Systematic Pelvic and Paraaortic Lymphadenectomy for Advanced Ovarian Cancer: Prognostic Significance of Node Metastases

A retrospective study of 488 patients with untreated advanced ovarian cancer is presented. Systematic pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy was performed in 248 cases (50.8%). Selective sampling and node biopsy was performed in 33 (6.7%) and 47 (9.6%) patients, respectively. Node metastases were found in 194 of 328 patients (59.1%). The incidence of metastatic nodes significantly increased with more advanced stages, with serous histology, and with a greater amount of residual tumor. Node status appeared to be related to pathology findings at second-look. A complete pathologic response was documented in 26 of 31 (83.8%) patients with negative nodes and in 38 of 59 (64.6%) with positive nodes at first surgery. Patients with negative nodes survived significantly longer (5-year survival, 46%; median, 60 months) than those who had node metastases (5-year survival, 25%; median, 36 months). Using multivariate analysis, lymph node status, together with the stage of disease and residual tumor, still had a significant impact on 5-year survival. Moreover, among patients with optimal cytoreduction, 5-year survival was 46% (median, 56 months) and 30% (median, 41 months) for patients who did and did not undergo lymphadenectomy, respectively (P= 0.05). Likewise, when suboptimal cytoreduction was considered, a median 5-year survival of 24 months was obtained in patients who underwent lymphadenectomy compared with 14 months in patients who did not (P< 0.005).     

晚期卵巢上皮性癌清除腹膜后淋巴结价值的研究

目的 探讨晚期上皮癌行腹膜后淋巴结清除的价值。方法 ８５例晚期卵巢上皮癌患者根据清除腹膜后淋巴结与否分成Ａ、Ｂ两组,Ａ组４２例,Ｂ组４３例;再将两组患者根据肿瘤细胞减灭术（减灭术）后残瘤灶直径≥２ｃｍ和〈２ｃｍ分成两组进行比较。结果 两组５存活率分别为３８．１％和２７．９％（Ｐ〈０．０５）。Ａ组残瘤灶直径〈２ｃｍ与Ｂ组残瘤灶直径〈２ｃｍ存活率分别为５３．８％和３４．６％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;Ａ、Ｂ两组     

腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除在子宫内膜癌手术治疗中的意义

目的:探讨腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除对子宫内膜癌手术病理分期及预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析我院行系统性盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除的68例子宫内膜癌患者的临床病理资料。结果:15例(22.1%)发生淋巴结转移的患者中,12例(17.6%)发生盆腔淋巴结转移,7例(10.3%)发生腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,其中4例(5.9%)患者同时出现盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,3例(4.4%)为单纯腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移。临床分期与手术病理分期不符合率为22.1%。术后随访6～57个月,平均26个月,获访率100%,1例复发,1例复发并死亡。结论:系统性盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术不仅对进行准确的手术病理分期,指导术后辅助治疗有重要意义,而且能提供预后相关信息。     

Robotic Management of Major Vessel Injury During Pelvic Lymphadenectomy

Laparoscopic management of major vessel lesion is a challenging task during pelvic lymphadenectomy, and conversion is frequently necessary. Robotic surgery overcomes the limits of laparoscopy in vascular suturing. We describe a case of a 79-year-old woman with stage IB G3 endometrial adenocarcinoma, where an external iliac vein injury occurred during pelvic lymphadenectomy. This is the first case report that describes robotic management of a major vascular injury during pelvic lymphadenectomy by use of endoscopic bulldog clamps and robotic intracorporeal vascular sutures.     

