Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with previous open nephrolithotomy: one-shot versus telescopic technique for tract dilatation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) can be done in patients who have previously had open nephrolithotomy. Currently, dilatation of the nephrostomy tract is achieved using an Amplatz renal dilator or telescopic metal dilators in these patients. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of the "one-shot" procedure in patients with previous open nephrolithotomy with those of the current telescopic technique. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients with past history of open surgery for kidney stone disease underwent PCNL at our institution from February 2006 to March 2007. Patients were randomly divided into two groups according to dilation technique used: group A (telescopic procedure) and group B (one-shot procedure). X-ray exposure, blood loss, and complications were evaluated. RESULTS: No significant difference in hemoglobin decrease was seen in the two groups. The stone-free and complication rates were the same in the two groups. Fluoroscopy time during the one-shot procedure was significantly shorter than that of the telescopic procedure (P < 0.000). CONCLUSION: Our experience indicated that the one-shot procedure is feasible in patients with previous open nephrolithotomy. It is as safe and effective as the telescopic procedure, with significant reduction in x-ray exposure.     

伴脊柱畸形上尿路结石的经皮肾镜取石术

目的 探讨应用超声定位经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗伴脊柱畸形上尿路结石的可行性及安全性.方法 伴脊柱畸形的上尿路结石患者35例.男19例,女16例.平均年龄32(22～64)岁.患者均经B超、KUB、CT检查确诊.左侧21例、右侧12例、双侧2例,共37侧.鹿角状结石7侧,多发结石21侧,单发结石9侧.结石长径平均26(12～45)mm.伴发脊柱畸形单纯侧凸3例,侧凸合并前、后凸32例.凸向患肾20侧,凸向健肾17侧.脊柱弯曲角度Cobb角>45°16例,<45°19例.脊柱畸形引发患肾形态改变13侧(35.1%),位置明显移位26侧(70.3%).引发胸廓畸形31例(88.6%).肺功能检查13例,通气和贮备功能下降11例.35例患者37侧肾脏手术,2例双侧结石间隔1周分2次完成手术.全身麻醉,手术取俯卧位9侧,侧卧位14侧,其他非常规体位14侧.应用实时彩色多普勒超声定位,一期成功建立24 F标准皮肾通道并应用气压弹道联合超声碎石清石系统去除结石. 结果 一期单通道手术34侧(91.9%),一期双通道手术3侧(8.1%).通道建立时间(8.55±1.7)min,平均结石处理时间(39.3±14.6)min.一期结石清除32侧(86.5%),多期结石清除2侧,总净石率91.9%(34/37).3例有残石患者保守观察.输血2例.未发生脏器损伤和尿源性败血症. 结论 脊柱畸形可导致泌尿系统及胸廓的解剖异常,常规体位及定位穿刺与通道建立困难.设计合理的手术体位,彩色多普勒超声定位,伴脊柱畸形的上尿路结石PCNL治疗安全、有效.     

孤立肾肾结石经皮肾镜取石术安全性分析

目的 探讨孤立肾肾结石经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)的安全性及临床疗效.方法 孤立肾合并肾结石患者156例,其中解剖性孤立肾35例,功能性孤立肾121例(对侧肾GFR＜10ml/min).肾功能异常71例(SCr＞115,μmol/L).鹿角状结石57例,多发结石83例,单发结石16例,其中有同侧开放手术史者11例.采用实时彩色多普勒超声引导穿刺,2步法扩张建立24 F标准通道,使用弹道联合超声碎石清石系统清除结石.结果 156例均一期建立通道.采用单通道143例(91.7%),双通道9例,三通道1例;多期多通道3例.平均手术时间(46.7±11.2)min,通道建立时间(4.5±0.8)min.术后实验室检查Hb平均下降5.3 g/L.输血5例,其中4例行超选择性肾动脉介入栓塞控制出血.71例肾功能异常者中34例(47.9%)术后SCr恢复到正常范围;SCr升高13例(18.3%),平均增高3%[(7.5±0.6)μmol/L].一期PCNL结石清除116例(74.4%),多期结石清除21例(13.5%).总体结石清除137例(87.8%).19例有残石者门诊行ESWL治疗或保守观察.未发生脏器损伤和感染性休克病例.结论 对于操作技术熟练的医生,功能性或解剖性孤立肾合并肾结石PCNL治疗安全、有效.     

