Microbial and Chemical Profiles of Commercial Kombucha Products

Kombucha is an increasingly popular functional beverage that has gained attention for its unique combination of phytochemicals, metabolites, and microbes. Previous chemical and microbial composition analyses of kombucha have mainly focused on understanding their changes during fermentation. Very limited information is available regarding nutrient profiles of final kombucha products in the market. In this study, we compared the major chemicals (tea polyphenols, caffeine), antioxidant properties, microbial and metabolomic profiles of nine commercial kombucha products using shotgun metagenomics, internal transcribed spacer sequencing, untargeted metabolomics, and targeted chemical assays. All of the nine kombucha products showed similar acidity but great differences in chemicals, metabolites, microbes, and antioxidant activities. Most kombucha products are dominated by the probiotic Bacillus coagulans or bacteria capable of fermentation including Lactobacillus nagelii, Gluconacetobacter, Gluconobacter, and Komagataeibacter species. We found that all nine kombuchas also contained varying levels of enteric bacteria including Bacteroides thetaiotamicron, Escherischia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterobacter cloacae complex, and Akkermansia muciniphila. The fungal composition of kombucha products was characterized by predominance of fermenting yeast including Brettanomyces species and Cyberlindnera jadinii. Kombucha varied widely in chemical content assessed by global untargeted metabolomics, with metabolomic variation being significantly associated with metagenomic profiles. Variation in tea bases, bacteria/yeast starter cultures, and duration of fermentation may all contribute to the observed large differences in the microbial and chemical profiles of final kombucha products.     

Responses of Soil Bacteria to Long-Term and Short-Term Cadmium Stress as Revealed by Microbial Community Analysis

Soil pollution by cadmium has been a long standing ecological problem in Zhangshi Irrigation Area, Shenyang, China, as a result of the 30-year practice of irrigation with wastewater containing high levels of heavy metals. To evaluate the adverse impact of cadmium contamination on soil ecosystems, the responses of soil microbiota to both long-term and short-term cadmium stress were studied by molecular microbial community profiling with denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. Our results show that soil characteristics and nutrient conditions were likely more important than cadmium toxicity in shaping the soil bacterial community structure in the long term. In comparison, soil microbial genetic diversity was shown to be more closely correlated to cadmium levels under short-term cadmium stress, with the highest microbial genetic diversity occurring at mild cadmium stress conditions, which might be attributed to the enrichment of metal-resistant microbial populations through mechanisms of competitive selection and genetic adaptation. In contrast, severe cadmium stress likely presented a condition that fewer microbial populations could survive, thus leading to reduced microbial genetic diversity.     

固体垃圾和渗沥液中总DNA提取及微生物多样性分析

基于对生活垃圾及其渗沥液提取总DNA方法的评价,采用ARDRA和RISA分析固体垃圾和渗沥液的生物多样性.通过总DNA浓度、纯度、片段分布情况、PCR扩增等指标评价,找出效果较好的提取方法,该法从固体垃圾和渗沥液中均获得了高质量的总DNA,DNA分子片段在23 kb左右,且样品不需经过纯化可以直接进行PCR扩增;ARDRA和RISA分析显示固体垃圾比渗沥液具有更丰富的微生物多样性.     

全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析仪对病原菌的鉴定价值分析

目的:探讨全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析仪对病原菌的鉴定价值.方法:选取临床分离的革兰阴性菌124株、革兰阳性菌120株以及实验室保存的革兰阴性参考菌株80株、革兰阳性参考菌株80株,应用VITEK2-compact自动微生物鉴定药敏分析仪实施鉴定,对鉴定结果与鉴定时间进行分析.结果:全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析仪鉴定革兰阳性菌...     

Effects of Repeated Applications of Chlorpyrifos on its Persistence and Soil Microbial Functional Diversity and Development of its Degradation Capability

Effects of repeated applications of chlorpyrifos on its persistence and soil microbial functional diversity were studied under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the degradation rate of chlorpyrifos increased whereas its inhibitory effect on soil microbial communities gradually decreased with application frequency of chlorpyrifos. A bacterial strain DSP capable of utilizing chlorpyrifos as a sole source of carbon and energy was isolated 21 days after the third chlorpyrifos application, which indicated that the capability of soil microorganism for degrading chlorpyrifos was formed during the experiment. It could be concluded that repeated applications of chlorpyrifos had no lasting impact on soil health.     