Para-aortic and Right Obturator Lymphadenectomy for Surgical Staging of Advanced Cervical Cancer through the TU-LESS Extraperitoneal Approach

ObjectiveTo present an innovative transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (TU-LESS) extraperitoneal approach for lymphadenectomy in a patient with advanced cervical carcinoma.DesignDemonstration of the novel technique through video.SettingIn advanced cervical cancer, determining the status of the para-aortic lymph nodes is essential because extended-field radiologic therapy is recommended for a patient with positive para-aortic lymph nodes [1]. Nonetheless, the sensitivity and specificity of currently available imaging workup for positive lymph nodes are limited. Surgical staging enables precise evaluation. However, laparotomy has potential wound complications and leads to treatment delay. Multiport laparoscopic transperitoneal and extraperitoneal approaches limit surgeons’ ability to reach the para-aortic area or obturator fossa in the same operation [2]. Thus, we take full use of these approaches’ advantages and avoid their disadvantages to design a promising minimally invasive surgery approach [3].InterventionsPara-aortic and obturator lymphadenectomy through the TU-LESS extraperitoneal approach was successfully performed without complications. The patient recovered quickly and received subsequent concurrent chemoradiation on schedule.ConclusionTU-LESS extraperitoneal para-aortic lymphadenectomy provides satisfactory exposure and easy access to both the para-aortic area and obturator fossa. In addition, the bowels are uplifted by an extraperitoneal air cushion to achieve excellent exposure and reduce the risk of bowel injury. With quick recovery, the patient could start accurate radiation treatment promptly.     

晚期卵巢上皮性癌腹膜后淋巴结清除的合理选择

目的探讨腹膜后淋巴结清除术在晚期卵巢上皮性癌治疗中的合理应用。方法对４２例晚期卵巢上皮性癌行腹膜后淋巴结清除术,根据术后残留灶大小分成两组。Ａ组：２６例,残留癌灶直径＜２ｃｍ;Ｂ组：１６例,残留癌灶直径≥２ｃｍ。术后两组进行的联合化疗基本相同。临床分期和病理分级基本相同。结果Ａ组５年生存率５３８％（１４／２６）,Ｂ组５年生存率１２５％（２／１６）,两组比较,差异有极显著意义（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论晚期卵巢上皮性癌在残留癌灶直径＜２ｃｍ前提下行腹膜后淋巴结清除术,可以明显提高生存率。如残留癌灶直径≥２ｃｍ时,不必行腹膜后淋巴结清除术。     

Pelvic Lymphadenectomy in Vulvar Cancer – Does it make sense?

Since the publication of the updated German guideline in 2015, the recommendations for performing pelvic lymphadenectomy (LAE) in patients with vulvar cancer (VSCC) have changed considerably. The guideline recommends surgical lymph node staging in all patients with a higher risk of pelvic lymph node involvement. However, the current data do not allow the population at risk to be clearly defined, therefore, the indication for pelvic lymphadenectomy is still not clear. There are currently two published German patient populations who had pelvic LAE which can be used to investigate both the prognostic effect of histologically verified pelvic lymph node metastasis and the relation between inguinal and pelvic lymph node involvement. A total of 1618 patients with primary FIGO stage ≥ IB VSCC were included in the multicenter AGO CaRE-1 study (1998 – 2008), 70 of whom underwent pelvic LAE. During a retrospective single-center evaluation carried out at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), a total of 514 patients with primary VSCC treated between 1996 – 2018 were evaluated, 21 of whom underwent pelvic LAE. In both cohorts, around 80% of the patients who underwent pelvic LAE were inguinally node-positive, with a median number of three affected groin lymph nodes. There were no cases of pelvic lymph node metastasis without inguinal lymph node metastasis in either of the two cohorts. Between 33 – 35% of the inguinal node-positive patients also had pelvic lymph node metastasis; the median number of affected groin lymph nodes in these patients was high (> 4), and the maximum median diameter of the largest inguinal metastasis was > 40 mm in both cohorts. Pelvic lymph node staging and pelvic radiotherapy is therefore probably not necessary for the majority of node-positive patients with VSCC, as the relevant risk of pelvic lymph node involvement was primarily found in node-positive patients with high-grade disease. More, ideally prospective data collections are necessary to validate the relation between inguinal and pelvic lymph node involvement.Key words: vulvar cancer, lymph node metastasis, pelvic lymphadenectomy, recurrence, prognosis     

Laparoscopic Ovarian Transposition Before Pelvic Cancer Treatment: Ovarian Function and Fertility Preservation

Survivors of pelvic cancer treatment live with the ramifications of pelvic radiation for many years after their cure. Several options are available to preserve ovarian function and fertility in reproductive age women undergoing pelvic radiation. Laparoscopic ovarian transposition is an under-utilized, yet fairly simple surgical procedure to relocate the ovaries away from the radiation field. Although randomized-controlled trials on the outcomes of ovarian transposition are scarce, there is a growing body of evidence on the risks and benefits of this procedure, in terms of prevention of premature ovarian failure, and potentially preserving fertility. In this review, we summarize the available data on the indications, patient selection and outcomes of ovarian transposition, as well as illustrate the technique of the procedure.     