One-stage tract dilation for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: is it justified?

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of one-stage acute dilation of the nephrostomy tract with a 30F Amplatz dilator in patients who are candidate for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) regardless of whether there is a previous renal scar to make the procedure less time consuming and more cost effective. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The outcomes of one-stage tract dilation for PCNL in 100 consecutive patients with and without a history of ipsilateral open stone surgery (OSS), treated by one surgeon, were examined prospectively. Forty-six patients (group 1) had a history of ipsilateral OSS, and 54 patients (group 2) did not have this history. Demographic data as well as intraoperative information, such as access time and radiation exposure time during access, were recorded. The success of the access technique and its bleeding complications were analyzed between the two groups. RESULTS: By applying a "one-stage" technique, the targeted calix could be entered with a success rate of 93%. There was no difference in the procedural success rate between groups 1 and 2 (93.5% v 92.6%, respectively). All seven failed attempts (7%; three with previous OSS) were managed successfully using an Alken dilator to gain access to the proposed calix in the same session. Previous OSS did not impact access time, radiation exposure time during access, postoperative hemoglobin drop, and bleeding complications. There were no visceral and vascular injuries. CONCLUSIONS: One-stage tract dilation for PCNL is a safe and effective method in almost every adult patient.     

标准通道与微通道经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗肾结石的疗效分析(附视频)

目的 探讨标准通道经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)与微通道经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗肾结石的临床疗效及其优缺点.方法 回顾性分析323例肾结石患者,其中178例采用MPCNL,145例采用标准通道PCNL,对两组手术时间、一期手术成功率、结石清除率、手术并发症、肾功能、输血率、住院时间等指标进行比较分析.结果 两组患者分别成功建立了18 F和24 F肾穿刺通道并一期行碎石术.MPCNL组手术时间较PCNL组延长(P＜0.05),但肾盏多发性结石患者结石清除率高于标准通道PCNL组(P＜0.05),而单纯肾盂结石患者结石清除率则低于标准通道PCNL组(P＜0.05).两组鹿角型结石患者一期结石清除率比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组术后手术并发症、肾功能、输血率、住院时间等均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 MPCNL与标准通道PCNL均具有术中损伤小、住院时间短、结石清除率高、并发症低、对肾功能无明显影响等优点.标准通道PCNL较适合处理较大的肾盂结石,MPCNL较适合治疗肾盏多发结石,两者联合应用可提高鹿角型结石的治疗疗效.     

Factors affecting blood loss during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: prospective study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Bleeding is a major concern during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), especially with the use of multiple tracts. This prospective study aimed to identify factors affecting blood loss during PCNL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were collected prospectively from 236 patients undergoing 301 PCNL procedures at our institute since June 2002. Blood loss was estimated by the postoperative drop in hemoglobin factored by the quantity of any blood transfusion. Various patient-related and intraoperative factors were assessed for association with total blood loss or blood transfusion requirement using stepwise multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: The average hemoglobin drop was 1.68 +/- 1.23 g/dL. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis showed that the occurrence of operative complications (P < 0.0001), mature nephrostomy tract (P < 0.0001), operative time (P < 0.0001), method of access guidance (fluoroscopy v ultrasound) (P = 0.0001), method of tract dilatation (P = 0.0001), multiple (> or =2) tracts (P = 0.003), size of the tract (P = 0.001), renal parenchymal thickness (P = 0.05), and diabetes (P = 0.05) were significant predictors of blood loss. The overall blood transfusion rate for all patients was 7.9%. Preoperative hemoglobin, multiple tracts, stone size, and total blood loss were significant in predicting perioperative blood transfusion requirement. Factors such as age, hypertension, renal insufficiency, urinary infection, the degree of hydronephrosis, stone bulk, and the function of the ipsilateral renal unit did not have any effect on the blood loss. Technical factors such as the operating surgeon and the calix of entry also did not affect the blood loss. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes, multiple-tract procedures, prolonged operative time, and the occurrence of intraoperative complications are associated with significantly increased blood loss. Atrophic parenchyma and past ipsilateral intervention are associated with reduced blood loss. On the basis of this evidence, maneuvers that may reduce blood loss and transfusion rate include ultrasound-guided access, use of Amplatz or balloon dilatation systems, reducing the operative time, and staging the procedure in cases of a large stone burden or intraoperative complications. Reducing the tract size in pediatric cases, nonhydronephrotic systems and those with a narrow infundibulum, and secondary tracts in a multiple-tract procedure may also reduce blood loss during PCNL.     

