Applicability of general grief theory to Swedish women's experience after early miscarriage,with factor analysis of Bonanno's taxonomy,using the Perinatal Grief Scale

Abstract

Background. Grief is a normal phenomenon but showing great variation depending on cultural and personal features. Bonanno and Kaltman have nonetheless proposed five aspects of normal grief. The aim of this study was to investigate if women with miscarriage experience normal grief.

Material and methods. Content analyses of 25 transcribed conversations with women 4 weeks after their early miscarriages were classified depending on the meaning-bearing units according to Bonanno and Kaltman's categories. In the factor analyses, these categories were compared with the Perinatal Grief Scale and women's age, number of children and number of miscarriages, and gestational weeks.

Results. Women with miscarriage fulfill the criteria for having normal grief according to Bonanno and Kaltman. All of the 25 women had meaning-bearing units that were classified as cognitive disorganization, dysphoria, and health deficits, whereas disrupted social and occupational functioning and positive aspects of bereavement were represented in 22 of 25 women. From the factor analysis, there are no differences in the expression of the intensity of the grief, irrespective of whether or not the women were primiparous, younger, or had suffered a first miscarriage.

Conclusion. Women's experience of grief after miscarriage is similar to general grief after death. After her loss, the woman must have the possibility of expressing and working through her grief before she can finish her pregnancy emotionally. The care-giver must facilitate this process and accept that the intensity of the grief is not dependent on the woman's age, or her number of earlier miscarriages.     

普外科病人全麻后苏醒期躁动危险因素分析

目的:分析普外科病人全麻后苏醒期躁动的危险因素.方法:选取普外科接受全麻手术病人514例,回顾分析术前、术中变量对全麻后苏醒期躁动发生率的影响.采用单因素分析及多因素logistic回归分析,筛选其中的危险因素.结果:514例病人中32例发生苏醒期躁动.单因素分析显示躁动病人性别、ASA分级、术中补液、术后贫血、留置导尿管、视觉模拟评分法评分>4分比例高于安静组(P<0.05~P<0.01).多因素分析显示ASA分级、留置导尿管、术中补液量大及术后视觉模拟评分法评分>4分是全麻后躁动的危险因素.结论:对ASA分级高、留置导尿管、术中补液量大及手术疼痛较严重的病人应当积极进行术后镇定,预防躁动发生.     

应用匹配矩阵、因子分析和聚类分析法研究冠心病痰瘀证候特征

目的研究冠心病痰瘀证候与临床四诊信息的相互关系,为其分类及规范化诊断提供参考。方法采用匹配矩阵、因子分析和聚类分析法,对200例冠心病患者痰证、瘀证、痰瘀互阻证及非痰非瘀证46项临床症状进行相关性分析。结果冠心病不同痰瘀证候舌、脉象与非痰非瘀证之间存在明显差异;中医病机脏腑定位于心和肾,以心气虚为主,兼肾气虚,痰证患者尚多伴脾气虚;在46项临床症状中,仅15项症状在痰证、瘀证和痰瘀互阻证中相伴出现频率较高。除共有的本虚证外,痰证的主要临床症状为白腻苔和滑脉,尚见胸脘痞满和腹胀等;瘀证则以紫舌、舌生瘀斑为主,尚见痛有定处;痰瘀互阻证则兼上述两种证候的主要症状。结论综合应用匹配矩阵、因子分析和聚类分析法,可以获得有关冠心病不同痰瘀证候主要临床特征及脏腑定位的信息,对冠心病不同痰瘀证候辨证及其分类研究具有一定的意义。