穿刺型加药连接件、非穿刺型加药连接件的抵抗微生物侵入能力研究

分析输液器上常用的两种加药连接件在多次加药中抵抗微生物侵入能力。本文模拟临床使用方法,设计了相关的微生物侵入验证方案进行实验,得出了不同加药连接件的安全加药次数,确保不会有微生物侵入,具有很好的输液临床指导意义。     

微生物除臭剂对污泥和生活垃圾臭气抑制效果的中试研究

通过菌种分离和筛选,得到7种具有除臭功能的菌株,并复配形成微生物除臭剂。在污泥填埋单元和垃圾中转站集装箱中,考察了微生物除臭剂对污泥和生活垃圾中H2S、NH3、CS2等恶臭组分以及臭气浓度等的去除效果。研究发现:在5 d后,该微生物除臭剂对污泥填埋单元中H2S、NH3、CS2和臭气浓度的抑制率分别为12.6%~29.7%、19.7%~56.1%、1.0%~11.1%和57.8%~65.3%;在48 h内,对生活垃圾集装箱中H2S、NH3、CS2和臭气浓度的抑制率分别为25.9%~52.8%、23.6%~60.0%、0.7%~29.7%和25.0%~57.8%。此外,该微生物除臭剂还可有效抑制集装箱垃圾VOC的释放。     

儿童呼吸道感染病原菌分布与耐药分析

目的调查呼吸道感染患儿的主要病原菌及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法采用苛养菌及链球菌鉴定的常规方法对呼吸道感染患儿的咽拭子标本进行分离、培养与鉴定。采用K-B纸片扩散法对分离出的病原菌进行药敏分析。结果286份咽拭子标本中共分离病原菌112株,检出率为39.16%。其中苛养菌72株,占病原菌的64.29%。流感嗜血杆菌对克拉霉素(70.01%)、复方磺胺甲口恶唑(60.00%)、氨苄西林(66.68%)耐药率高;肺炎链球菌对四环素(96.15%)、克林霉素(92.31%)、复方磺胺甲口恶唑(92.31%)、阿奇霉素(92.31%)耐药率高;化脓性链球菌对四环素(100.00%)、克林霉素(94.45%)、阿奇霉素(83.33%)耐药率高。结论苛养菌和化脓性球菌是引起儿童呼吸道感染的主要病原菌,治疗时应根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

某院临床标本细菌分布与耐药性分析

目的了解某院各种临床标本的细菌分布及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法统计分析该院1998—2003年门诊及住院患者送检标本中分离并经鉴定的细菌及其耐药情况。结果6年共检出细菌4632株，其中革兰阴性（G^-）杆菌2759株（59．56％），革兰阳性（G^＋）球菌1873株（40．44％）。G^-杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率（3．27％-25．20％）最低，对氨苄西林耐药率（71.57％～92.11％）最高；G^＋球菌对万古霉紊耐药率（0）最低，对青霉素G耐药率（77．96％～100％）最高。结论临床感染菌不断增多，耐药现象日趋严重，耐药性监测对指导临床用药具有重要意义。     

棉布、无纺布及一次性过滤纸的微生物屏障效果及棉布相关参数研究

目的比较几种医用包装材料阻菌率,不同洗涤次数的棉布失重率、撕裂强度及耐磨性的差异。方法依据无菌医疗器械包装试验方法,对棉布、无纺布、一次性过滤纸三种包装材料进行阻菌率测试,采用棉布失重试验、抗拉力试验、耐磨性试验,对不同洗涤次数棉布的失重率、撕裂强度及耐磨性进行测试。结果透气包装材料微生物屏障分等试验中,双层新棉布、双层旧棉布、一次性过滤纸和无纺布平均阻菌率分别为62.15%、31.39%、82.04%和89.71%;棉布经洗涤30次后失重率下降1.22%,撕裂强度下降6.70%,经织物平磨仪测试均没有起毛起球。结论阻菌效果排名依次为无纺布、一次性过滤纸、双层棉布。棉布经洗涤30次后,失重率和撕裂强度有所下降,阻菌效果较新棉布差。     

