Bile duct exclusion from selective vascular inflow occlusion in rat liver: role of ischemic preconditioning and N-acetylcysteine on hepatic reperfusion injury

AIM: To study the effects of N-acetylcysteine and ischemic preconditioning on the portal triad clamping compared to arterial and portal clamping alone. METHODS: Eighty EPM 1-Wistar rats were randomized into two groups, depending on inclusion (Group 1) or not (Group 2) of the bile duct in the hepatic vascular pedicle occlusion. Each group was divided into four subgroups as follows. IR 1: 20 minutes after celiotomy, the pedicle containing vascular elements and bile duct to the left lateral and median liver lobes was occluded for 40 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. IPC 1: after 10 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion, the ischemic preconditioning period, the rats were submitted to the same procedure described for IR 1 Group. NAC 1: the rats received N-acetylcysteine (150 mg/kg) 15 minutes before 40 minutes of ischemia and 5 minutes before 30 minutes of reperfusion. SHAM 1: The hepatic pedicle for the lateral and median liver lobes was dissected after 20 minutes, the bile duct alone was clamped for 40 minutes, and released for an additional 30 minutes. In the IR 2, IPC 2, and NAC 2 groups, ischemia was achieved with an exclusive vascular occlusion. SHAM 2: dissection and observation for 90 minutes. The blood was sampled for liver enzyme levels. Statistical analysis was done (P 相似文献   

Effects of the free radical scavenger dimethyl sulphoxide on experimental normothermic ischaemia of the liver

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study assessed the effects of intermittent or continuous hepatic ischaemia and reperfusion with or without dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) pre-treatment in a rat ischaemic model. METHODS: One hundred and eighty rats were divided into three groups undergoing hepatic ischaemia of a total duration of 60, 90 and 120 min. Each group of rats was subdivided to receive either a continuous Pringle manoeuvre or intermittent liver pedicle clamping of 30 or 15 min. Ten minutes before ischaemia induction, 10 rats from each group were pre-treated with DMSO (500 mg/kg, b.w.) intravenously. RESULTS: With continuous hepatic pedicle clamping, survival rates inversely correlated with the duration of ischaemia, with greater survival in the intermittently clamped groups (p < 0.05). DMSO pre-treatment did not affect survival but resulted in a significant reduction in liver enzyme (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) release on the first postoperative day following total ischaemic times of 90 min or greater (p < 0.05). After 120 min of total ischaemia, DMSO pre-treatment resulted in higher preservation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate liver content (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: DMSO may be used to prolong tolerance to inflow occlusion and to limit the adverse effects of ischaemia and reperfusion cycles in an experimental hepatic ischaemia model.     

Genistein预处理对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨genistein预处理对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。
方法：54只SD大鼠完全随机分成3组。A组为I/R组:70%热缺血60 min及再灌注;B组为I/R
 genistein（GST）预处理组;C组为假手术组。于成模后2,6,12 h取大鼠血清和肝组织,检测血清AST,ALT浓度和肝组织MDA浓度,免疫组化法检测肝组织casepase-3蛋白的表达,光镜下观察肝脏组织病理变化。
结果：与I/R组相比,genistein预处理血清中AST及ALT浓度明显降低,肝组织病理损伤明显减轻。肝组织casepase-3蛋白表达及MDA浓度显著降低（均P＜0.05）。
结论：genistein预处理对大鼠肝脏热缺血再灌注具有保护作用,其机制与清除氧自由基,抑制细胞凋亡有关。     

Synthetic sulfonolipids deduced from sulfonoquinovosyl diacylglycerols of sea urchin reduces hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

