冠状动脉介入治疗术后改良皮下注射低分了肝素方法的研究

目的 研究经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)治疗术后皮下注射低分子肝素减轻局部并发症的方法.方法 随机选取135例住院行PCI后接受低分子肝素皮下注射的患者,采取在患者腹部两侧用2种方法注射的自身对照法,右侧使用常规注射法,左侧使用改良注射法,每例患者腹部两侧各皮下注射了4次,2种方法交替使用,各完成540针次,比较2种注射方法注射部位出血发生率、出血程度、注射疼痛感、皮下硬结发生率.结果 与常规注射组比较,改良注射组出血和疼痛发生率低,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.01;同时出血和疼痛程度轻,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.01;皮下硬结发生率明显低于常规注射组,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.01.结论 改良式注射法可以明显减少注射部位皮下出血程度、皮下硬结形成,减轻注射部位的疼痛程度及减少不良并发症,因此值得在临床上推广应用.     

改良皮下注射依诺肝素在老年冠心病患者介入治疗术后的应用

目的:探讨改良皮下注射依诺肝素在老年冠心病介入治疗术后的应用效果。方法:对82例患者腹部两侧用两种方法进行自身对照,右侧使用常规注射法注射依诺肝素,左侧使用改良皮下注射法注射依诺肝素,比较两种注射方法的注射部位出血发生率、出血程度、注射疼痛感、皮下硬结发生率。结果:与常规注射法比较,改良皮下注射法患者出血发生率低(P<0.01);出血和疼痛程度轻(P<0.01);皮下硬结发生率低(P<0.01)。结论:改良皮下注射法可明显减少注射部位皮下出血、皮下硬结形成及注射部位的疼痛程度,值得临床推广应用。     

不同方法皮下注射低分子肝素对老年患者发生不良反应的影响

目的探讨皮下注射低分子肝素时不同注射方法在减轻老年患者疼痛、皮下出血、硬结方面的效果。方法采取自身对照，分别进行常规注射和无痛注射，注射后由患者评定疼痛、皮下出血、硬结的程度。结果两种注射方法在减轻疼痛、皮下出血方面比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论用无痛注射方法可以有效降低皮下注射低分子肝素时疼痛、皮下出血、硬结的发生率。     

腹壁注射低分子肝素钙不同进针法的临床观察

[目的]观察腹壁不同注射法注射低分子肝素钙法后局部出血情况。[方法]选取肺栓塞病人行低分子肝素钙皮下注射38例,采用自身对照的方法,每日首次注射采用常规皮下注射法,第2次采用改良注射法,各注射266例次,比较两组注射部位出血发生率及出血程度。[结果]与常规注射法比较,改良注射法出血发生率低、出血程度轻,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。[结论]采用改良注射法腹壁注射低分子肝素钙,可以明显减轻注射部位皮下出血程度、降低出血发生率。     

腹壁注射低分子肝素钙不同进针法的临床观察

[目的]观察腹壁不同注射法注射低分子肝素钙法后局部出血情况.[方法]选取肺栓塞病人行低分子肝素钙皮下注射38例,采用自身对照的方法,每日首次注射采用常规皮下注射法,第2次采用改良注射法,各注射266例次,比较两组注射部位出血发生率及出血程度.[结果]与常规注射法比较,改良注射法出血发生率低、出血程度轻,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).[结论]采用改良注射法腹壁注射低分子肝素钙,可以明显减轻注射部位皮下出血程度、降低出血发生率.     

循证护理在低分子肝素皮下注射中的应用

目的探讨循证护理在低分子肝素皮下注射中的应用效果。方法选择使用低分子肝素皮下注射的冠心病患者100例,随机分为对照组和循证组,对照组应用传统注射方法,循证组应用循证注射方法,每位患者共注射14次,总注射为1400针次。比较两组患者皮下出血发生次数、局部疼痛程度及皮下硬结的发生率。结果循证组轻、中、重度皮下出血发生率分别为76．0％、23．1％、0．9％,对照组分别为48．0％、30．0％、22．0％,差异均有统计学意义（x^2分别为116．47,8．43,154．56;P〈0．01）;循证组皮下硬结发生率为2．0％,对照组为16．0％,差异有统计学意义（x^2=83．76,P〈0．01）;循证组无痛、轻、中、重度疼痛发生率分别为86．0％、11．7％、2．1％、0．1％,对照组分别为9．4％、74．6％、14．4％、1．6％,差异均有统计学意义（x^2分别为822．56,563．75,69．52,8．41;P〈0．01）。结论运用循证护理改良注射法可明显减少皮下出血发生次数,降低疼痛程度,减少皮下硬结发生。     

