结核杆菌热休克蛋白-65重组质粒的构建及其在真核细胞中的初步表达

目的构建结核杆菌热休克蛋白-65(HSP65)真核表达质粒,并探讨其在人肺癌细胞系A549中的表达. 方法用PCR的方法从结核杆菌H37Rv基因组中扩增出HSP65基因,并定向克隆到真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1(+),构建成重组质粒pcDNA3.1-HSP65;然后用电穿孔的方法将质粒pcDNA3.1-HSP65转染到A549 细胞,经G418筛选后获得抗性细胞克隆;用RT-PCR的方法检抗性细胞中HSP65 mRNA的表达 . 结果经酶切鉴定和DNA序列测定证实重组质粒pcDNA3.1-HSP65构建正确;RT-PCR检测结果发现,重组质粒pcDNA3.1-HSP65转染的A549细胞总RNA中结核杆菌HSP65 mRNA为阳性. 结论真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-HSP65构建成功 , 并可在真核细胞A549细胞中稳定表达.     

结核杆菌pcHSP65真核表达载体的构建及其DNA免疫实验

目的：构建以结核分枝杆菌热休克蛋白65kD基因为基础的核酸疫苗。方法：采用聚合酶链反应从结核杆菌H37Rv株基因中，扩增出HSP65的编码基因，经限制性核酸内切酶消化后，插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)的相应酶切位点，并将此重组质粒免疫动物。结果：重组质粒的插入基因经序列测定证实为结核分枝杆菌HSP65。DNA免疫小鼠体内产生特异性抗体，能抵抗结核杆菌的感染。结论：以HSP65编码基因为基础的真核表达载体构建成功，并能引起特异性动物免疫反应，为进一步研究其在结核病防治的作用奠定了基础。     

结核杆菌HSP65 DNA疫苗的初步研究

目的 构建以结核分枝杆菌热休克蛋白65000u基因为基础的核酸疫苗。方法 采用聚合酶链反应从结核杆菌H37Rv株基因中，扩增出HSP65的编码基因，经限制性核酸内切酶消化后，插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(－）的相应酶切位点，并将此重组质粒免疫动物。结果 重组质粒的插入基因经序列测定证实为结核分枝杆菌HSP65。DNA免疫小鼠体内产生特异性抗体。结论 以HSP65编码基因为基础的真核表达载体构建成功，并能引起特异性动物免疫反应，为进一步研究其在结核病防治中的作用奠定了基础。     

人PRMT1真核表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的:构建人PRMT1基因真核表达载体,并进行表达检测及鉴定。方法:采用RT-PCR技术扩增人PRMT1全长cDNA;经过双酶切、连接等反应,构建pcDNA3.1(+)-PRMT1真核表达载体,并转化DH5α感受态细胞;用含氨苄青霉素的LB培养基筛选阳性克隆;经菌液PCR及测序鉴定重组质粒;瞬时转染A549细胞,采用实时定量PCR检测重组质粒的表达水平及PRMT1对eotaxin-1和ccr-3表达的影响。通过Western blot从蛋白水平检测重组质粒在真核细胞内的表达。结果:RT-PCR扩增的人PRMT1全长cDNA为1136 bp;所筛选出的pcDNA3.1(+)-PRMT1重组载体中插入片段与NCBI GenBank文库中人PRMT1 cDNA的序列完全一致;实时定量PCR和Western blot检测证实重组质粒在A549细胞内可高效表达;并且PRMT1与eotaxin-1和ccr-3的表达呈正相关性。结论:成功构建了pcDNA3.1(+)-PRMT1重组载体,为进一步研究PRMT1基因的作用机制奠定基础。     

pcDNA3.1-Smac真核表达载体的构建及表达

目的:构建人的smac基因真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-Smac,并在肺腺癌A549细胞中表达.方法:采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术从人睾丸组织中扩增到smac基因,构建重组真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-Smac.酶切及测序鉴定重组质粒正确后,脂质体介导转染至肺腺癌A549细胞中.采用RT-PCR、Western blot法检测外源基因smac的表达,MTT法检测细胞生长抑制率.结果:PCR扩增片段与预期片段大小相符,插入片段测序结果与GenBank公布的一致,表明人smac基因克隆及真核表达载体peDNA3.1-Smac构建成功.在mRNA水平和蛋白水平,转染后的细胞中外源基因smac表达均明显增加.转染smac质粒72 h后,细胞的生长抑制率较转染空质粒组显著增加.结论:成功构建重组真核表达载体peDNA3.1-Smac,并在肺癌A549细胞中进行了表达;验证了转染后对肺癌细胞生长有抑制作用.     

