CT onset of influenza A (H1N1) complicated with severe pneumonia in two typical cases

The novel influenza A (H1N1) virus developed in the United States and Mexico in April 2009 and has spread worldwide rapidly. Pulmonary complications are major reason of death associated with influenza A (H1N1) infection. Thus, it is necessary to investigate characteristics on the turnover of A (H1N1) infection complicated with pneumonia. Although the chest radiographic findings of the influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia were described in a clinical report, the CT findings involving turnover of influenza A (H1N1) complicated with severe pneumonia have not yet been reported. We report two typical cases of novel influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia with chest CT findings and investigate features and turnover of influenza A(H1N1) pneumonia. From the CT appearance of two cases, we found that influenza A(H1N1) complicated with pneumonia might progress rapidly, but it would recover in two or three weeks once it was controlled effectively. The CT images in our report might help the clinician to clearly understand the patterns of onset, progression and outcomes in influenza A(H1N1) complicated with pneumonia.     

Hospitalization in two waves of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in England

Uncertainties exist regarding the population risks of hospitalization due to pandemic influenza A(H1N1). Understanding these risks is important for patients, clinicians and policy makers. This study aimed to clarify these uncertainties. A national surveillance system was established for patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in England. Information was captured on demographics, pre-existing conditions, treatment and outcomes. The relative risks of hospitalization associated with pre-existing conditions were estimated by combining the captured data with population prevalence estimates. A total of 2416 hospitalizations were reported up to 6 January 2010. Within the population, 4·7 people/100,000 were hospitalized with pandemic influenza A(H1N1). The estimated hospitalization rate of cases showed a U-shaped distribution with age. Chronic kidney disease, chronic neurological disease, chronic respiratory disease and immunosuppression were each associated with a 10- to 20-fold increased risk of hospitalization. Patients who received antiviral medication within 48 h of symptom onset were less likely to be admitted to critical care than those who received them after this time (adjusted odds ratio 0·64, 95% confidence interval 0·44-0·94, P=0·024). In England the risk of hospitalization with pandemic influenza A(H1N1) has been concentrated in the young and those with pre-existing conditions. By quantifying these risks, this study will prove useful in planning for the next winter in the northern and southern hemispheres, and for future pandemics.     

23例甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎的临床分析

目的探讨甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎的临床特点及治疗经验。方法对确诊为甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎的23例病例临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果在23例病例中,56.5%的患者有基础疾病;青少年及儿童占60.9%;所有患者均有高热和咳嗽,但仅有21.7%的患者肺部有较多湿啰音;予支持对症、保护脏器功能、抗病毒、抗菌药物、糖皮质激素、氧疗、机械通气等综合治疗,95.7%的患者痊愈或好转,死亡1例。结论甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎患者以青少年及儿童居多;症状较重而体征轻;应早诊断、早治疗,大多数患者经积极的综合治疗可好转或治愈,重症患者病死率高。     

Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards

Influenza virus is not known to affect wild felids. We demonstrate that avian influenza A (H5N1) virus caused severe pneumonia in tigers and leopards that fed on infected poultry carcasses. This finding extends the host range of influenza virus and has implications for influenza virus epidemiology and wildlife conservation.     

重型甲型H1N1流感患者的临床研究

目的 分析重型甲型H1N1流感患者的基本特征和临床特点,为进一步防治重型甲型H1N1流感提供依据.方法 对2009年6-12月杭州市6家医院收治的36例重型甲型H1N1流感患者(重症患者27例,危重症患者9例)的临床资料进行研究分析.结果 36例患者中位年龄24.0(2.5～73.0)岁,主要表现为发热(100.0%)、咽部充血(100.0%)、咳嗽(97.2%)、乏力(75.0%)和肌痛(44.4%)等,合并肺炎27例(75.0%)、呼吸衰竭5例(13.9%).入院时,危重症患者平均发热时间、急性病生理学与长期健康评价Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、氧合指数、血清肌酐、血小板、肌酸激酶分别为8.5(3～17)d、(14±5)分、157(130～337)mmHg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、93(66～298)μmol/L、(113±41)×109/L、335(64～2038)U/L,而重症患者分别为6(2～13)d、(10±3)分、258(210～557)mm Hg、79(25～107)μmol/L、(164±57)× 109/L、116.0(27～451)U/L,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(t=2.104、2.790、-2.558、2.359、-2.478、2.782,P＜0.05).32例接受抗病毒治疗,13例接受糖皮质激素治疗,2例患者接受机械通气治疗.无一例患者死亡.结论 重型甲型H1N1流感患者主要见于年轻人群,主要表现为发热、呼吸道和全身症状,危重症患者多有全身多脏器损伤,APACHEⅡ评分有助于早期鉴别危重症患者.     

