经会阴前列腺24针饱和穿刺活检与14针活检在PSA＜20μg/L患者中筛检前列腺癌的对比性研究

目的:探讨超声引导下经会阴前列腺24针饱和穿刺活检与14针穿刺活检方案对PSA＜20 μg/L可疑前列腺癌患者的筛检阳性率及其相关并发症.方法:选取116例可疑前列腺癌患者行经会阴超声引导下14针穿刺活检(14针组),另136例患者,行经会阴24针饱和前列腺穿刺活检(24针饱和组),比较两组前列腺癌筛检阳性率、标本阳性率及穿刺后肉眼血尿、泌尿系感染、尿潴留等并发症的发生率.结果:两组患者平均年龄、穿刺前PSA水平、平均前列腺体积等指标均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).24针饱和组及14针组前列腺癌筛检总体阳性率分别为48.53％和17.24％,存在显著性差异(P＜0.001),标本阳性率分别为8.09％和2.83％ (P =0.012);其中24针饱和组前列腺尖部肿瘤的检出率(11.76％)显著高于14针组(1.72％,P＜0.05).两组穿刺后尿潴留、泌尿系感染和肉眼血尿等发生率均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:24针经会阴前列腺饱和穿刺活检方法显著提高PSA＜20 μg/L患者中前列腺癌的筛检阳性率,尤其是增加了前列腺尖部区域的肿瘤筛检阳性率,而并未增加相关并发症.     

经会阴前列腺穿刺与经直肠前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断的初探

目的 对比经会阴与经直肠前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的阳性率及并发症。方法 回顾分析2017年1月到2019年12月行前列腺穿刺活检的病例,经直肠组187例,经会阴组68例。结果 经直肠组阳性穿刺率为34.7%,经会阴组阳性穿刺率为29.4%,两组无统计学差异（P>0.05）。穿刺后经直肠组和经会阴组的血尿发生率分别为40.1%、42.6%,尿潴留发生率分别为6.9%、7.3%,直肠出血发生率分别为1.1%、0%,差别无统计学意义（P>0.05）。穿刺后经直肠组和经会阴组的会阴肿胀的发生率分别为2.6%、13.2%,两组有统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论 超声引导下经直肠、经会阴前列腺穿刺活检均为前列腺癌诊断的有效方法。两者穿刺阳性率无明显差异,但并发症各有特点。     

tPSA4～10μg/L患者前列腺穿刺标本炎症分级与前列腺癌相关性分析

目的:分析血清tPSA 4～10μg/L患者前列腺穿刺活检标本中前列腺组织学炎症分级与前列腺癌间的相关性。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年12月200例行前列腺穿刺活检患者的临床资料,对穿刺标本组织学炎症的范围、位置及程度进行评估,探讨前列腺组织学炎症分级与前列腺癌的相关性。结果:200例前列腺穿刺活检标本,病理学诊断为BPH 169例(84.5%),前列腺癌31例(15.5%)。活检组织学炎症分级1、2、3级位置中前列腺癌阳性率分别为19.3%、25.8%、54.8%(P0.01),炎症范围中前列腺癌阳性率分别为77.4%、19.4%、3.2%(P0.01),炎症程度中前列腺癌阳性率分别为51.6%、29.0%、19.4%(P0.01);而组织学分级炎症位置、范围和程度中BPH阳性率均无统计学意义。Logistic多因素回归分析发现,组织学炎症程度分级与前列腺癌无相关性(95%CI 0.796～4.193,OR=1.804,P=0.215),而炎症位置(95%CI 0.052～0.407,OR=0.113,P=0.001)及炎症范围(95%CI 0.068～0.819,OR=0.231,P=0.023)分级与前列腺癌风险呈显著负相关(r=-2.078、-1.526)。同时运用炎症位置及范围联合预测模型区分前列腺癌和BPH的阳性、阴性预测值、敏感性及特异性分别为51.2%、90.3%、91.5%、50.8%。结论:前列腺组织炎症程度与前列腺癌无相关性;炎症位置及范围与前列腺癌呈负相关,进行前列腺炎症位置和范围的分级描述可以减少一定比例的重复穿刺活检。     

