建成环境对南京市儿童青少年体力活动影响

目的 分析不同建成环境特征对江苏省南京地区儿童青少年体力活动水平的影响,为提高儿童青少年体力活动水平提供科学依据.方法 于2018年5-6月采用现况研究设计,使用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,选择南京市12个行政区4～12年级学生(9～17岁儿童青少年)共4 401人进行问卷调查,采用国际上通用体力活动居住环境量表(PANE...     

Self reported physical activity, public health, and perceived environment: results from a comparative European study

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The focus of physical activity promotion is moving from methods for increasing health enhancing physical activity on the individual level to higher level strategies including environmental and policy approaches. Scientific inquiry, traditionally related to individual-based strategies, requires adaptation and refinement when environmental and policy changes become more relevant. The objective of this study is to investigate the significance for behaviour and health of community-based environments that encourage physical activity. DESIGN AND SETTING: The article presents data and results from a cross sectional comparative survey of the general population in six European countries (Belgium, Finland, Germany (East and West), Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland). Specifically, the relation between perceived community-based opportunities for physical activity, self reported physical activity, and self rated health status is investigated. PARTICIPANTS: Representative samples of general populations (adults 18 years or older). Overall response rate: 53.5%. Sample sizes realised: Belgium: n = 389; Finland: n = 400; Germany (East): n = 913; Germany (West): n = 489; Netherlands: n = 366; Spain: n = 380; Switzerland: n =406. MAIN RESULTS: Analyses show that best opportunities are reported by people who are lightly to moderately physically active. People's self rated health is moderately, but significantly associated with both perceived opportunities, and physical activity itself. These predictors interact in that especially for women, the health impact of physical activity is more pronounced in case of good opportunities. CONCLUSIONS: The paper shows the potential of opportunities within residential and community environments with regard to physical activity, both for behaviour and health. Opportunities may enable the population, especially women, to develop an active lifestyle, and thus improve their health. Future studies with objective indicators for physical activity related environments should test the findings that are based on perceptions.     

Socioeconomic status differences in recreational physical activity levels and real and perceived access to a supportive physical environment

BACKGROUND: Spatial access to recreational facilities and perceptions of the neighborhood environment and physical activity levels were examined by the socioeconomic status of area of residence (SES). METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of adults (18-59 years) (n = 1,803) stratified by SES using a geographic-based index was conducted. RESULTS: Respondents in low SES areas had superior spatial access to many recreational facilities, but were less likely to use them compared with those living in high SES areas. They were more likely to perceive that they had access to sidewalks and shops, but also perceived that their neighborhood was busier with traffic, less attractive, and less supportive of walking. After adjustment, respondents living in low SES areas were 36% less likely to undertake vigorous activity. While they were more likely to walk for transport, this was not statistically significant (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.98-1.64), nor were other SES differences in walking for recreation and walking as recommended. Modifiable environmental factors were associated with walking and vigorous activity, especially perceived access to sidewalks and neighborhood attractiveness. Spatial access to attractive, public open space was associated with walking. CONCLUSIONS: Creating supportive environments--particularly sidewalks in attractive neighborhoods--has the potential to increase walking and vigorous activity.     

徐州市中学生体力活动与肥胖及心理健康关系

  目的  了解家庭体育环境特征对青少年身体活动水平的影响,为今后中国青少年身体活动促进家庭层面策略的制定提供参考依据。  方法  于2019年10 — 12月采用随机抽样方法在北京市清华附中、上海市闵行中学、山东省实验中学、陕西省秦汉中学4所学校抽取314名高中生进行问卷调查和一周不同强度身体活动时间的定量测试。  结果  青少年静坐行为（SB）、低强度身体活动（LPA）和中高强度身体活动（MVPA）时间分别为（5016.33 ± 1872.00）、（338.03 ± 215.60）和（1585.24 ± 896.22）分/周;青少年家庭体育物理环境中的活动器材可用性和活动器材易用性得分分别为（12.62 ± 3.65）和（7.83 ± 3.52）分,家庭体育社会环境中的父亲模范作用、母亲模范作用、父亲鼓励支持策略和母亲鼓励支持策略得分分别为（15.69 ± 5.28）、（16.74 ± 4.11）、（22.29 ± 6.62）和（8.64 ± 3.17）分;不同性别青少年比较,男生除SB低于女生外,LPA、MVPA及活动器材易用性、父亲模范作用、母亲模范作用、父亲鼓励支持策略和母亲鼓励支持策略得分均高于女生（均P < 0.01）。多元线性逐步回归分析结果显示,活动器材可用性、母亲模范作用和母亲鼓励支持策略是青少年SB的主要影响因素,活动器材可用性、父亲模范作用、母亲模范作用和母亲鼓励支持策略是男生SB的主要影响因素,活动器材可用性和父亲鼓励支持策略是女生SB的主要影响因素;活动器材可用性和母亲鼓励支持策略是青少年LPA的主要影响因素,活动器材可用性和母亲鼓励支持策略是男生LPA的主要影响因素,活动器材可用性和父亲鼓励支持策略是女生LPA的主要影响因素;活动器材可用性和母亲鼓励支持策略是青少年MVPA的主要影响因素,活动器材可用性和母亲模范作用是男生MVPA的主要影响因素,父亲鼓励支持策略是女生MVPA的主要影响因素。  结论  青少年身体活动与家庭体育物理环境和家庭体育社会环境关系密切,未来在青少年身体活动行为领域应更加关注家庭体育环境的影响。     