人CD81的克隆及在COS-7细胞中的表达

目的 从人外周血淋巴细胞中克隆出CD81基因，构建真核表达质粒，并在COS－7细胞中进行表达。方法 分离外周血淋巴细胞，提取细胞总RNA，采用RT－PCR扩增CD81基因。将CD81基因克隆至载体pcDNA3.1( )中，进行酶切及测序鉴定。以质粒pcDNA3.1-CD81转染COS－7细胞进行瞬时表达，并用免疫细胞化学染色法和流式细胞术检测蛋白的表达。结果 RT－PCR产物已插入载体pcDNA3.1( )构建成真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-CD81。经双酶切和测序鉴定表明，克隆出的人CD81全长编码序列同GenBank收录的序列一致，并且真核表达质粒的构建正确。以脂质体转染COS－7细胞后，用免疫细胞化学染色法和流式细胞术检测表明，细胞可表达人CD81。结论 成功地构建真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-CD81，为进一步研究HCV和CD81的相互作用，以及建立可能的HCV细胞感染模型打下了基础。     

pcDNA3.1/hIL-18真核表达载体的构建及表达

目的 :构建重组真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1/IL 18,并在哺乳动物细胞COS 7和Rlc310中进行瞬时和稳定性表达。方法 :从含hIL 18基因的中介载体 pGEM TEasy( pGEM T/hIL 18)中 ,以限制性内切酶酶切方法获得目的片段 ,克隆入真核表达质粒 pcDNA3.1( )中。以脂质体法转染COS 7和Rlc310细胞 ,用RT PCR检测IL 18mRNA的水平 ,免疫组化染色法检测蛋白表达。结果 :构建了hIL 18基因的重组真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1/IL 18,并可在哺乳动物细胞中瞬时、稳定表达 ,获得了可稳定表达hIL 18基因的Rlc310细胞株。结论 :pcDNA3.1/IL 18的构建及表达 ,为IL 18抗肿瘤作用的研究奠定了基础     

大鼠GLUT1真核表达载体的构建及其在293细胞中的表达

目的：构建大鼠葡萄糖转运体1（GLUT1）的真核表达载体。 方法： 以RT-PCR方法从大鼠脑组织中获取GLUT1全长cDNA片段，将其克隆至真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1(+)中，构建重组真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-Glut1，随后用lipofectamineTM 2000介导转染HEK293细胞，以RT-PCR法检测重组质粒在mRNA水平的表达，以免疫组化的方法检测重组质粒在蛋白水平的表达。 结果： 以构建的重组真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-Glut1转染293细胞后，在基因及蛋白表达水平均检测到了葡萄糖转运体1的表达。 结论： 成功构建了携带大鼠葡萄糖转运体1的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-Glut1，且证实其可在293细胞中成功表达目的基因，为进一步研究外源性GLUT1表达对缺血缺氧脑细胞的保护作用奠定了基础。     

HBsAg真核表达质粒的构建和鉴定

目的构建HBsAg真核表达质粒.方法用PCR的方法从质粒pEcob6中扩增出HBsAg基因,并定向克隆到真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1(+),构建成重组质粒pcDNA3.1-S;然后用限制性内切酶消化和DNA序列测定鉴定.结果经酶切和DNA序列测定鉴定,证实重组质粒构建正确.结论真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-S构建成功.     

人类基因XAPC7真核表达载体的构建及其在SMMC-7721细胞中的表达

目的:构建pcDNA3.1(-)/XAPC7真核表达载体并检测其在人肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721中的表达.方法:采用PCR法从pET28b/XAPC7重组质粒中克隆得到XAPC7 cDNA全长序列,将之与pMD18-T载体连接、测序后将该片段亚克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)中.构建好的pcDNA3.1(-)/XAPC7真核表达质粒经酶切鉴定后,采用脂质体法将该重组质粒转染人肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721,经G418筛选,得到阳性克隆细胞株,再应用半定量RT-PCR技术检测转染前后该细胞株XAPC7基因的mRNA表达水平.结果:pcDNA3.1(-)/XAPC7经酶切鉴定及DNA测序证实,目的基因XAPC7的序列完全正确,真核表达载体构建成功;经RT-PCR检测,重组质粒转染株的XAPC7基因mRNA表达水平高于对照组,证实XAPC7基因已经稳定转染到SMMC-7721细胞中并得到表达.结论:成功地建立了人基因XAPC7的稳定转染细胞株,为进一步研究XAPC7的功能奠定了实验基础.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.