Regional Difference in the Association between the Trajectory of Selenium Intake and Hypertension: A 20-Year Cohort Study

The effect of selenium on hypertension is inconclusive. We aimed to study the relationship between selenium intake and incident hypertension. Adults (age ≥20 years) in the China Health and Nutrition Survey were followed up from 1991 to 2011 (N = 13,668). The latent class modeling method was used to identify trajectory groups of selenium intake. A total of 4039 respondents developed hypertension. The incidence of hypertension was 30.1, 30.5, 30.6, and 31.2 per 1000 person-years among participants with cumulative average selenium intake of 21.0 ± 5.1, 33.2 ± 2.8, 43.8 ± 3.6, and 68.3 ± 25.2 µg/day, respectively. Region and selenium intake interaction in relation to hypertension was significant. In the multivariable model, cumulative intake of selenium was only inversely associated with the incident hypertension in northern participants (low selenium zone), and not in southern participants. Compared to selenium intake trajectory Group 1 (stable low intake), all three trajectory groups had a low hazard ratio for hypertension among the northern participants. However, Group 4 (high intake and decreased) showed an increasing trend of hypertension risk in the south. In conclusion, the association between selenium intake and the incidence of hypertension varied according to regions in China. In the low soil selenium zone, high selenium intake might be beneficial for hypertension prevention.     

容桂地区老年人群血压正常高值者高血压知识调查

目的了解本地区血压正常的60岁以上老年人高血压知识知晓率情况,实施以社区为基础的健康教育和社区护理干预。方法对顺德区容桂街道整群随机抽取15个居村60岁以上的3283人接受调查,并进行分析性研究。结果该人群高血压知识知晓率为44.53,对高血压并发症脑中风、控制体重和规律运动的知晓程度较高,对低盐膳食、情绪、饮酒、吸烟患病危险因素及血压标准、血压测量和高血压治疗等知识掌握较差,正确率在一半以下。不同类别组性别、年龄、文化程度、月收入和体重指数等在高血压知识知晓率上存在明显差异,有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论本地区血压正常的60岁以上老年人高血压知识知晓率有待进一步提高,针对个体和不同类别人群高血压知识的知晓情况,加强对该人群高血压知识的健康教育,对有效降低本地区老年人群高血压的发病率意义重大。     

The Association of Serum L-Carnitine Concentrations with the Risk of Cancer in Chinese Adults with Hypertension

Background: The effect of serum L-carnitine (LC) concentrations on cancer risk remains unclear. This study aims to explore the association between serum LC and the risk of incident cancer. Methods: This is a case-control study, including 574 patients with incident cancer and 574 controls matched in a 1:1 ratio by age, sex, and residence, nested within the China H-Type Hypertension Registry Study (CHHRS). Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of serum LC and incident cancer risk. Results: When LC was assessed as quartiles, compared with patients with low LC (Q1), patients in the highest quartile (Q4) had a 33% (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.99), 52% (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.99), and 39% (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38 to 0.99) decreased risk of overall, digestive system, and non-digestive system cancer in the adjusted models, respectively. In subgroup analyses, an inverse association of LC with cancer risk was observed in individuals who were overweight (obese), who never drink, who never smoke, and who were female. In the mediation analysis, serum trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) concentrations did not mediate the reversed association of LC with cancer risk. Conclusions: This study showed that serum LC concentrations had a protective impact on overall, digestive system, and non-digestive system cancer risk.     

Plasma Calcium and Risk of Hypertension: Propensity Score Analysis Using Data From the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

Objective

To investigate associations between plasma calcium and future incidence of hypertension in a healthy population.

Methods

We used prospective data from Ansung and Ansan cohorts (n = 10,038) of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Data from baseline (2001–02) to the fourth study (2007–08) were used. After excluding hypertensive cases at baseline, missing data, and outliers, 5560 participants were analyzed. Propensity scores for having higher plasma calcium (≥2.37 mmol/L) were created for each participant. After propensity score matching (1:1 nearest neighbor matching within caliper), 2153 pairs were left for analysis. Factors that were significantly different between the lower and higher plasma calcium groups before matching either became nonsignificant or the difference decreased in size.

Results

Using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models with robust standard errors accounting for clustering of matched pairs, higher plasma calcium was associated with higher incidence of hypertension (adjusted HR, 1.24; robust 95%CI, 1.07–1.43). Among those with higher plasma calcium, low dietary calcium intake increased the development of hypertension, but the effect was not significant. Sensitivity analysis showed that our results were robust to hidden bias.