前列腺特异性抗原≤4.0μg/L前列腺癌的诊断

目的:评价直肠指检(DRE)、经直肠超声(TRUS)、游离前列腺特异性抗原/总前列腺特异性抗原(fPSA/t-PSA)、前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)对前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)≤4.0μg/L PCa的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析1996年4月至2012年12月解放军总医院超声科PSA≤4.0μg/L的前列腺穿刺患者共343例,年龄30~91岁。将患者按PSA含量0.0~1.0μg/L、1.1~2.0μg/L、2.1~3.0μg/L、3.1~4.0μg/L分为4组,评价DRE、TRUS、f-PSA/t-PSA、PSAD在不同PSA水平下PCa患者中的诊断价值,同时按年龄分为5组:≤49岁、50~59岁、60~69岁、70~79岁、≥80岁,评价不同PSA水平下不同年龄患者PCa的检出率。结果:343例患者中,共检出PCa 65例,检出率19.0%。PSA含量0.0~1.0μg/L、1.1~2.0μg/L、2.1~3.0μg/L、3.1~4.0μg/L时PCa的检出率分别为16.28%(21/129)、17.17%(17/99)、21.82%(12/55)、25.00%(15/60)。PSA≤2.0μg/L时,f-PSA/t-PSA比值在PCa和非PCa患者中没有明显差异(P0.05),而PSA2.0μg/L时有明显差异(P0.05)。而PSAD值在PCa组与非PCa组中分别为(0.09±0.16)μg/L/ml、(0.06±0.07)μg/L/ml,没有明显差异(P0.05)。随着PSA含量的升高,PCa的检出率相应升高,各年龄段的检出率没有明显差异(P0.05)。结论:当PSA含量在2.1~4.0μg/L时,若DRE/TRUS异常,则应引起重视,定期随访,监测PSA变化;若f-PSA/t-PSA≤0.15,伴或不伴DRE/TRUS异常,均应该行前列腺穿刺活检,以明确诊断。而对于PSA在0.0~2.0μg/L时,DRE、TRUS、f-PSA/t-PSA比值和PSAD均不能有效诊断PCa。     

经会阴径路与经直肠径路前列腺穿刺活检的对比性研究

前列腺穿刺活检是临床诊断前列腺癌的重要手段。经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺是目前常用的方法。作者采用经会阴径路超声引导下进行前列腺穿刺活检,并与之前的经直肠径路的方式进行对比分析,现汇报如下。     

超声引导下经会阴穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的：探讨超声引导下经会阴道前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的价值。方法：对376例临床怀疑前列腺癌患者行直肠腔内超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检。分3组。A组：184例,为指检前列腺触及结节或前列腺增大、质硬怀疑前列腺癌者;B组：84例,为因前列腺增生行直肠腔内超声检查发现有异常回声区域者;C组：108例,为指检未及明显硬节而血中PSA＞10ng/ml者。结果：3组穿刺活检阳性率分别为44．5％（82／184）,29．8％（25／84）,57．4％（62／108）。结论：直肠腔内超声引导下经会阴穿刺活检取材准确,能清楚显示穿刺针的径路和深度,避免损伤邻近脏器,可重复操作,明显提高穿刺活检的阳性率。     

前列腺饱和活检再评估微小病灶前列腺癌

首次前列腺穿刺活检10针中仅1针阳性、肿瘤<5 mm且Gleason积分6分以下者称为无临床意义的微小病灶前列腺癌。为了确定更多前列腺标本量的病理结果与首次活检的结果是否一致,作者评估了二次扩大的32针经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检的价值。35例诊断微小病灶前列腺癌的患者入选,自愿接受观察,年龄62～75岁,平均     

经直肠前列腺穿刺活检中抗生素的价值

本文 8 3例经直肠穿剌前列腺活检术 ,术前后未用抗生素但无感染并发症 ,证明了该手术的安全性。作为一家说 ,不用任何抗菌药是可以的 ,但短期应用抗生素是目前多数泌尿科医生的方法 ,也无可非议。最终还有待实践的结论。宋建达     