改良低分子肝素钙注射方法对皮下出血的影响

目的：探讨改良低分子肝素钙皮下注射方法对皮下出血的影响。方法选择肺栓塞、不稳定性心绞痛和急性心肌梗死的患者100例,采用抽签分组法分为对照组和研究组各50例,两组各注射560例次,研究组采用改良注射法,对照组采用常规注射法。观察两组皮下出血、硬结面积及疼痛程度。结果研究组患者皮下出血、硬结面积＞2 cm有8例,对照组24例,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2＝32．71,P＜0．05）;研究组患者重度疼痛5例,对照组16例,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2＝10．98,P＜0．05）。结论改良注射方法减少了皮下出血和硬结例次,降低了疼痛程度,值得临床推广。     

集束化管理对注射低分子肝素患者不良反应的影响

目的探讨集束化管理对注射低分子肝素患者不良反应的影响。方法将81例患者随机分成对照组和干预组,对照组行常规腹部皮下注射低分子肝素,干预组在集束化方案指导下进行注射。结果 2组患者皮下出血、疼痛发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);硬结发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论使用集束化策略进行低分子肝素皮下注射能有效改善不良反应发生率,提高护理质量。     

关节置换术后低分子肝素钙注射方法的操作探讨

目的探讨关节置换术后患者不同的低分子肝素钙注射方法对皮下出血和疼痛程度的影响。方法选取2010年1月至2012年12月行单侧膝关节置换术手术患者100侧,采用随机自身对照的方法,观察不同注射部位、进针角度及注射后不同按压时间所产生的皮下出血、疼痛等不良反应。结果采用腹部注射法的患者皮下出血发生率为34．9％,低于上臂三角肌注射患者的40．4％,腹部注射患者视觉模拟评分（VAS）为0分的患者占34．3％,高于上臂三角肌注射患者的27．8％,不同注射部位皮下出血程度不同（Z=-2．552,P〈0．05）,疼痛评分不同（Z=-5．504,P〈0．01）。采用垂直进针法的患者皮下出血发生率为34．3％,低于斜度进针注射患者的41．4％,垂直进针法VAS法评分为。分的患者占23．2％,高于斜度进针注射患者的20．9％,不同进针角度皮下出血程度不同（Z=-0．035,P〈0．01）,疼痛评分不同（Z=-2．483,P〈0．05）。注射后按压1、3、5min患者皮下出血发生率分别为47．9％、45．4％和33．7％,出血程度差异有统计学意义（Z=27．524,P〈0．01）。结论腹部注射、垂直进针方法注射低分子肝素钙具有较低的皮下出血率,患者疼痛程度轻,值得临床推广,注射后适度增加按压时间能有效减少皮下出血率。     

低分子肝素穿刺部位出血原因分析及注射方法探讨

目的 分析低分子肝素穿刺部位出血原因,探索防止出血的注射方法,保证低分子肝素钙的安全应用.方法 120例应用低分子肝素皮下注射的患者,均接受A、B两种注射法:A为改进注射法(气泡留置技术加平移腹壁皱褶30 s间期注射法),B为常规皮下注射法.A的注射部位为腹壁左侧,注射次数为618次,注射时间是30 s;B的注射部位为腹壁右侧,注射次数为617次,注射时间是10 s.通过自身对照,分析A、B两种方法注射后局部出血情况和疼痛程度.结果 A与B比较,穿刺部位出血发生率(由7 3.9%降低至37.2%)、平均出血直径(P＜0.01)及注射疼痛程度(P＜0.01)差异均有统计学意义.结论 A注射法可明显降低穿刺部位的出血发生率、减轻注射疼痛、提高低分子肝素使用安全性.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.