BACKGROUND: In hepatic surgery and liver transplantation, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is an unavoidable process, and protection against hepatic I/R injury is a major unresolved problem. In this study, we investigated whether 3-O-(6-deoxy-6-sulfono-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-di-O-acylglycerol bound to saturated C18 fatty acids (beta-SQAG9), which was derived from sea urchin intestines, could reduce this injury. This agent was recently reported to have immunosuppressive effects in allogeneic rat skin grafts. MATERIALS & METHODS: Male Lewis rats were divided into two experimental groups. Group 1 rats were injected with SQAG9 (50 mg/kg) into the penile vein 15 minutes before the induction of ischemia and into the portal vein just reperfusion. The same amounts of normal saline were injected into rats in the control group (group 2). Each experimental groups included six rats. Seventy percent hepatic ischemia (20 minutes) was induced by occluding the blood vessels and bile duct with a vascular clamp. For examination of hepatic function, serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, (AST) alanine transaminase (ALT), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. In addition, histological examination was also assessed. RESULTS: Three hours after reperfusion, the mean plasma concentration of AST, ALT, LDH in group 1 was suppressed compared with group 2. Six hours after reperfusion, the hepatic damage in group 1 was mild in comparison with that in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that SQAG-9 reduced the warm hepatic I/R injury.     

Lack of protection of ischaemic preconditioning in the rat model of major hepatectomy with ischaemia reperfusion injury

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of ischaemic preconditioning (IP) on residual liver regeneration after major hepatectomy without portal blood bypass in rats, and to verify whether it can protect the residual liver from ischaemia reperfusion (IR) injury. METHODS: Ninety rats were randomized into three groups: Group PH, rats were subjected to 70% hepatectomy alone; Group IR, rats were subjected to 30 minutes of total hepatic ischaemia, and 70% hepatectomy was performed just before reperfusion; Group IP, rats were pretreated with IP (5/10 minutes). During the preoperative period and at 0.5, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the operation, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were measured using an autoanalyser. Serum hyaluronic acid (HA) was measured by radioimmunoassay. Regenerated liver weight (RLW) of the rats was measured and the expressions of Ki-67 and cyclin D1 were determined by immunohistochemistry in remnant liver tissue. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in serum AST and ALT levels in all the groups before the operation. After partial hepatectomy, AST and ALT levels increased rapidly. From 0.5 to 24 hours after operation, serum AST and ALT levels were significantly higher in IP group rats than in PH and IR rats (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum HA levels in all the groups before the operation. After partial hepatectomy, HA levels increased rapidly, reaching peak values at 12 hours. In the early stage (during 12 hours) after the operation, HA level was significantly higher in IP rats than in PH and IR rats (p < 0.05). The RLW of the rats rapidly increased after partial hepatectomy, and significantly decreased in IP rats compared with PH and IR rats (p < 0.05). Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 expression in all groups before the operation were low and were not significantly different. After partial hepatectomy, they rapidly increased. The expression of Ki-67 and cyclin D1 reached a peak at 24 hours after the operation in PH rats, and they were significantly higher compared with IR and IP rats (p < 0.05). In groups IR and IP, the expression of cyclin D1 and Ki-67 reached peak values at 48 hours. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) was observed after 24 and 48 hours of reperfusion in group IP compared with groups PH and IR. CONCLUSION: IP impairs residual liver regeneration after major hepatectomy without portal blood bypass in rats, and protection from IR injury disappears. IP-induced hyperperfusion may be the cause of reduced liver regeneration.     

Evaluation of Pringle maneuver during liver resection in a rat model of surgical obstructive jaundice.