多普勒超声引导前列腺穿刺活检与血清PSA检测在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨直肠多普勒超声引导前列腺穿刺活检(超声引导穿刺活检)与血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)检测诊断前列腺癌(PCA)的临床价值。方法 选取宝丰县人民医院2020-01—2020-12手术治疗的73例疑似PCA的患者。术前均行超声引导穿刺活检和血清PSA检测。以术后病理学检查结果为“金标准”,分析超声引导穿刺活检和血清PSA检测与术后病理诊断PCA的一致性及诊断价值。结果 超声引导穿刺活检与术后病理诊断一致性Kappa值为0.933,血清PSA检测结果与术后病理学检查结果一致性Kappa值为0.506。超声引导穿刺活检的敏感度、特异度、阴性预测值均高于血清PSA检测,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 与血清PSA检测比较,超声引导穿刺活检诊断PCA的准确度高,具有较高的PCA诊断价值。但由于超声引导穿刺活检属于有创检查,而且有一定的并发症风险,故在PCA的筛查中仍以血清PSA检测为主。对血清PSA水平持续异常升高的患者,应常规行超声引导穿刺活检,以排除PCA。     

超声引导下前列腺12针系统穿刺活检增加前列腺癌检出率的研究

目的:探讨不同年龄及前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)分组对12针穿刺活检前列腺癌检出率及肿瘤特征的影响。方法:临床表现怀疑前列腺癌患者210例,按照患者的年龄分为≤59岁组、60～69岁组、70～79岁组、≥80岁组,按照PSA水平分为0～4μg/L组、4.1～10μg/L组、10.1～20μg/L组、20.1～50μg/L组、>50μg/L组,记录患者临床资料及活检结果。提出不同的穿刺方案并计算其检出率。结果:210例怀疑为前列腺癌患者,检出前列腺癌91例,总的前列腺癌检出率为43.3%,随着年龄的增长,PSA水平的提高,检出率逐渐提高。年龄的增长、PSA水平的提高与体积较大、分级较高的肿瘤密切相关。外周带穿刺与旁正中矢状尖部穿刺有较高的前列腺癌检出率。当患者年龄<60岁,PSA水平<20μg/L时,12针穿刺活检为较佳方案。结论:12针穿刺活检可以弥补6针穿刺活检的缺陷,随着患者年龄的增长,PSA水平的提高,肿瘤的体积增大、病理分级较差。传统6针穿刺法与12针相比,受患者年龄、PSA水平的影响较大。     

One 10-core prostate biopsy is superior to two sets of sextant prostate biopsies

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficiency of different transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy techniques for detecting prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In all, 81 prostates from radical prostatectomy were used and two consecutive sets of sextant biopsies and one 10-core biopsy taken in each specimen. The 10-core biopsy consisted of a sextant biopsy and four cores from the far lateral areas of the prostate. To simulate a transrectal biopsy procedure, all biopsies were taken under TRUS guidance. RESULTS: In the first set of sextant biopsies 44 prostate cancers (54%) were detected and in the second set 51 (63%). Combining both sets of sextant biopsies 57 (70%) of the carcinomas were detected. One set of 10-core biopsies detected 66 (82%) of all prostate cancers. Overall, with the 10-core biopsies 16% more prostate tumours were diagnosed than with two consecutive sets of sextant biopsies. To find the same number of prostate cancers as with the 10-core technique, 14% of patients undergoing sextant biopsy would require a second set and 11% at least a third set of biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: The 10-core prostate biopsy technique is superior to the commonly used sextant technique and could spare patients unnecessary repeated biopsy. Even after including a second set of sextant biopsies, the total detection rate with these 12 biopsies was inferior to the 10-core technique.     

Detection rate and factors predictive the presence of prostate cancer in patients undergoing ultrasonography‐guided transperineal saturation biopsies of the prostate

Study Type – Diagnostic (case series)
Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVES

To assess the prostate cancer detection rate and predictive factors for prostate cancer after transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided transperineal saturation re‐biopsies of the prostate, using a 24‐core scheme.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We evaluated 143 consecutive patients undergoing TRUS‐guided transperineal saturation re‐biopsy of the prostate using a 24‐core scheme. The inclusion criteria were a previous negative biopsy and a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level of ≥10.0 ng/mL, or of 4.0–10.0 ng/mL with a free/total ratio of <20% or an abnormal digital rectal examination or previous high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) or atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP).