Indispensability of Pelvic and Paraaortic Lymphadenectomy in Endometrial Cancers

The purposes of this study were to analyze the relationship between retroperitoneal lymph node (RLN) metastasis and clinical and pathologic risk factors in endometrial cancers, and to clarify the correlation between RLN metastasis and survival of patients with the disease. This analysis included 63 patients with endometrial cancer who underwent simultaneous pelvic lymph node (PLN) and paraaortic lymph node (PAN) dissection between April 1988 and December 1995. Patients with stage Ia grade 1 and stage IV disease were excluded from this analysis. Both PLN and PAN metastases were found in 10.0% (4/40) of patients with stage I (FIGO, 1988) disease. Of 14 cases with PLN metastases, 8 (57.1%) had PAN metastases simultaneously, whereas 4 (8.2%) of 49 cases without PLN metastases had PAN metastases. There was no significant relationship between the sites or numbers of positive PLN and PAN metastases. Multivariate analysis revealed that poor grade and deep myometrial invasion had an independent relationship with PAN metastases, whereas vascular space invasion and cervical invasion were independently associated with PLN metastases. When divided into the groups of stage I–II and stage III, the prognosis of patients with RLN metastases was significantly poorer than that of patients without RLN metastases in each stage. Furthermore, survival of patients with PAN metastases was significantly worse compared with that of patients with only PLN metastases (44.4 and 80.0%, respectively,P< 0.05). These results reveal that PLN and PAN metastases occur frequently even in early-stage endometrial cancer, and that RLN metastases, especially PAN metastases, have a serious impact on patient survival. In conclusion, systemically simultaneous pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy is essential for all the patients with endometrial cancer except those with stage Ia grade 1 and stage IV to provide prognostic information and select suitable postoperative treatment as well as to perform accurate FIGO staging, provided the condition of the patient permits.     

改良Nathanson术联合阴式广泛性子宫切除术在宫颈癌治疗中的应用

目的:探讨改良腹膜外淋巴结清扫术及阴式广泛性子宫切除术在浸润型宫颈癌治疗中的应用价值.方法:2004年10月至2006年10月,我们对18例Ⅰ A2期至ⅡA期的宫颈癌患者实施了经腹的腹膜外淋巴结清扫术及经阴道广泛子宫切除术.腹部淋巴结清扫的单侧切口长约5 cm.在经阴道的广泛子宫切除术时,无需行Schuchardt切口,而是首先切除宫骶韧带,再游离输尿管.结果:18例手术均获成功,平均手术时间212±20.32分钟,平均出血量530±35.12ml,平均术后肛门排气时间26±4.15小时,平均清扫盆腔淋巴结数目31±2.23个.术后无尿潴留发生.结论:改良腹膜外盆腔淋巴结清扫术及经阴道广泛子宫切除术安全可行;并可先于输尿管游离之前,切除宫骶韧带,有利于充分暴露术野,有利于打开输尿管隧道.     