Temporary portal triad clamping (Pringle maneuver) during liver resection reduces intraoperative blood loss. A normal liver can safely tolerate normothermic ischemia for up to 60 min. However, its safety in patients with surgical obstructive jaundice (SOJ) is not known. Therefore, we investigated the effect of hepatic ischemia in an experimental rat model of SOJ created by ligating the bile duct. Four groups of rats were created: Group I (sham operation, 10 days later, liver resection); Group II (sham operation, 10 days later, liver resection with 5 min of hepatic ischemia); Group III (bile duct ligation, 10 days later, liver resection); and Group IV (bile duct ligation, 10 days later, liver resection with 5 min of hepatic ischemia). The ischemic injury was assessed by the survival of rats, liver tissue malondialdehyde and total glutathione (markers of free radical injury), serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and liver histology. The results showed decreased survival (47.6% vs. 90% [p = .046]), increased liver tissue malondialdehyde (161 +/- 35 vs. 129 +/- 33 microg/gm liver tissue [p = .05]), and decreased liver tissue total glutathione (565 +/- 169 vs. 1075 +/- 276 nmol/gm liver tissue [p = .05]) in rats with SOJ subjected to hepatic ischemia when compared to nonjaundiced rats. The changes in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase showed an increasing trend in the SOJ group but were not statistically significant. Ischemic changes in liver histology were seen more often in the SOJ group but were not statistically significant. These data suggest that temporary portal triad clamping in an experimental model of SOJ is detrimental to the outcome of liver resection.     

Prolonged continuous or intermittent vascular inflow occlusion during hemihepatectomy in pigs

OBJECTIVE: To assess ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in a hemihepatectomy model in pigs after prolonged continuous or intermittent vascular inflow occlusion in the liver. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Massive intraoperative blood loss during liver resections can be prevented by temporary vascular inflow occlusion, consequently leading to ischemia and reperfusion injury in the remnant liver. Previously, in a pig liver resection model in which only limited I/R injury was induced during brief (90 min) vascular inflow occlusion, the authors demonstrated reduced I/R injury after continuous (CNT) occlusion, compared to intermittent (INT). This liver resection study on pigs was undertaken to assess I/R injury after prolonged (120 min) CNT or INT occlusion. METHODS: In pigs (37.0 +/- 1.5 kg), liver ischemia during 2 hours was CNT (n = 6) or INT (n = 6) (eight subsequent periods of 12 min ischemia and 3 min recirculation), followed by 6 hours of reperfusion. A left hemihepatectomy (45.5% +/- 1.4%) was performed within the first 12 minutes of ischemia. No hepatic pedicle clamping or liver resection was performed in control experiments (n = 6). Microvascular damage was assessed by hyaluronic acid (HA) uptake capacity of the liver (parameter of early sinusoidal endothelial cell damage) and restoration of intrahepatic tissue pO2 during reperfusion. Hepatocellular damage was tested by plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). RESULTS: Hyaluronic acid uptake after 6 hours of reperfusion, compared to preischemic uptake, was unaltered in the control group, but was significantly reduced in both resection groups. However, more HA was taken up after INT occlusion, compared to CNT (60.4% +/- 5.6% and 39.5% +/- 3.7%, respectively; ANOVA: p = 0.001). Intrahepatic tissue pO2 distribution after 6 hours of reperfusion more closely returned to preischemic configuration in the INT group than in the CNT group, indicating reduced microcirculatory disturbances after INT occlusion. Release of AST and LDH after 6 hours of reperfusion was significantly increased in both CNT and INT groups. Lower AST levels, however, were found after INT occlusion than after CNT occlusion (267.0 +/- 74.7 U/l and 603.3 +/- 132.4 U/l, respectively; p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent hepatic vascular inflow occlusion during prolonged liver ischemia in pigs resulted in less microcirculatory and hepatocellular injury, compared to continuous occlusion. Intermittent clamping is preferable when prolonged periods of vascular inflow occlusion are applied during liver resections.     