Food Variety and Dietary Diversity as Indicators of the Dietary Adequacy and Health Status of an Elderly Population in Sharpeville,South Africa

ABSTRACT

This cross-sectional, analytical study was a comprehensive health assessment focusing on dietary quality of 170 randomly selected elderly respondents in Sharpeville, South Africa. The methods included a sociodemographic, health food frequency questionnaire, 24 h-recall questionnaires, and anthropometric and biochemical measurements. The low mean±standard deviation (SD) dietary diversity score (3.41±1.34) and food variety score (4.77±2.2) compared with poverty parameters confirmed household food insecurity in this community. Although three (n = 99, 58.6%) or two (n = 49, 28.9%) daily meals were mostly consumed, these were mainly carbohydrate-based and nutrient-deficient. The cereal group (2.01±0.81) had the highest mean food variety score ±SD, followed by dairy (0.62±0.53) and flesh foods (0.40±0.53). When a mean adequacy ratio of 70% was used as a cut-off point for nutrient adequacy, it was found that the food variety score must be eight or higher and the dietary variety score must be at least six. These indicators thus have a high ability to identify those respondents with an inadequate diet but lower ability to identify those respondents with a nutritionally adequate diet. The data further showed a trend that with a higher food variety and dietary diversity, a better mean adequacy ratio is reached for this low-income group of elderly subjects. In conclusion, the results showed that food variety and dietary diversity scores give a fairly good assessment of the adequacy of the diet, and scoring dietary diversity is a significant, yet simple tool to identify elderly persons at risk of food and nutrition insecurity.     

糖尿病足溃疡面细菌培养及药敏特点分析

目的 探讨我院住院糖尿病足患者溃疡面病原菌种类及抗菌药物敏感变化情况.方法 对2003年至2010年我院收治的69例糖尿病足合并溃疡患者创面分泌物进行细菌培养和药敏特点分析.结果 ①2003～2010年糖尿病足感染呈逐年上升趋势;共分离出病原菌87株,其中革兰氏阳性球菌55株、革兰氏阴性杆菌27株、真菌5株.②糖尿病足溃疡感染病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、变形杆菌、链球菌属为主.药敏试验显示革兰氏阳性菌未对万古霉素耐药;阿米卡星对革兰氏阴性菌抗菌活性最高;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌( MRSA)、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRC NS)、耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)均未对万古霉素耐药.结论 糖尿病足溃疡感染病原菌以革兰氏阳性菌为主,细菌对药物耐药率较高,应及早进行病原菌培养及药敏试验,为糖尿病足溃疡感染合理选择抗菌素提供依据.     

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Guaroa Virus Diversity,Evolution, and Spread in South America

We conducted phylogeographic modeling to determine the introduction and spread of Guaroa virus in South America. The results suggest a recent introduction of this virus into regions of Peru and Bolivia over the past 60–70 years and emphasize the need for increased surveillance in surrounding areas.     

Dietary Diversity and Vegetable and Fruit Consumption of Households in a Resource-Poor Peri-Urban South Africa Community Differ by Food Security Status

Sociodemographic, living standard measure, consumption of vegetables and fruit, and dietary diversity in relation to household food security were assessed. Using a hunger score, households were categorized as food secure (n = 125) or food insecure (n = 273). Food secure respondents had a higher mean dietary diversity score (3.98; 95%CI [3.79, 4.18] versus 3.65; 95% [CI 3.53, 3.77]), were more likely to eat vitamin A–rich foods (OR 1.15; 95% CI [1.05, 1.26]), a more varied diet (DDS ≥ 4, OR 1.90; 95% CI [1.19, 3.13]), and vegetables daily (OR 3.37; 95% CI [2.00, 5.76]). Cost limited daily vegetable/fruit consumption in food insecure households. Respondents with ≥ 8 years of schooling were more likely (OR 2.07; 95% CI [1.22, 3.53]) and households receiving social grants were less likely (OR 0.37; 95% CI [0.19, 0.72]) to be food secure. Results highlight the association between dietary diversity and household food security.     