四城市成年人主观感知建成环境与休闲性体力活动的相关性研究

目的 探讨4城市社区成年居民主观感知的建成环境与休闲性体力活动之间的相关性。方法 2017年6月至2018年7月采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法抽取杭州、苏州、成都和青岛市25～64岁成年人,使用社区环境步行适宜性量表简版和国际体力活动问卷长版评估建成环境和休闲性体力活动水平,采用广义线性混合模型分析主观感知的建成环境与休闲性体力活动的相关性。结果 共纳入有效样本3 789份。调整可能的混杂因素后,公共服务可及性（OR=1.34,95% CI：1.02～1.75）和美观度（OR=1.37,95% CI：1.09～1.73）与居民自报过去一周有休闲性体力活动的可能性呈正相关;类似地,居民进行休闲性步行的可能性与这2个维度也呈正相关。街道连通性与居民休闲性步行水平呈正相关［exp（β）=1.09,95% CI：1.00～1.19］;居住密度［exp（β）=1.000 4,95% CI：1.000 0～1.000 8］越高、体力活动场所可及性［exp（β）=1.09,95% CI：1.00～1.19］越好,美观度［exp（β）=1.11,95% CI：1.00～1.22］越好,居民休闲性体力活动水平越高,达标的可能性也越高。结论 改善社区某些建成环境维度,有望增加居民进行休闲性体力活动的可能性及相应的水平。     

Participation in physical activity among normal- and overweight Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adolescents

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between weight status and participation in physical activity (PA) among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW) adolescent boys and girls. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, height and weight were measured and a modified 2001 Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to 1,302 Hispanic and NHW adolescents, aged 14-17 years, attending high school in Nueces County, Texas. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relation between weight status (normal weight or "at risk for overweight and overweight" [AR&O]) and PA, including moderate PA, vigorous PA, strength training, participation in team sports, and TV viewing, according to gender and ethnicity. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent of adolescents were AR&O, including 32% and 48% of Hispanic girls and boys, respectively, and 22% and 35% of NHW girls and boys, respectively. As expected, boys reported participating in more PAs than girls. Compared with NHW girls, both normal weight and AR&O Hispanic girls reported significantly fewer bouts of moderate activity, less involvement in team sports, and more time watching TV. Normal weight boys reported participating in significantly more vigorous activity than those who were AR&O. Hispanic boys reported more strength training than NHWs; however, they watched significantly more hours of TV than NHW boys. CONCLUSIONS: Hispanic and NHW high school students reported participation in different PAs; this information may be useful for planning health and physical education curriculum.     