RESULTS

The mean (sd ) age of the patients was 66.5 (6.1) years and the median (interquartile range) PSA level was 9.0 (6.1–12.8) ng/mL. The number of previous biopsies was one in 59% of patients, two in 26% and three or more in 15%. We detected prostate cancer in 26%, ASAP in 5.6% and HGPIN in 2.1%. The cancer detection rate was 47%, 25.5% and 14% for prostate volumes of <40, 40–60 and ≥60 mL, respectively (P = 0.002). On a multivariate analysis the total prostate volume (40–60 vs <40 mL, hazard ratio 5.683; >60 vs <40 mL, hazard ratio 6.965; P = 0.01) was the only significant predictor of prostate cancer at saturation biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

TRUS‐guided transperineal saturation re‐biopsy of the prostate using a 24‐core scheme resulted in a high cancer detection rate also in patients who had had two or more previous biopsies. The total prostate volume was the only predictor of prostate cancer.     

Transrectal ultrasound-guided transperineal 14-core systematic biopsy detects apico-anterior cancer foci of T1c prostate cancer

AIM: The optimal biopsy strategy for prostate cancer detection, especially in men with isolated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) elevation, remains to be defined. We evaluated diagnostic yield and safety of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided transperineal systematic 14-core biopsy and compared the spatial distribution of cancer foci detected with this technique in men with and without abnormality on digital rectal examination (DRE). METHODS: In a prospective study, 289 men aged between 50 and 87 years (median age, 70 years) underwent TRUS-guided transperineal systematic 14-core prostate biopsy because of elevated PSA and/or abnormal DRE findings. Using the fan technique, 12 cores from the peripheral zone and two cores from the transition zone were obtained systematically. To characterize the spatial distribution of cancer positive cores, site-specific overall and unique cancer detection rates were compared between stage T1c and T2 cancers. RESULTS: Prostate cancer was detected in 105 of the 289 patients (36%). Major complications requiring prolonged hospital stay or re-hospitalization during a 4-week postbiopsy period were rare (1.4%). Sixty-seven stage T1c cancers were identified. These cancers were associated with significantly lower PSA and a smaller number of cancer positive cores when compared with stage T2 cancers (n= 38). The overall cancer detection rate was highest at the anterior peripheral zone and the posterior peripheral zone in stage T1c and stage T2 cancers, respectively. The unique cancer detection rate at the anterior peripheral zone was significantly higher in stage T1c cancers than in stage T2 cancers. Therefore, when the prostate is extensively biopsied using the transperineal approach, cancer positive cores are characteristically distributed anteriorly in stage T1c cancers and posteriorly in stage T2 cancers. CONCLUSIONS: TRUS-guided transperineal systematic 14-core biopsy showed an apico-anterior distribution of cancer foci in stage T1c prostate cancers.     

The presence of prostate cancer on saturation biopsy can be accurately predicted

Study Type – Diagnostic (non‐consecutive)
Level of Evidence 3b

OBJECTIVE

To improve the ability of our previously reported saturation biopsy nomogram quantifying the risk of prostate cancer, as the use of office‐based saturation biopsy has increased.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Saturation biopsies of 540 men with one or more previously negative 6–12 core biopsies were used to develop a multivariable logistic regression model‐based nomogram, predicting the probability of prostate cancer. Candidate predictors were used in their original or stratified format, and consisted of age, total prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, percentage free PSA (%fPSA), gland volume, findings on a digital rectal examination, cumulative number of previous biopsy sessions, presence of high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on any previous biopsy, and presence of atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) on any previous biopsy. Two hundred bootstraps re‐samples were used to adjust for overfit bias.

RESULTS

Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 39.4% of saturation biopsies. Age, total PSA, %fPSA, gland volume, number of previous biopsies, and presence of ASAP at any previous biopsy were independent predictors for prostate cancer (all P < 0.05). The nomogram was 77.2% accurate and had a virtually perfect correlation between predicted and observed rates of prostate cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

We improved the accuracy of the saturation biopsy nomogram from 72% to 77%; it relies on three previously included variables, i.e. age, %fPSA and prostate volume, and on three previously excluded variables, i.e. PSA, the number of previous biopsy sessions, and evidence of ASAP on previous biopsy. Our study represents the largest series of saturation biopsies to date.     