The Comparative Analysis of Genomic Diversity and Genes Involved in Carbohydrate Metabolism of Eighty-Eight Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Isolates from Different Niches of China

Eighty-eight Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum strains, which were isolated from human, chicken and cow fecal samples from different niches of China, were compared genomically in this study to evaluate their diversity. It was found that B. pseudocatenulatum displayed a closed pan-genome, including abundant glycoside hydrolase families of the carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy). A total of 30 kinds of glycoside hydrolases (GHs), 14 kinds of glycosyl transferases (GTs), 13 kinds of carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), 6 kinds of carbohydrate-esterases (CEs), and 2 kinds of auxiliary activities (AAs) gene families were identified across the genomes of the 88 B. pseudocatenulatum strains. Specifically, this showed that significant differences were also present in the number of 10 carbohydrate-active enzyme gene families (GT51, GH13_32, GH26, GH42, GH121, GH3, AA3, CBM46, CE2, and CE6) among the strains derived from the hosts of different age groups, particularly between strains from infants and those from other human age groups. Twelve different individuals of B. pseudocatenulatum from four main clusters were selected for further study to reveal the genetic diversity of carbohydrate metabolism-related genes within the same phylogenetics. The animal experiment showed that 3 weeks of oral administration and 1 week after cessation of administration of these strains did not markedly alter the serum routine inflammatory indicators in mice. Furthermore, the administration of these strains did not significantly cause adverse changes in the gut microbiota, as indicated by the α- and β-diversity indexes, relative to the control group (normal diet). Beyond that, FAHBZ9L5 significantly increased the abundance of B. pseudocatenulatum after 3 weeks and significantly increased the abundance of acetic acid and butyric acid in the host’s intestinal tract 3 and 4 weeks after the first administration, respectively, compared with the control group. Corresponding to this, comparative genomic analyses of 12 B. pseudocatenulatum suggest that FAHBZ9L5-specific genes were rich in ABC transporters and carbohydrate esterase. Combining the results of comparative genomics analyses and animal experiment, it is suggested that the strains containing certain gene clusters contribute to another competitive growth advantage of B. pseudocatenulatum, which facilitates its intestinal carbohydrate metabolism in a host.     

下呼吸道非发酵菌感染特征与药物敏感性分析 FREE

目的分析某院下呼吸道感染非发酵菌的细菌分布及药敏情况。方法对2006年1月-2008年12月发生下呼吸道非发酵菌感染的648例病例资料进行统计分析。结果分离率居前4位的非发酵菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌(277株,42.75%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(158株,24.38%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(59株,9.10%)、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(47株,7.25%)。临床分布以患者平均年龄较大的地方干部病房（261株,40.28%)和军队高干病房（120株,18.52%)为主,此外是呼吸内科(111株,17.13%)、重症监护室(96株,14.81%)等。在几种主要致病菌中,铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星和亚胺培南等敏感性较高;鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、环丙沙星、阿米卡星以及含β 胺酶抑制剂的抗菌药物敏感;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对多数抗菌药高度耐药,仅对复方磺胺甲口恶唑较为敏感;洋葱伯克霍尔德菌耐药率较高,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦等表现出一定敏感性。结论非发酵菌为医院下呼吸道感染的重要致病菌,且大部分耐药较为严重;不同菌种对抗菌药物的敏感性有较大差异,临床治疗应根据药敏结果及该菌耐药机制合理用药。     

Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Orientia tsutsugamushi from Patients with Scrub Typhus in 3 Regions of India

Scrub typhus, an acute febrile illness that is widespread in the Asia-Pacific region, is caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi, which displays high levels of antigenic variation. We conducted an investigation to identify the circulating genotypes of O. tsutsugamushi in 3 scrub typhus–endemic geographic regions of India: South India, Northern India, and Northeast India. Eschar samples collected during September 2010–August 2012 from patients with scrub typhus were subjected to 56-kDa type-specific PCR and sequencing to identify their genotypes. Kato-like strains predominated (61.5%), especially in the South and Northeast, followed by Karp-like strains (27.7%) and Gilliam and Ikeda strains (2.3% each). Neimeng-65 genotype strains were also observed in the Northeast. Clarifying the genotypic diversity of O. tsutsugamushi in India enhances knowledge of the regional diversity among circulating strains and provides potential resources for future region-specific diagnostic studies and vaccine development.     