艾滋病/性病/安全性行为同伴教育项目评价设计

  目的  探讨饮食知识健康教育和运动干预方式对中国城市初中生体质指数（BMI）和肥胖水平的干预效果,为青少年肥胖控制提供科学依据。  方法  于2015年9月,在天津、内江、大连抽取初一和初二1 491名学生作为研究对象,随机分为干预组（720人）和对照组（771人）,对干预组进行综合干预（健康教育和运动干预）,对照组进行普通干预（发放健康手册和知识讲座）,为期10月,干预前后分别进行问卷调查和体格测量。  结果  干预组肥胖学生BMI由干预前的30.1 kg/m² 下降为28.9 kg/m²,对照组肥胖学生BMI由干预前的29.9 kg/m² 下降为29.4 kg/m²,干预组肥胖学生BMI下降显著高于对照组。其中,干预组肥胖男生BMI由干预前的30.0 kg/m² 下降为28.6 kg/m²,对照组肥胖男生BMI由干预前的29.5 kg/m² 下降为28.9 kg/m²,干预组肥胖男生BMI下降显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）;在肥胖女生中干预不显著（P > 0.05）。干预组学生工作日久坐行为时间由干预前的4.2 h下降为4.1 h,对照组学生干预前后均为4.4 h;干预组学生每周吃水果蔬菜天数由干预前的4.5 d增加为5.1 d,对照组学生干预前后均为4.8 d,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。  结论  健康教育和运动干预相结合有助于提高学生体力活动水平,明显降低肥胖学生尤其是男生肥胖水平,但干预效果仍存在性别差异。     

青少年不同实际体重、感知体重对自尊水平的影响

目的 了解青少年的实际体重、感知体重并分析其与自尊水平的关系,为青少年的身心健康发展提供参考依据.方法 随机整群抽取山东省某两所中学的1 534名青少年为研究对象,采用自行编制的一般资料问卷及自尊量表对青少年进行调查,并测量青少年的身高体重.用Kappa检验、t检验、方差分析以及多重线性回归分析对数据进行统计分析.结果...     

Weight control beliefs, body shape attitudes, and physical activity among adolescents

BACKGROUND: Relatively little is known about how perceived weight controllability influences important psychological health factors among adolescents. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore adolescents' weight controllability beliefs and how those beliefs influence weight‐related attitudes and behaviors. METHODS: Adolescents (N = 369, mean age = 13.14, SD = 0.95) enrolled in physical education completed a survey packet, which included demographic questions and items targeting obesity, body shape, and weight controllability beliefs. RESULTS: Participants believed that fat children have weight problems because they consume too many calories, are lazy, have access to junk food, and lack self‐control. Those who endorsed high weight controllability beliefs were more likely to indicate that a thin person, as compared to a fat person, would enjoy physical activity and be coordinated, have higher levels of personal weight and body shape satisfaction, and engage in vigorous physical activity more days per week. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived weight controllability may be an important construct to study further, particularly in relationship to health‐ and weight‐related attitudes and behaviors.     

The effect of playground- and nature-based playtime interventions on physical activity and self-esteem in UK school children

School playtime provides opportunities for children to engage in physical activity (PA). Playground playtime interventions designed to increase PA have produced differing results. However, nature can also promote PA, through the provision of large open spaces for activity. The purpose of this study is to determine which playtime interventions are most effective at increasing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and if this varies by school location. Fifty-two children from an urban and rural school participated in a playground sports (PS) and nature-based orienteering intervention during playtime for one week. MVPA was assessed the day before and on the final day of the interventions using accelerometers. Intervention type (p?p?r?=?0.32; p?p?>?0.05). The provision of PS influences PA the most; however, a variety of interventions are required to engage less fit children in PA.     

Impact of social norms and social support on diet,physical activity and sedentary behaviour of adolescents: a scoping review

The prevalence of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood is rapidly increasing, and it is essential that risk factors for NCDs be addressed in adolescence, both for the health of individuals during adolescence and for their health in later life. These risk factors include diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour. No literature has been published that comprehensively summarizes the impact of social norms and social support on these behaviours among adolescents. Therefore, a scoping review was conducted to determine the extent of recent (since 2000) literature available on this topic. A comprehensive search strategy was used to search PubMed and EMBASE for eligible reviews. Review papers (narrative reviews, systematic and non‐systematic reviews) published in English in peer‐reviewed journals from 2000 to February 2013 were included in the overview. Two of the authors screened the titles and abstracts of the search results independently. Thirty reviews were included in the scoping review. This scoping review has shown sufficient evidence for parental influences, and especially the positive impact of an authoritative parenting style, on healthy behaviours of adolescents, although the evidence is somewhat more compelling for diet than for physical activity and sedentary behaviour. More research is needed to investigate parental and family influences on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. And the effect of peer influences on diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour of adolescents requires further investigation. The evidence presented affirms the consideration of social norms and social support in the development of interventions to address these behaviours in adolescents. The evidence regarding parenting style provides some concrete guidance for such interventions.     