Protection of preconditioning, postconditioning and combined therapy against hepatic ishemia/reperfusion injury

Objective： To study the protective effect of ischenlic preconditioning （I-pre） and ischemic postconditioning （I- post） against ischenlia/reperfusion （I/R） injury in rat＇ s liver. Methods： Using rat model of hepatic segmental I/R injury, rats were divided into 5 groups： Group A （sham group）, Group B （I/R injury）, Group C （I-pre group）, Group D （I-post group ） and Group E （combined treatment of I-pre and I-post ）. Serum alanine aminotransferase （ ALT ）, aspartate aminotransferase （ AST）, malondiaidehyde （ MDA ）, glutathione （ GSH ）, superoxide dismutase （ SOD ）, glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） and myeloperoxidase （MPO） in hepatic tissues were determined, respectively. In addition, 7 days＇survival of Groups B, C, D and E were evaluated. Results. Compared with Group B, Groups C, D and E exhibited significantly decreased ALT and AST release, minimized tissue injury, suppressed values of MDA and MPO, increased activities of SOD, GSH-Px and GSH （P〈0.05 ）, as well as improved animal survival. The differences among Groups C, D and E were not statistically significant. Conclusions： I-pre, I-post and combined therapy of I-pre and I-post have protective effect against hepatic I/R injury, which is correlated with its function of reducing the production of reactive oxygen species, maintaining the activities of antioxidant systems and suppressing neutrophils recruitment. No additive effect can be obtained in Group E.     

Alkaline phosphatase reduces hepatic and pulmonary injury in liver ischaemia -- reperfusion combined with partial resection

BACKGROUND: Lipopolysaccharides mediate inflammation in liver ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) and partial liver resection (PHX). Bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase (BIAP) detoxifies lipopolysaccharides by dephosphorylation and reduces inflammation in models of sepsis. This study examined the protective effects of BIAP administration in models of partial (70 per cent) liver I/R with or without partial resection of all non-ischaemic lobes during ischaemia (30 per cent). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: I/R + BIAP, I/R + saline, I/R + PHX + BIAP and I/R + PHX + saline, PHX only or sham laparotomy only. A single dose of BIAP (0.5 units/g) or vehicle (saline) was administered 5 min before reperfusion. Inflammatory response, and hepatic and pulmonary injury were assessed during 24 h of reperfusion. RESULTS: I/R, with or without PHX, increased all markers of inflammation, and hepatic and pulmonary damage (P < 0.050 versus sham operation). I/R + PHX significantly increased release of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and hepatic neutrophil influx compared with I/R only (P < 0.050). BIAP treatment decreased hepatic wet/dry ratios, neutrophil influx and histopathological damage after I/R with or without PHX (P < 0.050), and also AST, ALT and interleukin (IL)-6 production after I/R + PHX (P < 0.050). BIAP treatment reduced the neutrophil influx after I/R, and pulmonary histopathological injury was decreased after I/R with or without PHX. CONCLUSION: BIAP attenuates hepatic and pulmonary injury after partial liver I/R and PHX.     

尿胰蛋白酶抑制剂对肝脏保存再灌注中肝窦内皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的　探讨尿胰蛋白酶抑制剂 (UTI)对肝脏低温保存再灌注中窦内皮细胞损伤的保护作用。方法　应用离体大鼠肝脏保存再灌注模型 ,测定保存 12 h、2 4 h,再灌注 30 min流出液中内皮素 (ET)、丙氨酸转氨酶 (AL T)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶 (L DH)的活性、透明脂酸 (HA)的摄取量以及肝组织中髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)水平 ,光镜下观察肝窦内皮细胞的形态学改变 ,比较分析 U TI(10 0 U/ m l)对上述指标的影响。结果　对照组肝脏保存再灌注流出液中 ET含量明显升高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,HA摄取明显降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,并伴随 AL T、AST、L DH、MPO水平显著增高和肝窦内皮细胞形态学的异常改变 ;保存液中加入 UTI后 ,上述指标异常变化均明显减轻 ,其差异具有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 UTI对离体大鼠肝脏窦内皮细胞的保存再灌注损伤有保护作用     