Conclusions

Plasma calcium was positively associated with incidence of hypertension. These results expand on cross-sectional associations between hypercalcemia and the metabolic syndrome, and extend the link to future risk of hypertension.     

Treatment of Hypertension in People With Dementia: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Cohort Study

ObjectivesTo describe the treatment of hypertension in people with dementia and collate evidence on adverse health events whilst on treatment.DesignA multicenter prospective observational cohort study.Setting and participantsPeople with documented diagnoses of hypertension and dementia were recruited through memory clinics and general practice from 8 sites in the United Kingdom.MethodsThe cohort was recruited between July 2013 and October 2014. Participants underwent face-to-face, standardized assessment of blood pressure (BP), activities of daily living, cognitive function, and medication use. Follow-up was by monthly telephone interview for 6 months to collate data on adverse health events.Results181 participants were recruited and 177 followed up; 126 (70%) were female, mean age was 82 [standard deviation (SD) 6.3] years, median Mini-Mental State Examination score was 23 [interquartile range (IQR) 18-26] and mean BP was 141/78 (SD 22/12) mmHg. Antihypertensive drugs were prescribed in 157 (87%). Participants were prescribed a median of 1 (IQR 1-2) antihypertensive medication. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers were the most frequently prescribed antihypertensives in 63% of participants. Target BP was achieved in 58% (95% confidence interval 49%-64%). Increasing number of antihypertensives was not associated with lower systolic or diastolic BP, or with a higher proportion of patients attaining target BP. Participants had 214 falls, 3 had a fracture, 3 developed symptomatic heart failure, 4 had cerebrovascular events, and 8 died.Conclusions/ImplicationsIn this population of people with mild dementia, participants were treated with standard antihypertensive medications in a similar proportion to the general population, with a similar proportion achieving target BP. The rate of adverse health events was higher than in randomized controlled trials of antihypertensives and raises reservations about the assumptions underpinning antihypertensive treatment in people with dementia. These findings may help inform clinical decision making.     

Association Between Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and the Risk of Lung Cancer Among Patients With Hypertension From the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort

Objectives:The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of lung cancer in relation to angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) use among patients with hypertension from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort. Methods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with hypertension who started to take antihypertensive medications and had a treatment period of at least 6 months. We calculated the weighted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of lung cancer associated with ARB use compared with calcium channel blocker (CCB) use using inverse probability treatment weighting. Results:Among a total of 60 469 subjects with a median follow-up time of 7.8 years, 476 cases of lung cancer were identified. ARB use had a protective effect on lung cancer compared with CCB use (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.96). Consistent findings were found in analyses considering patients who changed or discontinued their medication (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.77), as well as for women (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.93), patients without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.00), never-smokers (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.99), and non-drinkers (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.97). In analyses with different comparison antihypertensive medications, the overall protective effects of ARBs on lung cancer risk remained consistent. Conclusions:The results of the present study suggest that ARBs could decrease the risk of lung cancer. More evidence is needed to establish the causal effect of ARBs on the incidence of lung cancer.     

我国汉族人群血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与原发性高血压关系的Meta分析

[目的]探讨我国汉族人群血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因多态性与原发性高血压(EH)的关系。[方法]应用Meta分析方法对国内有关汉族人群共计1678名原发性高血压患者和1630名正常对照的ACE基因多态性与原发性高血压关系的15个研究结果进行综合定量分析。用随机效应模型(D-L法),计算合并比值比OR及其95%的可信区间(95%CI)。[结果]基因型DD(/ID,II)、等位基因(D/I)分布的合并OR分别为1.78(95%CI:1.30~2.78)和1.24(95%CI:1.03~1.49)。[结论]我国汉族人群中带有DD基因型以及D对位基因的个体容易患原发性高血压。     

The Association between Coffee Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Korean Population

This study was performed to investigate the association between coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in a Korean population and examine whether the association can be altered by adjustment for intake of coffee additives. We conducted a case-control study involving 923 colorectal cancer cases and 1846 controls matched by sex and age (within 5 years). A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess coffee intakes. High coffee consumption was associated with lower odds of developing colorectal cancer (≥3 cups/day vs. no drinks, OR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49–0.96). When we additionally controlled for consumption of coffee additives including sugar and cream, the inverse association became stronger (≥3 cups/day vs. no drinks, OR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.14–0.33), and a significant inverse linear trend was shown (P_trend < 0.0001). The inverse associations were observed for proximal (P_trend = 0.0001) and distal (P_trend = 0.0003) colon cancer, and rectal cancer (P_trend < 0.0001) in the stratified analysis by anatomical sub-sites. Regarding sex, inverse associations between coffee consumption and colorectal cancer were found for men (P_trend < 0.0001) and women (P_trend = 0.0021). In the stratified analysis by obese status of subjects, inverse linear trends were observed in both non-obese and obese people (P_trend < 0.0001). High coffee consumption may be associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer in the Korean population and the degree of decrease in the odds of developing colorectal cancer changes by adjustment for intake of coffee additives.     