宫颈癌盆腹腔转移淋巴结同步加量与后程加量放疗的临床效果比较

目的:比较宫颈癌调强放疗时盆腹腔转移淋巴结同步加量放疗(SIB)与后程加量放疗(LCB)的临床疗效与毒副反应。方法:对2011年3月至2015年3月间收治的宫颈癌伴盆腔和(或)腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移患者,行宫颈癌调强放疗时采用转移淋巴结SIB与LCB,回顾性分析两组的临床及随访资料,比较两组患者在临床疗效和放射性毒副反应方面的差别。结果:共纳入患者111例,SIB组54例,LCB组57例。治疗完成时间46~107天,中位完成时间61.1天。SIB和LCB组外照射和总体放疗完成时间分别为38.4±5.4天vs 49.5±7.3天(P0.01)和54.5±6.5天vs 67.4±5.4天(P0.01),SIB组均显著短于LCB组。放疗结束时两组淋巴结总体有效率差异无统计学意义(94.4%vs 87.7%,P0.05);但淋巴结完全缓解率在放疗结束时(61.1%vs 42.1%,P0.05)及3个月后(87.0%vs 70.0%,P0.05)SIB组均较LCB组显著提高。SIB组3年生存率和野内淋巴结复发率均显著优于LCB组(P0.05)。在放射性副反应方面,放射性直肠损伤和放射性膀胱炎两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),Ⅳ度骨髓抑制发生率和Ⅲ度以上平均持续时间在SIB组均较LCB组显著减少(P0.05)。结论:针对宫颈癌盆腹腔转移淋巴结SIB放疗方式疗效优于LCB放疗方式。SIB未明显增加胃肠道及泌尿系急性放射性反应,骨髓保护方面SIB方式优于LCB。     

Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy in a Patient with Cervical Cancer Stage Ib1 Complicated by a Twin Pregnancy

Cervical cancer is the most frequently observed malignancy during pregnancy. The presence of nodal metastasis is the most important negative predictor factor, and its assessment is crucial in deciding whether the pregnancy can safely continue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a twin pregnancy complicated by cancer of the uterine cervix that was sucessfully treated with laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy and subsequently with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A 35-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, with a dichorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancy underwent laparoscopic staging of the pelvic lymph nodes at 17 weeks of gestation. Cervical adenocarcinoma, grade 2, stage 1b1 with lymphovascular space invasion was diagnosed. Nineteen negative nodes were removed, and the patient was counseled to continue the pregnancy. On the basis of tumor size and detection of lymphovascular space invasion, cisplatin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy was administered until week 32 of gestation, when a cesarean section delivery was performed, along with radical hysterectomy. No complications to the neonates or to the mother due to the therapy were observed. This case demonstrates the safety of operative nodal staging during gestation, even in a twin pregnancy. Exclusion of nodal metastasis may improve oncologic outcomes, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be administered when indicated.     

Initial Evaluation and Referral Guidelines for Management of Pelvic/Ovarian Masses

ObjectivesTo optimize the management of adnexal masses and to assist primary care physicians and gynaecologists determine which patients presenting with an ovarian mass with a significant risk of malignancy should be considered for gynaecologic oncology referral and management.OptionsLaparoscopic evaluation, comprehensive surgical staging for early ovarian cancer, or tumour debulking for advanced stage ovarian cancer.OutcomesTo optimize conservative versus operative management of women with possible ovarian malignancy and to optimize the involvement of gynaecologic oncologists in planning and delivery of treatment.EvidencePublished literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed or MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library, using appropriate controlled vocabulary and key words. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified by searching the web sites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies.Recommendations

• 1.Primary care physicians and gynaecologists should always consider the possibility of an underlying ovarian cancer in patients in any age group who present with an adnexal or ovarian mass. (II-2B)
• 2.Appropriate workup of a perimenopausal or postmenopausal woman presenting with an adnexal mass should include evaluation of symptoms and signs suggestive of malignancy, such as persistent pelvic/abdominal pain, urinary urgency/frequency, increased abdominal size/bloating, and difficulty eating. In addition, CA125 measurement should be considered. (II-2B)
• 3.Transvaginal or transabdominal ultrasound examination is recommended as part of the initial workup of a complex adnexal/ovarian mass. (II-2B)
• 4.Ultrasound reports should be standardized to include size and unilateral/bilateral location of the adnexal mass and its possible origin, thickness of septations, presence of excrescences and internal solid components, vascular flow distribution pattern, and presence or absence of ascites. This information is essential for calculating the risk of malignancy index II score to identify pelvic mass with high malignant potential. (IIIC)
• 5.Patients deemed to have a high risk of an underlying malignancy should be reviewed in consultation with a gynaecologic oncologist for assessment and optimal surgical management. (II-2B)