Exploring the reasons why adolescents participate in physical activity and identifying strategies that facilitate their involvement in such activity

Background: Prompted by the dramatic rise in obesity and the decline in physical activity of adolescents aged 11–15 years, this study explored, from the participants’ viewpoints, the influences contributing to the engagement of adolescents in physical activities and the strategies facilitating their participation in physical activities. Methods: An interpretive qualitative methodology was used involving 13 adolescents in three separate activity‐based focus groups. Results: The findings describe the personal abilities of the participants and the health benefits, psychological, emotional and environmental factors influencing participation in physical activity. Findings endorse the use of supportive, enjoyable and skill‐appropriate approaches to physical activity intervention. Conclusions: Implications for occupational therapy include promoting physical activities as aspects of occupations to improve the health and well‐being of adolescents through engagement in such activities.     

Increasing weight-bearing physical activity and calcium intake for bone mass growth in children and adolescents: a review of intervention trials

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current state-of-the-science for interventions to increase bone mass gains in children and adolescents using weight-bearing physical activity or calcium supplementation. METHODS: Studies were located using computerized and manual searches of the empirical literature. Inclusion criteria were: (a) intervention study targeting weight-bearing physical activity or calcium intake; (b) inclusion of a control group; (c) subject age range under 18 years; and (d) outcome measured bone mineral density or bone mineral content. RESULTS: Weight-bearing physical activity and calcium supplement intervention studies both consistently show positive effects on bone mass gains in children and adolescents. The most consistent findings for both weight-bearing physical activity and calcium were for lumbar spine and total body bone sites. Only weight-bearing physical activity interventions had significant effects on the femoral neck sites. Low power may have contributed to the lack of statistically significant findings in several studies and also prevented proper evaluation of potential interactions between pubertal status and interventions on bone mass gains. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in weight-bearing physical activity or calcium intake have positive effects on bone mass gains in children and adolescents. Further research is needed to evaluate: (a) the long-term durability of these effects; (b) specific dose-response associations; (c) interactions between weight-bearing physical activity and calcium intake; and (d) interactions between pubertal development and weight-bearing physical activity or calcium intake on bone mass outcomes.     

基于人类发展指数的儿童青少年身体活动国际比较

  目的  了解内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟6～18岁儿童青少年身体活动水平现状及其影响因素。  方法  于2020年10 — 11月和2021年4月采用整群抽样方法对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗和正镶白旗所有6～18岁4684名在校中小学生进行问卷调查,比较其身体活动水平差异,应用二元logistic回归模型对身体活动的影响因素进行分析。  结果  有效调查4600名儿童青少年,1 097名（23.8%）学生满足中高强度身体活动（MVPA）推荐量,2 987名（64.9%）学生达到了久坐行为（SB）推荐量的要求。MVPA的平均水平为28.57 min/d,不同性别和学段差异有统计学意义（Z = – 6.523,H = 42.009,P < 0.001）,SB的平均水平为64.28 min/d,不同性别、学段和民族差异有统计学意义（Z = – 2.055,H = 18.151,Z = – 4.298,P < 0.05）。logistic回归结果显示,父亲文化程度为初中、高中,母亲职业为国家政府机关单位工作人员、农牧林渔工作人员,母亲文化程度高中,父母离异,家庭月收入 ≥ 0.5万元,患慢性病,做过手术为MVPA达标的保护因素（均P < 0.05）;父亲职业为国家政府机关单位工作人员、农牧林渔工作人员、个体私企工作人员,父亲学历为大学及以上,母亲职业为国家单位政府机关工作人员为SB达标的保护因素（均P < 0.05）。  结论  内蒙古锡林郭勒盟6～18岁儿童青少年MVPA平均水平较低,达标率较低,SB平均水平合格并且达标率较高,存在性别、学段、民族差异。父母文化程度、父母职业、父母是否离异、家庭月收入、是否患慢性病、是否做过手术为MVPA能否达标的影响因素;父亲职业、母亲文化程度、家庭月收入、是否做过手术为SB能否达标的影响因素。     