Predictors of excessive renal displacement during access in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a randomized clinical trial

To determine the magnitude of renal displacement (a major cause of access failure or loss) during the renal access steps in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), investigate predictors of excessive renal displacement, and compare the effect of one-stage versus gradual dilation on renal displacement during access. Sixty-six adult patients undergoing PCNL were randomized into two groups containing 33 patients each: Group 1 underwent gradual tract dilation with Alken metal dilators, and Group 2 received one-stage tract dilation. In each patient, maximum renal displacement was measured in three planes (cephalocaudal, anteroposterior, and mediolateral) during the three access steps (needle puncture, Alken guide insertion, and dilator advancement). The patients’ demographic data and intraoperative parameters were compared. In both groups, net renal displacement during the three access steps was in the cephalad, medial, and anterior directions. There were no significant differences in the magnitude of renal displacement in patients with gradual versus one-stage tract dilation. Renal displacement was significantly more pronounced in all planes and in all access steps in female patients and in those with no previous history of open stone surgery on the ipsilateral kidney. High body mass index (BMI) showed a significant negative correlation with cephalad and anterior renal displacement, but not with medial displacement. Three-dimensional movement of the kidney during percutaneous access in PCNL is similar when gradual versus one-stage tract dilation is used. Inherent patient characteristics, such as female sex, BMI, and a previous ipsilateral flank scar are major determinants of the magnitude of renal displacement during the PCNL access steps.     

Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with previous ipsilateral open renal surgery: a feasibility study with review of literature

PURPOSE: To present our initial experience of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in patients with previous ipsilateral open renal surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with previous ipsilateral open renal surgery underwent tubeless PCNL at our institute. Patients with large renal and/or upper ureteral calculi, irrespective of the number and size of the stones, amount of hydronephrosis, or the renal parameters, were selected for the procedure. Exclusion criteria were patients needing more than two percutaneous tracts, significant bleeding, and a significant residual stone burden that would necessitate a staged PCNL. The perioperative outcome of these patients (study group) was retrospectively compared with an historic cohort of the same number of patients with a history of open surgery for renal calculi who underwent ipsilateral PCNL with routine placement of a nephrostomy tube (control group). RESULTS: The two groups had comparable demographic data. Patients in the study group needed less postoperative analgesia (P = 0.000). They were discharged a mean of 10 hours earlier (P = 0.000). Two patients in both groups required blood transfusion. No urinoma or urinary leak from the nephrostomy site occurred in the study group. The incidence of other postoperative complications was comparable in both groups. Complete stone clearance was achieved in 88% of patients in the study group and 84% patients in the control group. CONCLUSION: The tubeless approach in patients with a history of open renal surgery is associated with decreased analgesia requirement and hospital stay without compromising stone-free rates or increasing the complications.     