郴州地区临床感染患者致病菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的了解郴州地区各医院临床致病菌的分布特点和对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为医生临床选药提供实验依据。方法 2006年1月-2010年12月期间郴州地区12家医院细菌室收集的临床感染患者各类标本,分纯细菌后均在惠州阳光公司半自动分析系统中进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,对结果资料进行统计分析。结果 5年来分离22 327株细菌。主要阴性杆菌对一、二代头孢菌素的耐药率普遍超过了70%,对第三代头孢菌素和头孢吡肟耐药率超过了50%;对碳青霉烯类抗生素和含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复方制剂保持较高敏感性,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株的比例为39.1%和44.0%。葡萄球菌对青霉素和氯霉素耐药严重,达91.6%,对头孢类和喹诺酮类耐药率为30%~60%,未发现万古霉素耐药株,MRSA和MRSCN分离率分别为54.9%和42.0%。链球菌对大环内脂类耐药率高于50%外,对其余类敏感。肠球菌对氯霉素、利福霉素、万古霉素等耐药率小于30%外,对其它类抗菌素耐药率较高。发现多重耐药细菌13 957株,分离率62.5%。结论郴州地区临床感染患者各类标本中细菌耐药严重,特别是多重耐药菌分离高,应引起郴州地区各级卫生行政管理部门的高度重视。     

Zinc,Cadmium and Lead Accumulation and Characteristics of Rhizosphere Microbial Population Associated with Hyperaccumulator <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sedum Alfredii</Emphasis> Hance Under Natural Conditions

A field survey was conducted to study the characteristics of zinc, cadmium, and lead accumulation and rhizosphere microbial population associated with hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance growing natively on an old lead/zinc mining site. We found significant hyperaccumulation of zinc and cadmium in field samples of S. alfredii, with maximal shoot concentrations of 9.10–19.61 g kg⁻¹ zinc and 0.12–1.23 g kg⁻¹ cadmium, shoot/root ratios ranging from 1.75 to 3.19 (average 2.54) for zinc, 3.36 to 4.43 (average 3.85) for cadmium, shoot bioaccumulation factors of zinc and cadmium being 1.46–4.84 and 7.35–17.41, respectively. While most of lead was retained in roots, thus indicating exclusion as a tolerance strategy for lead. Compared to the non-rhizosphere soil, organic matter and total nitrogen and phosphorus content, CEC and water extractable zinc, cadmium, and lead concentration were significantly higher, but pH was smaller in rhizosphere soil. The rhizosphere soil of S. alfredii harbored a wide variety of microorganism. In general, significantly higher numbers of culturable bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi were found in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil, confirming the stimulatory effect of the S. alfredii rhizosphere on microbial growth and proliferation. Analyses of BIOLOG data also showed that the growth of S. alfredii resulted in observable changes in BIOLOG metabolic profiles, utilization ability of different carbon substrates of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil were also higher than the non-rhizosphere, confirming a functional effect of the rhizosphere of S. alfredii on bacterial population.     

63例非结核分枝杆菌肺病的流行病学及临床特点分析

目的探讨非结核分枝杆菌肺病的临床特点及防治对策。方法对2009-2011年7月广州市结核病防治所二分所经过实验室检查确诊的63例非结核分枝杆菌肺病患者进行分析。结果非结核分枝杆菌肺病波及两肺叶为多（58%）,双侧同时患病较多（51%）,空洞仅占25%。涂阴培阳44%,涂阳培阳56%,菌型鉴定以龟分枝杆菌为多占44%。耐药以耐多药比例最大（占77%）,耐药顺位为耐多药〉耐二药〉单药。仅有3例是对一二线抗结核药全敏感。其中47例为初治病例（75%）,16例复治病例（25%）。结论由于生活环境的变迁可能导致了非结核分枝杆菌的习性发生了变化,以至于目前非结核分枝杆菌肺病的临床特点也发生了不同程度的改变。