The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise

Both physical activity and exposure to nature are known separately to have positive effects on physical and mental health. We have investigated whether there is a synergistic benefit in adopting physical activities whilst being directly exposed to nature ('green exercise'). Five groups of 20 subjects were exposed to a sequence of 30 scenes projected on a wall whilst exercising on a treadmill. Four categories of scenes were tested: rural pleasant, rural unpleasant, urban pleasant and urban unpleasant. The control was running without exposure to images. Blood pressure and two psychological measures (self-esteem and mood) were measured before and after the intervention. There was a clear effect of both exercise and different scenes on blood pressure, self-esteem and mood. Exercise alone significantly reduced blood pressure, increased self-esteem, and had a positive significant effect on 4 of 6 mood measures. Both rural and urban pleasant scenes produced a significantly greater positive effect on self-esteem than the exercise-only control. This shows the synergistic effect of green exercise in both rural and urban environments. By contrast, both rural and urban unpleasant scenes reduced the positive effects of exercise on self-esteem. The rural unpleasant scenes had the most dramatic effect, depressing the beneficial effects of exercise on three different measures of mood. It appears that threats to the countryside depicted in rural unpleasant scenes have a greater negative effect on mood than already urban unpleasant scenes. We conclude that green exercise has important public and environmental health consequences.     

Trends in vigorous physical activity and TV watching of adolescents from 1986 to 2002 in seven European Countries

BACKGROUND: The aim is to study trends in physical activity and TV viewing in seven European countries in the period 1985-2002. METHODS: The data are collected through questionnaires in the survey 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. A WHO Cross-national study', using nationally representative samples of 11-, 13-, and 15-year-olds. Between 1985/86 and 2001/02, a standard set of items was used to measure vigorous physical activity and TV watching in the study. Austria, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, and Wales used these measures in all surveys. RESULTS: Between 1985/86 and 2001/02, there was a slight increase in Finland in the proportions reporting vigorous physical activity 4 or more times a week, whereas as pattern of stability was observed for the other countries. Across all surveys and countries boys were more likely to report regular vigorous physical activity than girls. No clear pattern emerges when examining trends over time in TV watching. Boys reported spending more time watching TV than girls in all countries. The correlation between the two behaviours at the 1986 and 1998 measurement points was non-significant. CONCLUSION: The finding that boys were more likely to report regular vigorous physical activity and TV watching confirms results of previous studies. The present study of seven European countries generally indicates stability or a small increase in physical activity of boys and girls aged 11-15 from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s.     

Physical activity energy expenditure in Dutch adolescents: contribution of active transport to school, physical education, and leisure time activities

BACKGROUND: Detailed knowledge about physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) can guide the development of school interventions aimed at reducing overweight in adolescents. However, relevant components of PAEE have never been objectively quantified in this population. This study investigated the contribution of active transport to and from school, physical education (PE), and leisure time activities to total PAEE during a regular school week in adolescents. METHODS: Seventy‐three adolescents (mean age: 15.7 years) wore an individually calibrated combined heart rate‐acceleration monitor and kept an activity diary during a regular school week. Branched equation modeling was used to calculate PAEE of the specific activity categories, and their relative contribution to total PAEE was determined. RESULTS: Active transport and PE contributed 30.0% and 17.4%, respectively, to school‐related PAEE. Active transport to and from school contributed 15% to total PAEE. Youth with a high physical activity level (PAL) spent 4 hours less in sedentary behavior than subjects with a medium or low PAL (F = 77.415 (2.70), p < .001) and had higher PAEE during leisure time sports (F = 9.135 (2.70), p < .001) and work‐related activities (F = 10.583 (2.70), p < .001) than youth with medium or low PAL values. CONCLUSIONS: Active transport and PE contribute significantly to PAEE during school hours in adolescents. To achieve an increase in total PAEE in the least active group of adolescents, promising strategies might be to reduce inactive behavior, increase participation in leisure time sports, and possibly to replace inactive for active jobs.     

Sociodemographic differences in depressed mood: results from a nationally representative sample of high school adolescents

BACKGROUND: Research on adolescent mental health suggests that prevalence rates for depressed mood are not uniformly distributed across all populations. This study examined demographic difference in depressed mood among a nationally representative sample of high school adolescents. METHODS: The 2003 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey was utilized to examine the association between depressed mood and demographic variables. To examine demographic associations, chi-square and follow-up logistic regression models were created for the sample of high school adolescents (N = 15,214). RESULTS: Caucasians and African Americans were significantly less likely to report depressed mood when compared to Hispanics and Others. Women were also more likely than men to report depressed mood. No significant differences were observed among levels of urbanicity and age. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of the difference in the prevalence and correlates of depressed mood among adolescents of various ethnic/racial and gender groups deserves increased attention. Given the fact that challenges with depressed mood in adolescents can be substantial and relatively unrecognized, there is an increased need to identify these adolescents early and intervene with culturally appropriate interventions.