Third prize: contemporary percutaneous nephrolithotripsy: 1585 procedures in 1338 consecutive patients

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The approach to urinary-stone disease has changed dramatically over the last three decades with a transition from open surgery to minimally invasive procedures. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) is a cornerstone of the treatment of kidney and selected upper-ureteral stones and continues to evolve with advances in techniques and instrumentation. The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes and trends prospectively in a large contemporary group of patients undergoing PCNL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between July 1990 and December 2005, all 1338 patients at a single center scheduled for PCNL (N = 1585 procedures) were enrolled. Their mean age was 53 years (range 4-89 years). Data including comorbidities, stone burden, stone location, surgical time, hospital length of stay, rate of secondary procedures, and adverse events were collected prospectively. The primary outcome measures were stone-free rate and complications. RESULTS: There was a substantial incidence of comorbid medical conditions (48.8%) and anatomic renal abnormalities (25.3%), demonstrating the diverse and challenging patient population in this contemporary series. The overall stone-free rate at 3 to 6 months of follow-up was 94.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy is a highly effective procedure and may be performed in a diverse group of patients with comorbid conditions and renal abnormalities. Improved intracorporeal lithotripters, balloon dilation of the tract, use of flexible instruments, and liberal use of secondary nephroscopy result in excellent stone-free rates with low morbidity.     

一步扩张法标准通道和大通道建立技术在复杂性肾结石经皮肾镜取石术中的应用

目的:本研究中,我们拟介绍"一步扩张法标准通道建立技术"和"一步扩张法大通道建立技术",同时评估在经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)中应用这两种通道建立技术的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾性研究2013年7月~2014年6月在我院采用"一步扩张法标准通道建立技术"和"一步扩张法大通道建立技术"PCNL治疗的52例多发性、铸型或鹿角形肾结石病例,按照术中建立的第一通道(主要通道)的大小分为两组,标准通道组(F22)29例,大通道组(F26)23例,两组患者所建立的辅助通道均为F22。比较两组患者第一通道的建立时间、总体手术时间、肾脏出血、总肾功能、通道扩张失败、集合系统穿孔等相关指标。结果:两组患者建立的所有取石通道均采用一步扩张法成功建立标准通道(F22)或大通道(F26),无通道扩张失败者。标准通道组和大通道组平均第一通道建立时间分别为(1.9±0.3)min和(2.5±0.4)min(P0.01),总手术时间分别为(45.2±22.6)min和(39.8±23.3)min(P0.01),术前-术后血红蛋白(Hb)下降值分别为(0.5±0.8)g/dl和(0.7±0.7)g/dl(P0.01),患者术中及术后无需输血治疗。两组患者中无发生集合系统穿孔者。结论:"一步扩张法标准通道建立技术"和"一步扩张法大通道建立技术"均为安全且有效的肾脏取石通道建立方法。在严格经肾盏穹窿沿肾盏颈管走行穿刺的前提下,PCNL手术中采用一步扩张法建立大通道(F26)与建立标准通道(F22)相比肾脏出血略有增多,患者均无需输血。复杂性肾结石患者采用大通道可以缩短手术时间,取石效率更高。     

B超引导下经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效

目的:探讨B超引导建立皮肤肾脏通路,行经皮肾镜联合钬激光治疗上尿路结石的安全性和临床疗效。方法:2005年4月至今采用B超引导穿刺建立通路,行经皮肾镜联合钬激光治疗上尿路结石患者117例,并记录碎石取石时间、结石取净率及手术并发症。结果:117例患者均一期成功建立皮肤肾脏通路,102例行一期碎石术,15例行二期碎石术。碎石手术时间80～150min。1例患者术后输血800ml,无气胸、腹腔脏器损伤等严重并发症发生。术后复查,98例患者排净结石,19例有结石残余,结石清除率为83.8%(98/117)。结论:采用B超引导穿刺经皮肾镜碎石术治疗上尿路结石安全、方便,疗效可靠。     