亚砷酸钠诱导HSP 72在大鼠肝脏热缺血–再灌注损伤中的保护作用

目的:观察亚砷酸钠(SA)诱导大鼠肝脏产生热休克蛋白72(HSP72)的过程及其抗肝脏热缺血-再灌注损伤的作用。材料与方法:将24只SD大鼠随机分成SA组(预先给予SA6mg/kg)和对照组(预先给予生理盐水)。24h后,两组均阻断肝脏中、左叶血供60min,再灌注3、6h;分别用Westernblot检测肝脏中的HSP72表达;外周血测定ALT、AST、LDH;组织学作HE染色、免疫组化测定HSP72。结果:注射SA6mg/kg后12h肝脏开始产生HSP72,24h达到高峰,并持续至60h。肝脏热缺血60min再灌注3、6h后,SA组HSP72显著表达,血清ALT、AST、LDH显著下降(P<0.05),组织学检查显示肝脏损伤明显减轻。结论:SA可诱导大鼠肝脏产生HSP72;SA预先诱导肝脏产生对HSP72可使肝脏抵御热缺血鄄再灌注损伤。     

Pentoxifylline contributes to the hepatic cytoprotective process in rats undergoing hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury.

AIM: Considerable efforts have been made to find and/or eliminate the underyling causes of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, but many points are still unclear. Pentoxifylline-related cytoprotection is one of these unclear points. Our study tests the effects of pentoxifylline on the hepatic cytoprotective process in an experimental model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The animals were divided into two groups: (1) placebo-pretreated rats and (2) pentoxifylline-pretreated rats. After pretreatment, all rats underwent the hepatic ischemia-reperfusion procedure which was performed by clamping the hepatoduodenal ligament. To evaluate the liver injury, serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), and liver tissue levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) were measured before ischemia, immediately after ischemia and immediately after reperfusion. RESULTS: Before ischemia and immediately after ischemia, there were no significant differences between ALT and AST levels of groups 1 and 2 (p >0.05). However, at the end of reperfusion, ALT and AST levels of group 2 were significantly decreased when compared with group 1 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Additionally, tissue levels of PGE(2) that were obtained before ischemia, immediately after ischemia and immediately after reperfusion in group 2 were significantly higher than those of group 1 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pentoxifylline reduces reperfusion injury of the liver through significantly decreased transaminase levels, and contributes to hepatic cytoprotection by increasing tissue levels of PGE(2) significantly. These effects reflect the role of tissue PGE(2) in pentoxifylline-related hepatoprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver.     

The effects of allopurinol in hepatic ischemia and reperfusion: experimental study in rats

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Some studies have shown that postischemic hepatic dysfunction is mainly due to oxygen free radicals that are generated by xanthine oxidase. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, on oxidative stress, liver injury and histologic alterations induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats. METHODS: One hundred and sixty Wistar rats were used and divided into three groups. Group 1: sham operation; group 2: 50 min of ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion, and group 3: pretreatment with allopurinol and 50 min of ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion. The effect of allopurinol was evaluated by plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, histopathologic studies, and lipid peroxidation measured by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method and chemiluminescence initiated by tert-butyl hydroperoxide technique. RESULTS: Ischemia followed by reperfusion promoted an increase in lipid peroxidation of the hepatic cells when compared to the sham-operated group (p<0.05). This increase was attenuated in the group treated with allopurinol (p< 0.05). Allopurinol also showed a protective effect on hepatocellular necrosis (p<0.05), and the plasma levels of liver enzymes returned earlier to the normal range in rats pretreated with allopurinol in comparison to those that did not receive the drug (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Allopurinol exerted a protective effect on hepatic ischemia and reperfusion in rats. The administration of this drug prior to liver operations should be considered to be submitted to trials in humans.     