     

Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌腹膜后淋巴结清除术的探讨

目的 探讨Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌的淋巴结转移率及行腹膜后淋巴结清除术的意义。方法 对３８例临床Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌临床、病理及随访资料呃生研究,对照分析经行腹膜后淋巴清除术后,未淋巴转移者２２例,ＦＩＧＯＩ期（Ａ组）,有淋巴结转移者６例,ＦＩＧＯ升级为ⅢＣ期（Ｂ组）及术行腹膜后淋巴清除扔１０例（Ｃ组）结果 经腹膜后淋巴清除术的患者中２１．４％有腹膜后淋巴结转移,因此期别应上升为ⅢＣ期,且腹膜后淋巴结转移与肿瘤细     

Octreotide in the Management of Bowel Obstruction in Terminal Ovarian Cancer

Intestinal obstruction is a common and distressing clinical complication in ovarian cancer. The aim of our study was to assess vomit control in terminal ovarian cancer patients with inoperable gastrointestinal obstruction, using a symptomatic pharmacological treatment with octreotide which obviates the need for nasogastric tube placement. We studied 13 patients, all of whom had advanced ovarian cancer FIGO stage IIIc. Seven patients were treated in the Gynecology Department of S. Raffaele Hospital, at the University of Milan, and 6 were managed in the University of Varese Hospital. Octreotide was administered at doses starting with 0.3 up to 0.6 mg (mean 0.44 mg) a day by subcutaneous bolus or continuous infusion. Octreotide controlled vomiting in all cases to grade 0 on the WHO emesis scale. Complete relief of symptoms was achieved within 3.07 days (range 1–6 days). Vomiting stopped within 2–3 days of starting treatment in most patients. In 8 patients with a nasogastric tube, drainage decreased from 2000 to under 100 ml/day after the start of octreotide treatment. No side effects were reported. All patients died with minimal distress or pain.     

Laparoscopic Debulking of Enlarged Pelvic Nodes during Surgical Para-aortic Staging in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: A Retrospective Comparative Cohort Study

Study ObjectiveTo evaluate laparoscopic pelvic lymph node debulking during extraperitoneal aortic lymphadenectomy in diagnosis, therapeutic planning, and prognosis of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer and enlarged lymph nodes on imaging before chemoradiotherapy.DesignRetrospective, multicenter, comparative cohort study.SettingThe study was carried out at 11 hospitals with specialized gynecologic oncology units in Spain.PatientsTotal of 381 women with locally advanced cervical cancer and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2018 stage IIIC 1r (radiologic) and higher who received primary treatment with chemoradiotherapy.InterventionsPatients underwent pelvic lymph node debulking and para-aortic lymphadenectomy (group 1), only para-aortic lymphadenectomy (group 2), or no lymph node surgical staging (group 3). On the basis of pelvic node histology, group 1 was subdivided as negative (group 1A) or positive (group 1B).Measurements and Main ResultsFalse positives and negatives of imaging tests, disease-free survival, overall survival, and postoperative complications were evaluated.In group 1, pelvic lymph node involvement was 43.3% (71 of 164), and aortic involvement was 24.4% (40 of 164). In group 2, aortic nodes were positive in 29.7% (33 of 111). Disease-free survival and overall survival were similar in the 3 groups (p = .95) and in groups 1A and 1B (p = .25). No differences were found between groups 1 and 2 in intraoperative (3.7% vs 2.7%, p = .744), early postoperative (8.0% vs 6.3%, p = .776), or late postoperative complications (6.1% vs 2.7%, p = .252). Fewer early and late complications were attributed to radiotherapy in group 1A than in the others (p = .022).ConclusionLaparoscopic pelvic lymph node debulking during para-aortic staging surgery in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer with suspicious nodes allows for the confirmation of metastatic lymph nodes without affecting survival or increasing surgical complications. This information improves the selection of patients requiring boost irradiation, thus avoiding overtreatment of patients with negative nodes.