珠海市甲型H1N1流感患者经济负担分析

目的了解珠海市甲型H1N1流感流行期间患者的经济负担状况。方法对珠海市甲型H1N1流感流行期间流感监测系统发现的甲流病例及甲流肺炎病例进行问卷调查,内容包括病例疾病情况、就诊费用情况及其他相关费用等情况,结合流感监测数据估算患者经济负担。结果研究共随访到甲型H1N1流感门诊病例490例,肺炎住院病例20例。门诊患者就诊费用平均为289.03元,中位数200.00元(IQR:200.73,P25=100.80,P75=301.53);其他费用平均为45.83元,中位数20.00元(IQR:33.00,P25=8.00,P75=41.00);总的花费平均为334.86元,中位数308.00元(IQR:289.40,P25=130.60,P75=420.00)。肺炎住院病例的花费为2 831.29元,中位数2 660.00元(IQR:1 286.00,P25=2 000.00,P75=3 286.00)。估计珠海市2009年6月-2011年5月甲型H1N1流感流行期间,全市甲流门诊病例和住院病例总经济负担约4 992.48万元。结论珠海市甲型H1N1流感门诊就诊和肺炎住院病例经济负担较重。     

无锡市甲型H1N1流感及季节性流感疫苗接种效果分析

目的调查流感样病例(ILI)和无锡市一般人群中甲型H1N1流感疫苗及季节性流感疫苗的接种情况,评估疫苗接种后对人群的保护效果。方法以无锡市2家哨点医院为基础,采集流感样病例病毒核酸检测阳性的病例作为病例组,共1 529人,同时按照"病例"的电话信息,随机产生电话号码选择、年龄匹配的一般人群作为对照组,共380人。结果病例组甲型H1N1流感疫苗接种率为6.1%(94/1 529),对照组甲型H1N1流感疫苗接种率为12.1%(46/380),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);甲型H1N1流感病例中接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗的比例为12.5%(3/24),门诊检测阴性的ILI病例接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗的比例为6.1%(78/1 273),"接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗"因素的OR值为0.457(P=0.201);以电话调查一般人群(330例)作为对照组,接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗的比例为13.3%(44/330),OR值为1.077(P=0.908)。结论该次调查说明接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗对预防流感样病例有一定效果,但由于样本量较少,24种方法病例对照分析均未得出差异有统计学意义。     

Hospitalization of pregnant women with pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza in Canada

This article describes the epidemiology of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza in all Canadian pregnant women admitted to hospital, and compares it with historical inter-pandemic influenza activity. We used weekly hospitalization and death counts of laboratory-confirmed pandemic A(H1N1) influenza cases reported to the Public Health Agency of Canada's (PHAC) 2009-2010 national pandemic influenza surveillance programme. Pregnant women infected and admitted with the pandemic strain were described and compared with: (1) confirmed admissions of all women of reproductive age; (2) all admitted cases reported to PHAC; and (3) to a historical average of inter-pandemic seasonal influenza admissions, and pneumonia and influenza (P&I) admissions for pregnant women. During the pandemic, 263 pregnant women with confirmed infections were admitted; four died in their third trimester. The median age for admitted pregnant cases was 27.5 years, which is consistent with the median age of the 3-year historical inter-pandemic pregnant comparison group. Aboriginal women appeared to be overrepresented but ethnicity was unavailable for 15.2% of all pregnant cases. Overall admission volumes were higher than those for seasonal influenza in the historical comparison group but were lower than those for P&I admissions. Despite increased admission volumes, severe outcomes in pregnant women were proportionally fewer than in all cases admitted for influenza A(H1N1) infection during the pandemic.     