既往结石干预对微创经皮肾镜碎石术的影响

目的：探讨既往开放取石术、经皮。肾镜碎石术和ESWL对微创经皮肾镜碎石术（mini—PcNL）的影响。方法：收集2002年7月～2006年10月收治的885例1156例次接受mini—PCNL术患者的临床资料。将患者分为四组：既往行开放取石术组（A组）、经皮肾镜术组（B组）、单纯ESWL组（C组）、无结石干预史组（D组）。对比分析各组手术时间、结石清除率、出血量、输血率、平均住院日及并发症。结果：各组最终结石清除率未见明显差异（X^2=0．584,p=0．900）。A组的出血量为（10．5±9．3）g／L,明显低于其他各组（F=12．879,P〈0．001）。各组手术时间、平均住院日差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。各组输血率、并发症也未见明显差别。结论：有既往结石干预史的患者行miniPCNL是安全、有效的。     

经皮肾镜在肝硬化高出血风险上尿路结石患者中的应用

目的探讨肝硬化上尿路结石患者行经皮肾镜碎石取石术（PCNL）的安全性及疗效。 方法回顾性分析重庆北大阳光医院泌尿外科2015年5月～2017年11月行PCNL的13例肝硬化患者临床资料,分析13例患者术前及术后凝血功能指标、血红蛋白、结石清除率以及术中、术后出血情况。 结果13例患者中,平均手术时间为（61±6）min。术后有1例患者结石残留,予以保守口服排石药物治疗,结石清除率为92.3%（12/13）。术后患者血红蛋白平均为（88.6±5.2）g/L,平均下降（14.6±4.8）g/L。13例患者中,无严重并发症发生。围手术期输血3例,其中因术前严重贫血予以输血纠正1例,术后输入冷沉淀补充凝血因子后纠正出血1例,术后出血行高选择性左肾动脉介入栓塞术1例。 结论PCNL在肝硬化高出血风险患者中并非是绝对手术禁忌证,术前调控好患者的凝血功能指标,术后密切监测及治疗,PCNL对肝硬化患者上尿路结石的治疗是相对安全、有效的。     

Minimal-invasive perkutane Nephrolitholapaxie (MIP)

Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithopaxy (MIP) was developed to combine the excellent stone-free rates of the conventional percutaneous nephrolithopaxy (PCNL) technique with the low morbidity of the miniaturized PCNL (Mini-Perc) and, at the same time, achieve a high level of patient comfort. The procedure is characterized not only by the diameter of the miniaturized 18-Fr Amplatz sheath that was adopted from the Mini-Perc but also by the following features: ultrasound-guided puncture of the kidney; single-step dilatation of the access tract; ballistic lithotripsy; a low-pressure irrigation system together with stone retraction by irrigation with a specially designed nephroscope sheath, for the so-called vacuum cleaner effect; and a sealed and tubeless access tract with primary closure of the channel independent of hemorrhage and without a second-look procedure. The results of the first 57 patients demonstrate primary stone-free rates of 92.9% with operating times averaging 62 (25–123) min. Severe complications, such as sepsis or bleeding requiring blood transfusion, did not occur. The high and predictable stone-free rate and a low morbidity comparable to that of ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy make MIP an attractive option for patients and urologists. The “vacuum cleaner effect” with quick removal of stone fragments reduces operating time and prevents new stone formation by avoiding residual fragments. The direct and primary closure of the access tract increases patient comfort and is justified by the reintervention rate of less than 8% in the presented cohort. The lack of a need for second-look nephroscopies, the vacuum cleaner effect, improved patient comfort without nephrostomy tubes, as well as surgery times comparable to that of traditional PCNL demonstrate a consequent evolution of the Mini-Perc. MIP therefore represents a promising and future-oriented module in modern stone therapy.     

Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy (MIP)

Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithopaxy (MIP) was developed to combine the excellent stone-free rates of the conventional percutaneous nephrolithopaxy (PCNL) technique with the low morbidity of the miniaturized PCNL (Mini-Perc) and, at the same time, achieve a high level of patient comfort. The procedure is characterized not only by the diameter of the miniaturized 18-Fr Amplatz sheath that was adopted from the Mini-Perc but also by the following features: ultrasound-guided puncture of the kidney; single-step dilatation of the access tract; ballistic lithotripsy; a low-pressure irrigation system together with stone retraction by irrigation with a specially designed nephroscope sheath, for the so-called vacuum cleaner effect; and a sealed and tubeless access tract with primary closure of the channel independent of hemorrhage and without a second-look procedure.The results of the first 57 patients demonstrate primary stone-free rates of 92.9% with operating times averaging 62 (25-123) min. Severe complications, such as sepsis or bleeding requiring blood transfusion, did not occur. The high and predictable stone-free rate and a low morbidity comparable to that of ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy make MIP an attractive option for patients and urologists. The "vacuum cleaner effect" with quick removal of stone fragments reduces operating time and prevents new stone formation by avoiding residual fragments. The direct and primary closure of the access tract increases patient comfort and is justified by the reintervention rate of less than 8% in the presented cohort.The lack of a need for second-look nephroscopies, the vacuum cleaner effect, improved patient comfort without nephrostomy tubes, as well as surgery times comparable to that of traditional PCNL demonstrate a consequent evolution of the Mini-Perc. MIP therefore represents a promising and future-oriented module in modern stone therapy.     

Cauterization of access tract for nephrostomy tube-free percutaneous nephrolithotomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is now a popular method for removal of renal and ureteral stones. Placement of a nephrostomy tube after the completion of PCNL has been considered a standard procedure by most urologists, but some authors have recently challenged this practice. Bleeding is one of the most prevalent problems after nephrostomy tube-free percutaneous renal surgery. To diminish the possibility of postoperative bleeding, we cauterized the PCNL tract to make it bloodless. The efficacy and safety of this procedure were reviewed in this study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From March 2001 to March 2003, 51 patients underwent PCNL with a one-stage procedure and a single access tract. The stone size ranged from 1.0 to 7.0 cm (mean 2.7 +/- 1.4 cm). A holmium:YAG laser and pneumatic lithotripter were used. After stone extraction, a 6F double-J catheter was inserted antegrade. The access tract was checked, and the bleeding points were cauterized. No nephrostomy tube was inserted, but a Penrose drain was left overnight. Perforation of the collecting system was not a contraindication to tubeless PCNL. RESULTS: The stone-free rate was 80.4%, including five patients with complete staghorn stones. Twenty-one patients required postoperative analgesics. Only one patient had urine leakage for longer than 24 hours. Transient low fever was noted in five patients, but no patient experienced severe urinary tract infection. Delayed hemorrhage (1 week after the operation) secondary to irritation by the double-J ureteral stent was noted in one patient. The average postoperative hospital stay was 2.2 days (range 1-3 days). No patient required a blood transfusion. No urinoma was noted on the postoperative ultrasound follow-up. CONCLUSION: Nephrostomy tube-free percutaneous renal surgery is a safe and effective procedure for selected patients with minimal hemorrhage after PCNL. Cauterization of tract bleeding points may make this modification a more secure procedure and make it suitable for more patients.     

Análisis de los factores que influyen en la pérdida hemática en la nefrolitotomía percutánea: registro de la Asociación Española de Urología sobre la posición supina

ObjectivePercutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the minimally invasive procedure of choice for removing renal stones larger than 2 cm. This study has aimed to identify the different variables that might influence decrease of hemoglobin during the surgery performed in supine position.Material and methodsA prospective, multicenter, observational study of supine PCNL, based on the Spanish Association of Urology database, was analyzed. The different preoperative and postoperative factors that might affect the decrease of hemoglobin were assessed: demographics and anthropometric data, comorbidities, size and location of the stones, anatomical variants and technical aspects of the procedure.ResultsFrom September 2008 to December 2012, 397 supine PCNL procedures performed in 15 Spanish centers were registered. Mean hemoglobin decrease was 2.3 ± 1.5 g/dl and overall blood transfusion rate was 5.5%. No statistically significant differences were found between genders, body mass index (BMI) and age in terms of blood loss. There were also no differences between patients with cardiovascular, hypertensive, diabetic and anticoagulant treatment background. Blood loss was not significantly influenced by stone size and location. Technical aspects of the procedure as operative time (> 120 min ≤), access to the pelvi-caliceal system (ultrasound, fluoroscopy), percutaneous tract dilation technique (Alken, balloon or Amplatz) or placement of nephrostomy (tube versus tubeless) were not associated with differences in pre-op/post-op hemoglobin. Only multiple percutaneous tracts (≥ 2) and middle calix access were statistically significantly (P = .03 and P = .01) related with less blood loss.ConclusionsPCNL in supine position is a minimally invasive procedure for removal of large (≥ 2 cm) and multiple renal stones, with a low incidence of blood loss and minimal transfusion rate. Multiple percutaneous tracts and middle calix puncture were the only statistically significant variables associated with decrease in hemoglobin levels.     