Ergothioneine pretreatment protects the liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by increasing hepatic heat shock protein 70

BACKGROUND: Reperfusion of the liver after ischemia induces the expression of the heat shock genes and the synthesis of the heat shock proteins (HSP). We studied the effects of the natural antioxidant ergothioneine (EGT) treatment on the expression of HSP70 in ischemic-reperfused (IR) liver. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham group given standard laboratory chow and water for 3 weeks followed by sham operation; Control group given standard laboratory chow and water for 3 weeks followed by liver IR injury; EGT group given standard laboratory chow supplementation l-ergothioneine (1.2 mg/kg/d body weight) administered by gavage and water for 3 weeks followed by liver IR injury. Ten rats from each group were killed to determine serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), HSP70 levels, and histologic changes at 30, 60, and 120 min of reperfusion, respectively. Survival was followed for 1 week. RESULTS: IR caused significant increase in serum AST, ALT, LDH, and tissue MDA levels. As compared with the control group, animals treated with EGT experienced a significant decrease in serum AST, ALT, and LDH levels in all reperfusion periods. Tissue MDA levels in animals receiving EGT were significantly reduced as compared with control group at 30 min and 60 min after reperfusion. After ischemia, reperfusion caused a remarkable production of HSP70 in the control group. When the rats were pretreated with EGT, the levels of HSP70 increased significantly in their livers after reperfusion compared with the control group. Liver injury in the EGT-treated animals was lower to that in the control group. The 7-day survival rate was significantly improved (from 50% to 80%) by EGT pretreatment. CONCLUSION: HSP70 has been shown to induce tolerance against warm IR injury in rat livers. EGT pretreatment protects the liver from IR injury by over-expression of HSP and the subsequent suppression of lipid peroxidation.     

UTI和丹参在鼠肝脏缺血再灌注中对肝窦内皮细胞损伤保护效应的实验研究

目的：探讨UTI和丹参在肝脏缺血再灌注中对肝窦内皮细胞损伤的保护作用。方法：将大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注模型30只大鼠分为5组，A组为空白对照组（n=3），B组为缺血再灌注组（n=7），C组为UTI组（n=6），D组为丹参组（n=6），E组为UTI＋丹参组（n=8）。除A组外，在缺血30min再灌注120min后分别取血检测AST、ALT、LDH、HA及ET，并取肝组织行光镜和电镜观察。结果：C组、D组较B组各指标明显下降（P〈0．01），E组各指标较C组或D组均有下降，（P〈0．05）。光镜和电镜观察形态学损伤程度，B组最重，C组、D组次之，E组最轻。结论：UTI、丹参在缺血再灌注中能有效减轻对肝窦内皮细胞的损伤，二药合用有协同作用。     

缺血预处理对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中MPO、TNF-α、ET、NO的影响

目的：探讨缺血预处理（IPC）对肝脏缺血再灌注（I/R）损伤中的中性粒细胞和某些细胞因子的影响。方法：采用大鼠部分肝脏原位缺血再灌注损伤模型,30只Wistar大鼠随机分成：①正常对照组;②缺血再灌注对照组;③预处理组。②、③组均在60min再灌注完成后取血及肝组织标本,检测血清AST、ALT、LDH、NO、ET-1、TNF-α、及肝组织中髓过氧化酶（MPO）活性和肝细胞病理改变。结果：预处理组与再灌注对照组比较,肝功明显改善,NO含量升高,ET-1、TNF-α浓度和MPO活性明显降低,两组比较差异具有显著性。结论：缺血预处理对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤有明显保护作用,可能与提高内源性NO水平、减轻中性粒细胞在肝脏中的渗出和聚集、抑制ET-1、TNF-α的合成有关。     

Effect of Pharmacologic Preconditioning with Tetrandrine on Subsequent Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Liver