甲型H1N1流感57例临床分析

目的 分析甲型H1N1流感临床特点,探讨治疗方法,以期及早地控制病情,提高生存率.方法 回顾性分析57例甲型H1N1流感病例的临床资料.结果 57例甲型H1N1流感病例中轻症病例占89.47%,男女之比为2.16∶1;以青少年居多,30岁以下占87.72%.所有患者均有发热、全身酸痛等全身症状,具有季节性流感特征,但较季节性流感病程长.X线示肺纹理增粗为66.67%,10.53%患者合并肺炎.43.86%表现为心电图异常;部分有心肌酶学指标升高,尤以危重病例明显.26.32%患者有肝功能异常.40.35%的患者外周血象表现为白细胞降低,少数有血小板下降.17.54%患者伴有消化道症状.6例重症、危重症病例3岁以下2例,40岁以上3例,均并发肺炎、心肌炎,2例危重症病例并发Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭、低氯低钠血症等.本组病例经中西医结合治疗预后好,无后遗症及死亡病例.结论 甲型H1N1流感临床表现特异性不强,但有其特点,儿童及老年人易重症的高危人群;掌握临床特点,早期识别重症病例,有助于提高生存率.     

江苏省甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情的流行特征和影响因素分析

目的：描述江苏省甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情的流行特征,分析影响学校甲型HIN1流感疫情流行强度的因素。方法：调查和收集江苏省2009年夏秋季报告的全部甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情数据,包括暴发疫情的强度、暴发单位的一般情况、控制疫情的措施等,对疫情的流行特征进行描述性研究,对影响学校疫情强度的因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果：截止11月上旬共报告79起甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情,其时间主要集中在8月中旬至9月中旬,累计发病1735人,以学校为主要暴发单位;疫情的流行时间与疫情报告的及时性有关（P〈0．01）,报告越及时流行时间越短,疫情的罹患率与疫情报告时已有病例数有关（P=O．006）;疫情报告时已有病例越多罹患率越高。结论：江苏省第一次甲型H1N1流感暴发疫情高峰出现在8、9月份,疫情报告的及时性对控制疫情的强度起关键作用。     

191例甲型H1N1流感临床分析

目的 了解甲型H1N1流感患者的临床特征和危险因素,以期对今后的诊疗工作有所借鉴.方法 回顾我院2009年6-11月经实验室确诊的191例甲型H1N1流感病例的临床资料,分析患者发病特点、治疗和临床过程、重症病例危险因素.结果 大多数甲型H1N1流感患者起病较为温和,主要症状有发热(100%)和(或)咳嗽(87.4%),极少数患者出现卡他症状和消化道症状.191例患者伴基础疾病者21例;16例重症病例,6例需ICU治疗.C反应蛋白(CRP)升高与住院天数和疾病严重程度呈正相关(r=0.462,P＜0.01);胸片异常者住院天数和CRP值与正常者比较差异均有统计学意义(t=2.545,t=4.440,P＜0.05),并有可能需要收住ICU进一步治疗.60例患者服用奥司他韦抗病毒治疗,176例患者予中医辨证治疗,均显示较好疗效.结论 CRP与胸片检查可能有助于甲型H1N1流感重症患者的早期筛查.中医治疗对甲型H1N1流感有一定效果,尤其对于减轻咳嗽、头痛、咽痛等症状效果较为显著.     