High detection rate of significant prostate tumours in anterior zones using transperineal ultrasound-guided template saturation biopsy

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Men with persistent suspicion for prostate cancer after previous negative standard transrectal biopsy series are offered saturation biopsy either transrectally or transperineally to increase cancer detection rate. A high‐risk group of men with at least two previous negative transrectal biopsies underwent transperineal template‐guided saturation biopsy. Prostate cancer was detected in 26%, predominantly in the anterior zones. PSA velocity or doubling time were the most powerful factors to predict cancer.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To evaluate the detection rate and the regional location of prostate cancer in men undergoing transperineal template‐guided saturation biopsy (TTSB).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? In all, 92 consecutive men with at least two previous negative transrectal biopsy series who underwent a multiple‐core prostate TTSB at our centre were included in the study.
• ? Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to address the relationship between parameters before TTSB and prostate cancer‐detection rate.
• ? Covariates consisted of age at biopsy, free and total prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, digital rectal examination findings, histological findings on previous biopsy, PSA velocity (PSAV), PSA‐doubling time (PSADT) and the number of previous negative biopsy sets.

RESULTS

• ? Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 26% of the men.
• ? A median of 30 cores was taken by TTSB.
• ? Adenocarcinoma in >2 cores was detected in 58.5% and Gleason score ≥7 was detected in 46% of the diagnosed men.
• ? Most of the tumours (83.3%) were found in the anterior zones of the gland, with a significantly higher number of positive cores vs the posterior zones (mean 4.9 vs 1.5, P= 0.015).
• ? PSADT and PSAV were the only independent predictors of prostate cancer detection at multivariate analyses with odds ratios of 0.71 (P= 0.014) and 1.58 (P= 0.025), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? TTSB has a high prostate cancer‐detection rate, especially in the anterior zones.
• ? Men after at least two previous negative transrectal biopsy series and persistent suspicion of prostate cancer, as evidenced by rapid PSA dynamics, should be offered TTSB.

     

Simple and effective local anesthesia for transperineal extended prostate biopsy: Application to three-dimensional 26-core biopsy

Abstract:   We developed a local anesthetic procedure for three-dimensional 26-core prostate biopsy (3D26PBx), a combination of transperineal 14-core biopsy (TP14PBx) and transrectal 12-core biopsy (TR12PBx). At first, a periapical triangle, confined by the levator ani, the rhabdosphincter and the external anal sphincter muscle, was made visible by transrectal ultrasound. After administration of 1 mL of 1%-lidocaine into the midline perineal skin 1.5 cm above the anus, we inserted a spinal needle toward the periapical triangle for injection of 1.5–2.0 mL of 1%-lidocaine and performed the TP14PBx. After administration of the periprostatic nerve block with 10 mL of 1%-lidocaine, we performed the TR12PBx. The efficacy of the procedure was evaluated prospectively in 45 consecutive men undergoing the 3D26PBx. The 3D26PBx was completed with just local anesthesia in all patients. The pain levels, assessed by an 11-point visual analog scale, were not different between the TP14PBx and the TR12PBx.     

Clinical staging of prostate cancer: a computer-simulated study of transperineal prostate biopsy

OBJECTIVE: To identify the precise location of prostate cancer within the gland and thus possibly permit more aggressive therapy of the lesion, while potentially sparing the noncancerous gland from ablative therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three-dimensional "solid" computer models were reconstructed for 86 autopsy specimens and 20 stage T1c radical prostatectomy specimens. Transperineal biopsies were simulated for grid sizes of 5-mm (method A) and 10-mm (method B) with an 18 G, 23-mm long biopsy needle. One or two biopsies per grid point were obtained for a total of 12-108 biopsies, depending on the size of the prostate. Clinically threatening cancers were defined as having volumes of > or = 0.5 mL or Gleason sum > or = 7. RESULTS: Method A detected significantly more carcinomas than method B in both the autopsy and prostatectomy specimens (autopsy, 72 vs 51; prostatectomy, 50 vs 32, both P < 0.001). Method A also detected more clinically threatening cancers found at autopsy (38/40 vs 31/40, P = 0.008). Among autopsy patients with negative sextant biopsies whose disease was localized to one side, method A detected 72% and method B detected 29-43% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this computer simulation show that 5- and 10-mm grid biopsies detect three-quarters and a third, respectively, at autopsy, of patients with the disease localized to one side of the prostate, which may be useful when planning highly selective ablative treatments in the future.