非糖尿病人群糖化血红蛋白水平与冠心病发病的关系

目的研究非糖尿病人群糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平与冠心病（CHD）发病之间的关系。方法选择非糖尿病拟诊CHD患者386例，按WHO诊断标准分为：非CHD组90例，CHD组296例。CHD组再分为单支病变组128例，两支病变组85例，3支病变组83例。按HbA1c水平分为HbA1c〈5％者131例，HbA1c5％～5，9％者167例，HbAlc6％～6．9％者88例。结果（1）CHD组HbAlC、Fins、FPG、2hPG、尿酸（UA）、HDL-C等与非CHD组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05-0．01）；（2）多支病变组HbA1c水平显著高于单支病变组（P〈0．01）；（3）HbA，c6％～6．9％时，CHD发生率93．2％，显著增高（P〈0．05）；（4）Logistic回归分析：HbA。c、HDL-C是CHD独立危险因素（P〈0．05）；（5）HbAlc、吸烟、LDL-C、HDL-C与CHD病变程度相关（P〈0．05）。结论在非糖尿病人群中，HbA1c是CHD的独立危险因素，且与CHD病变程度正相关。     

糖敏灵丸对2型糖尿病合并代谢综合征患者β细胞功能的影响

目的评价糖敏灵丸对2型糖尿病合并代谢综合征患者口细胞功能的影响。方法采用随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照的研究方法,将96例2型糖尿病患者随机分为试验组和对照组,分别口服糖敏灵丸6g或安慰剂,比较服药12周前后,患者WC、BMI、HbA-CxFPG、2hPG、TG、HDL-C、SBP、DBP、HOMA—IR、HOMA—B、IAI的变化。结果糖敏灵丸可缩小患者的WC,减少BMI,降低HbA1c、FPG、2hPG、TG、SBP,升高HDL-C,与服药前比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。同时可降低HOMA-IR,升高HOMA—G及IA1,两组间比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论糖敏灵丸能明显改善2型糖尿病合并MS患者的WC、HbA1C、FPG、2hPG、HDL—C,保护患者的胰岛β细胞功能。     

2型糖尿病合并胃癌行胃切除后不同消化道重建对血糖代谢的影响

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并胃癌行胃切除后不同消化道重建方式对2型糖尿病患者血糖代谢的影响。方法选取2008年1月至2012年1月在第二军医大学长海医院普外科就诊的胃癌合并2型糖尿病的胃切除患者66例为研究对象,按照胃肠道重建方式进行分组,分为胃远端大部切除术并行毕Ⅰ式吻合组（A组,26例）和胃远端大部切除术并行毕Ⅱ式吻合组（B组,40例）。观察2组患者术前年龄、病程、体质指数（BMI）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、胰岛素剂量、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）,比较2组患者术后1周及3个月FPG、2hPG的变化。组间比较采用方差分析。结果A组手术前后FPG和2hPG差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。B组术后1周、术后3个月FPG及2hPG与术前比较差异均有统计学意义[分别为FPG：（7．0±0．6）比（6．1±0．4）比（10．2±1．0）mmol／L,F=4．25,P〈0．05;2hPG：（8．8±0．1）比（7．3±1．1）比（11．4±1．8）mmol／L,F=3．87,P〈0．05];同时B组术后1周及术后3个月FPG及2hPG与A组比较差异均有统计学意义[分别为FPG：术后1周为（7．0±0．6）比（10．0±0．7）mmol／L,t=5．35,P〈0．05;术后3个月为（6．1±0．4）比（9．8±0．7）mmol／L,t=4．78,P〈0．05;2hPG：术后1周为（8．8±0．1）比（12．3±0．5）mmol／L,t=6．12,P〈0．05;术后3个月为（7．3±1．1）比（11．7±0．6）mmol／L,江6．78,P〈0．05]。结论胃远端大部切除术行毕Ⅱ式吻合重建对胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者的高血糖有明显的缓解作用。     

糖尿病肾病相关因素分析

目的探讨糖尿病肾病（DN）的相关因素,为DN的一级预防提供理论依据。方法选择2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者267例,其中DN患者102例（DN组）,单纯糖尿病无。肾病165例（NDN组）,采集血糖等临床资料,进行t检验、x2检验和Logistic回归分析。结果组间比较显示,DN组与NDN组的年龄、糖尿病（DM）病程、BMI、吸烟、高脂饮食、合并高血压、FPG、2hPG、0．5hPG、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C和纤维蛋白原（Fib）差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。多元Logistic回归分析中,DN的发生与DM病程、TG、HbA-C、FPG、2hPG和合并高血压有关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论TG、DM病程、HbA1C、FPG、2hPG和合并高血压是DN发生的独立相关因素。     

青少年高血压与代谢综合征的危险因素

目的 探讨青少年高血压与代谢综合征（MS）各组分之间的关系及其危险因素分析。方法通过分层整群随机抽样，共抽取12～18岁青少年3953人，以12～15岁为青春前期（n=1698），16～18岁为青春期（n=2255），测量身高、体质量、腰围、臀围、血压、空腹血糖（FPG）、三酰甘油（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平。结果1）总调查人群中高血压患病率为6．2％。2）13～18岁超重肥胖者血压高于体质量正常者（P〈0．05）。3）男、女性青春期舒张压（DBP）异常检出率均高于青春期前（P〈0．05），青春期女性收缩压（SBP）异常检出率高于男性（P〈0．05）。4）高血压组体质量、体质量指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、SBP、DBP、FPG、TG及LDL-C均高于正常对照组，HDL-C稍低于对照组（P〈0．05）。5）高血压组超重肥胖、高TG、低HDL-C、MS及高血压家族史检出率高于正常对照组（P〈0．05），两组间高FPG、糖尿病家族史检出率差异无统计学意义。6）Logistic多因素回归分析显示，女性高SBP危险性是男性的2．10倍（95％CI为1．47～2．98）；年龄每增加1岁，DBP升高的危险性增加1．22倍（95％CI为1．08～1．38）；有高血压家族史青少年高SBP的危险性是无家族史的1．64倍（95％CI为1．17～2．30）；BMI每增加1kg／m。，SBP升高的危险性增加1．24倍（95％CI为1．20～1．28），DBP升高的危险性增加1．19倍，（95％CI是1．15～1．23）（P〈0．01）。结论青少年高血压与MS密切相关，家族史、超重肥胖是引发青少年高血压的主要危险因素，要重视青少年心血管疾病的一级预防。     

诺和锐30治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效观察

目的比较诺和锐30和诺和灵30R治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效及安全性。方法将68例2型糖尿病患者平均分成诺和锐30组和诺和灵30R组,治疗后观察两种不同治疗方案患者空腹血糖（FPG）、早餐后2小时血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）及治疗不良事件发生的情况。结果（1）两组治疗后FPG、2hPG均明显下降（P〈0．05）,但诺和锐30组餐后血糖下降更明显（P〈0．05）。（2）两组治疗不良事件发生率无明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论诺和锐30能更好地降低2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平,尤其是餐后血糖,而不增加低血糖的风险。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.