甲型H1N1流感疫苗接种对其暴发疫情的影响

目的了解甲型H1N1流感(甲流)疫苗接种后对甲流暴发疫情的影响。方法对2011年4—5月发生在学校的1起甲流暴发疫情进行流行病学描述性分析,用回顾性队列研究的方法分析甲流疫苗接种对该起暴发疫情的影响。结果该校542名师生中191人患病,罹患率为35.24%,发病时间主要集中在4月19—25日,发病人群主要为1～6年级的小学生(χ2=9.972,P0.01),住校生发病高于非住校生,112名接种过甲流疫苗的师生发病率为16.96%,明显低于未接种疫苗的师生(40%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.661,P0.05),OR=0.306(95%CI∶0.180～0.521)。结论接种甲流疫苗可以有效预防甲型H1N1流感的发生,减少暴发疫情的发病率。     

Apoptosis and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in humans

The pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in humans has not been clearly elucidated. Apoptosis may also play an important role. We studied autopsy specimens from 2 patients who died of infection with this virus. Apoptosis was observed in alveolar epithelial cells, which is the major target cell type for the viral replication. Numerous apoptotic leukocytes were observed in the lung of a patient who died on day 6 of illness. Our data suggest that apoptosis may play a major role in the pathogenesis of influenza (H5N1) virus in humans by destroying alveolar epithelial cells. This pathogenesis causes pneumonia and destroys leukocytes, leading to leukopenia, which is a prominent clinical feature of influenza (H5N1) virus in humans. Whether observed apoptotic cells were a direct result of the viral replication or a consequence of an overactivation of the immune system requires further studies.     

Pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus infection coinciding with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients

SIn patients receiving anti-neoplastic chemotherapy, the impact of influenza on the incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) remains unknown. We matched data of the Cologne Cohort of Neutropenic Patients (CoCoNut) with records from the Institute for Virology and compared the findings to historical data. During the pandemic, we diagnosed influenza A(H1N1) in five patients with malignancies and febrile neutropenia refractory to antibiotic therapy. Probable IPA was diagnosed in three of these patients on the grounds of typical computed tomography morphology and microbiological results. Three of five patients receiving remission-induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia developed aspergillosis although receiving posaconazole prophylaxis. In the 3 years before the influenza pandemic, only 2/77 patients of this group developed infection. Infection with influenza A(H1N1) may increase the risk for invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients. Pulmonary aspergillosis is an important additional differential diagnosis in neutropenic influenza patients with pneumonia.     

Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N2) virus infection in immunocompromised adult, New York, USA, 2003

In 2003, infection with low pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N2) virus was identified in an immunocompromised man with fever and community-acquired pneumonia in New York, USA. The patient recovered. Although the source of the virus was not identified, this case indicates the usefulness of virus culture for detecting novel influenza A viruses.     

2009～2010年北京市孕妇甲型H1N1流感流行病学特征

目的分析2009～2010年甲型H1N1流感大流行期间,孕妇甲型H1N1流感确诊病例流行病学特征。方法对北京市孕妇甲型H1N1流感确诊病例开展流行病学调查,描述病例发病时间、地区和职业分布,并利用Logistic回归探讨导致孕妇甲型H1N1流感病例死亡的相关因素。结果 2009～2010年北京市孕妇中累计出现确诊病例81例,危重症病例占30.9%,确诊病例病死率6.2%,死亡病例均为外来务工人员。孕妇危重症病例所占构成比和病例病死率高于育龄期女性(χ2=88.2,P<0.001;χ2=9.6,P<0.005)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,发病治疗时间间隔长、体重指数高是导致孕妇甲型H1N1流感病例死亡的危险因素。结论孕妇甲型H1N1流感确诊病例易并发呼吸衰竭和感染中毒性休克,且出现危重病例和死亡病例的危险性高于育龄期女性,外来务工人员是孕妇甲型H1N1流感防控的高危人群。     

甲型H1N1流感患者临床特征及疗效分析

目的 总结甲型H1N1流感患者的临床特征,分析奥司他韦疗效.方法 回顾性收集了我院560例轻症甲型H1N1流感住院患者的临床资料,包括年龄、主要症状、实验室检查、发热至口服奥司他韦的时间、发热持续时间、病毒转阴时间;分析发热至口服奥司他韦的时间与发热持续时间及病毒转阴时间的相关性.患者按发热至口服奥司他韦的时间不同分三组,比较不同组间发热持续时间及病毒转阴时间是否有差异.结果 大部分患者症状为发热(97.0%)及咳嗽(90.0%);少数伴有胃肠道(1.8%)或神经系统症状(0.9%);部分患者血常规及生化异常;16.6%的患者心电图呈非特异性改变.患者从发热到起始服奥司他韦时间与发热持续时间及病毒转阴时间均呈正相关(r=0.83,P＜0.01;r=0.60,P＜0.01).各组之间比较其发热持续时间及病毒转阴时间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 轻症甲型H1N1流感临床特征与季节性流感类似,发热患者早期口服奥司他韦治疗可能会缩短发热持续时间及病毒转阴时间.     