经皮肾输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗儿童肾结石

目的探讨经皮肾输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗儿童肾结石的疗效与安全性。方法肾结石患儿15例,均为14岁以下,其中单侧8例,双侧7例,共22个肾脏。全部病例使用全身麻醉下经皮肾输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗。术后行X线摄片观察疗效,术后48h查血红蛋白。所有病例均行代谢评估,术后使用枸橼酸钾预防结石复发。术后随访2～3年。结果20个肾脏（91％）的结石完全清除。2个有残石的肾脏经体外冲击波碎石术治疗,结石完全清除。14例患儿术后有轻、中度发热（〈39℃,〈2d）,1例术后高热（〉39℃,〉2d）。患儿术后血红蛋白较术前平均下降10．0g／L。无输血病例。平均住院5．2d。全部病例术后半年行静脉肾盂造影检查,肾功能均平稳或有改善。无远期并发症。结论对儿童肾结石行经皮肾输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术安全、有效。     

B超引导下经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石1289例临床总结

目的 探讨B超引导下PCNL治疗上尿路结石的有效性与安全性. 方法 2004年6月至2009年7月行超声引导下PCNL 1289例.其中输尿管上段结石386例;肾单发结石463例,多发结石355例,鹿角形结石85例.结石大小0.8 cm×1.2 cm～9.0 cm×5.3 cm,平均2.1 cm×3.1 cm.伴不同程度肾积水935例. 结果 1289例无中转开放及死亡.平均手术时间90(55～220)min,平均术中出血量175(60～800)ml.术中、术后输血31例,术后因出血行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术14例(1.09%).一期单通道取石1105例,二通道取石108例,三通道取石76例.一期结石取净率85.03%(1096/1289);193例结石残留者中,67例行ESWL,126例行二期PCNL,其中85例结石取净.总结石取净率91.62%(1181/1289).结论 B超引导下PCNL治疗上尿路结石具有定位准确、工作通道建立安全简便、结石取净率高、创伤小、并发症少等特点,手术适应证选择、手术技巧掌握、相应配套设施的保障是PCNL成功的关键.     

B超引导穿刺的标准通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗马蹄肾肾结石

目的评价B超引导穿刺的标准通道（F24）经皮肾镜碎石术治疗马蹄肾肾结石的安全性和有效性。方法2005年9月～2008年1月共收治马蹄肾肾结石44例（51侧肾结石）,其中单发结石24侧,多发结石18侧,鹿角状结石9侧,结石长径（24.4±5.8）mm。采用B超引导穿刺的标准通道（F24）经皮肾镜碎石术,超声粉碎并清除结石。结果44例均一期建立通道并碎石,其中单通道49侧肾,双通道2侧肾;经上盏建立通道31个,经中盏20个,经下组肾盏2个。手术时间（48.4±11.9）min,一期手术结石清除率88.2%（45/51）,接受二次手术清除残余结石3例。术后血红蛋白含量较术前下降（11.3±3.7）%。围手术期无输血,与手术相关的感染发生率为5.9%（3/51）,无气胸或腹腔脏器损伤。44例随访6～20个月,平均11.4月,1例残余结石排出,术后6个月结石复发率为2.0%（1/51）,1年结石复发率为6.5%（3/46）。结论B超引导穿刺的标准通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗马蹄肾肾结石有效、安全。