The effect of tetrandrine (TET) pretreatment of Wistar rats subjected to warm hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) was investigated. After 50 minutes of ischemia in the left and median lobes of the liver and 24 hours of reperfusion (I/R group), the rats were killed. The TET+I/R group rats were pretreated with TET (50 mg/kg body weight IP) 30 minutes prior to the onset of ischemia. Blood samples were taken for measurement of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Tissue was taken from the ischemic lobes for measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO); determination of the wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio; and histologic studies. The results showed that ALT, AST, and LDH levels in serum were increased in the I/R group; tissue MDA generation, MPO activity, and the W/D ratio were also increased, accompanied by decreased SOD activity. The serum ALT, AST, and LDH levels, as well as the tissue MPO level and W/D ratio, were lower in the TET+I/R group than in the I/R group; and the SOD level was higher in the TET+IR group than in the I/R group. Moreover, the serum ALT and AST, tissue MDA, and W/D ratio in the TET+I/R group were higher, and the SOD was lower than in the sham group. The histologic examination showed protection against liver damage in the TET+I/R group. The results demonstrated that pretreatment with TET could somewhat protect the liver against I/R injury but does not prevent it. The simultaneous decrease of both lipid peroxide generation and polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration in the ischemic liver may explain the acquisition of tolerance following administration of TET.     

氨溴索对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨氨溴索对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤（I/RI）的保护作用及其机制。方法：18只雄性Wistar大鼠被随机均分为假手术组、肝I/RI模型组（模型组）、氨溴索预处理+肝I/RI模型组（氨溴索预处理组）。肝I/RI模型采用阻断入肝血流30 min后再灌注方法诱导,氨溴索预处理组于缺血前20 min尾静脉注射氨溴索（100 mg/kg）,而模型组给予等体积生理盐水。术后6 h处死大鼠,检测血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）和天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）水平和肝组织病理学改变,同时检测肝组织超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）,谷胱甘肽（GSH）,丙二醛（MDA）含量,caspase-3的活化水平。结果：与假手术组比较,模型组与氨溴索预处理组血清ALT和AST水平明显升高（均P<0.05）;肝组织出现明显的病理学改变;肝组织SOD和GSH含量明显下降,而MDA水平明显升高（均P<0.05）;肝组织caspase-3活化水平明显升高（均P<0.05）。与模型组比较,氨溴索预处理组以上各项指标的变化均明显减弱（均P<0.05）。结论：氨溴索预处理能减轻大鼠肝脏I/RI,机制可能与其调控抗氧化和抗凋亡信号通路有关。     

盐酸氟桂利嗪对再灌注损伤时鼠肝细胞线粒体的作用

目的 盐酸氟桂利嗪对大鼠肝脏缺血／再灌注香肝细胞线粒体的影响。方法：将Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠随机分为三组,每组１２只。Ａ组为对照组,Ｂ组缺血／再灌注组组,Ｃ组为盐酸氟桂利嗪组。其中Ｂ,Ｃ两组均阻断肝门造成肝脏完全缺血３０分钟后再灌注９０分钟。测定各组动物血清中ＡＬＴ,ＬＤＨ含量,肝细胞线粒体脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）含量、行超微结构的观察。结果 与Ａ组比较,Ｂ组血清ＡＬＴ,ＬＤＨ活性显著加（Ａ,Ｂ二组,ＡＬ     

大鼠肝缺血／再灌注后肝组织一氧化氮和不同亚型一氧化氮合酶的变化

目的探讨一氧化氮（NO）和一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）在肝缺血／再灌注（I／R）过程中的变化和作用。方法健康雄性SD大鼠24只，随机分为3组（每组8只）：①正常对照组，术中只分离肝周围韧带，不做肝门阻断及再灌注。②I/R组，进行45min的部分肝门阻断及60min的再灌注。③L-精氨酸（L—Arg）组，缺血前20min经阴茎背静脉注射L—Arg（300mg／kg），余同②组。实验结束后，取下腔静脉血2ml，并迅速切取缺血肝组织。检测血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）；测定肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）、一氧化氮（NO）和一氧化氯合成酶（NOS）等指标；观察光镜和电镜下肝组织学变化。结果与正常对照组相比，I／R组iNOS升高，NO降低；L-Arg组NO、eNOS均高于I／R组。2、3组比1组大鼠的肝组织病理损害重、肝功能差，L—Arg组病理损害较I／R组明显减轻、肝功能改善。结论NO对大鼠肝I／R损伤具有保护作用．不同亚型NOS的变化参与其中。