新疆地区儿童甲型H1N1流感的临床分析

目的 分析2009年新疆地区儿童甲型H1N1流感一般情况、临床表现、实验室、影像学检测及诊断治疗特点.方法 回顾性分析2009年10月15日-12月25日新疆地区49份资料完整的儿童甲型H1N1流感病历.结果 49例均为住院患儿,重症29例,危重14例,轻型6例,分别占59.2％、28.6％和12.2％;合并症以重症肺炎为主;汉族28例,少数民族21例,分别占57.1％和42.9％;全部病例急性发病,发热为最常见症状;辅助实验室检查均有不同程度的异常变化;全部病例给予磷酸奥司他韦口服及应用抗菌药物,40例给予清热解毒中药,23例应用小剂量甲泼尼龙;治愈37例,好转5例,自动放弃4例,死亡3例,分别占75.5％、10.2％、8.2％和6.1％.结论 新疆地区儿童甲型H1N1流感重症占多数,以抗病毒为主的综合治疗是减少死亡、提高治愈率的关键.     

职业暴露人群A(H5N1)和甲型H1N1流感血清抗体分析

目的:了解人禽流感A(H5N1)和甲型H1N1流感职业暴露人群中的感染状况。方法:对职业暴露人群进行个案调查,采用血凝抑制法(HI)检测职业暴露人群血清中人禽流感A(H5N1)和甲型H1N1流感抗体。结果:2009年-2010年采集的624份职业暴露人群血清中未检测出人禽流感A(H5N1)抗体,而在2009年采集的血清中有5份检测出甲型H1N1流感抗体,抗体阳性率为1.55%,2010年采集的血清中抗体阳性率为11.96%,其中<29岁阳性率为17.19%,30岁～59岁阳性率为10.87%。结论:职业暴露人群中未检测出A(H5N1)流感抗体,但仍需加强职业暴露人群监测。同时甲型H1N1流感抗体水平较低,缺乏相应的抗体水平保护。     

国产奥司他韦治疗甲型H1N1流感患者的疗效与安全性研究

目的探讨甲型H1N1流行性感冒(流感)大流行期间,其临床诊断病例应用国产磷酸奥司他韦治疗的效果和安全性。方法收集发病48 h内的甲型H1N1流感临床诊断病例391例,随机分为治疗组(国产磷酸奥司他韦胶囊治疗)199例和对照组(复方盐酸伪麻黄碱缓释胶囊治疗)192例,在试验开始后10 d内,记录有关的症状、体温、药物不良反应、继发性疾病以及合并用药情况(包括抗菌药物等)。结果治疗组和对照组在观察期间需要留观者分别为20例(10.05%)和33例(17.19%),需要住院者分别为5例(2.51%)和13例(6.77%),两两比较,差异均有显著性(0.01P0.05);治疗组和对照组发热平均缓解时间分别为(40.15±21.86)h和(65.92±29.08)h,差异有高度显著性(P0.0001);流感症状平均缓解时间分别为(42.21±28.96)h和(63.06±34.85)h,差异亦有高度显著性(P0.0001);流感症状持续时间,治疗组比对照组平均缩短21 h。治疗组密切接触者共481人,发病92人(19.13%),对照组密切接触者共415人,发病157人(37.83%),两组密切接触人群甲型H1N1流感第二代发生率差异有高度显著性(P0.001)。治疗组与对照组观察期间药物不良反应发生率分别为5.52%和4.92%,差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论甲型H1N1流感大流行期间,早期应用国产磷酸奥司他韦能有效地缓解此类患者临床症状,减低留观和住院概率,缩短疗程,有效降低密切接触人群的第二代流感发生率;不良反应发生率低,临床应用安全有效。