城乡高血压老年人生理及心理健康水平

目的 对比云南省昆明市城市和农村地区老年人高血压患病现状及其影响因素,为有针对性地制定城乡两地老年人高血压的防控措施提供参考依据。 方法 于2016年7月 — 2017年10月采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法在昆明市官渡区和宜良县抽取3 225名 ≥ 60岁城乡老年人进行问卷调查和体格检查。 结果 昆明市3 225名≥ 60岁城乡老年人中,城市老年人1 624人,农村老年人1 601人;城市和农村老年人高血压患病率分别为40.9 %和43.5 %,标化患病率分别为41.3 %和43.2 %,昆明市城乡老年人高血压患病率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,饮酒和超重/肥胖是昆明市城市老年人高血压患病的危险因素;年龄 ≥ 75岁、缺乏体力活动、超重/肥胖和中心性肥胖是昆明市农村老年人高血压患病的危险因素,吸烟是昆明市农村老年人高血压患病的保护因素。 结论 昆明市城市和农村老年人高血压患病率差异不大,但影响因素存在着明显的城乡差异,应根据城乡老年人高血压的不同影响因素,制定有针对性的高血压预防控制措施。     

Isoflavone-Enriched Soybean Leaves (Glycine Max) Alleviate Cognitive Impairment Induced by Ovariectomy and Modulate PI3K/Akt Signaling in the Hippocampus of C57BL6 Mice

(1) Background: The estrogen decline during perimenopause can induce various disorders, including cognitive impairment. Phytoestrogens, such as isoflavones, lignans, and coumestans, have been tried as a popular alternative to avoid the side effects of conventional hormone replacement therapy, but their exact mechanisms and risk are not fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of isoflavone-enriched soybean leaves (IESLs) on the cognitive impairment induced by ovariectomy in female mice. (2) Methods: Ovariectomy was performed at 9 weeks of age to mimic menopausal women, and the behavior tests for cognition were conducted 15 weeks after the first administration. IESLs were administered for 18 weeks. (3) Results: The present study showed the effects of IESLs on the cognitive function in the OVX (ovariectomized) mice. Ovariectomy markedly increased the body weight and fat accumulation in the liver and perirenal fat, but IESL treatment significantly inhibited them. In the behavioral tests, ovariectomy impaired cognitive functions, but administration of IESLs restored it. In addition, in the OVX mice, administration of IESLs restored decreased estrogen receptor (ER) β and PI3K/Akt expression in the hippocampus. (4) Conclusions: The positive effects of IESLs on cognitive functions may be closely related to the ER-mediated PI3/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampus.     

J-Shaped Association of Tomato Intake with New-Onset Hypertension in General Adults: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study

We aim to examine the prospective association between the intake of dietary tomatoes and the risk of new-onset hypertension and its modifiable factors in general adults. A total of 11,460 adults without hypertension from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were enrolled, with follow-up beginning in 1997 and ending in 2015. Dietary tomato intake was measured by three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls combined with a household food inventory. The study outcome was new-onset hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or diagnosed by physicians or under anti-hypertensive treatment during the follow-up. Finally, 4015 subjects developed new-onset hypertension during 92,335.5 person-years of follow-up. After multivariate adjustment for dietary and non-dietary risk factors, hazard ratios for increased consumption of dietary tomatoes were 0.42 (95% confidence interval, 0.37–0.47), 0.51 (0.46–0.57), and 0.82 (0.74–0.92) compared with non-consumers. Overall, cubic spline regression suggested a novel J-shaped association between dietary tomato intake and new-onset hypertension, with the lowest risk observed at approximately 10 to 13 g/day (p < 0.001 for curvature). Moreover, the association between dietary tomato intake and risk of new-onset hypertension was stronger in females or individuals who refrained from smoking or drinking (p = 0.024, p = 0.043, and p = 0.044 for interaction, respectively).     

阑尾炎史与结直肠癌发病关系的研究

目的研究阑尾炎与结直肠癌发病之间的关系.方法以1989年5月至1990年4月期间,参加浙江省嘉善县大肠癌筛查的10个乡镇30岁及以上人口为研究队列,按是否具有阑尾炎史分为暴露组和非暴露组,随访从1990年5月至2001年1月,应用回顾性队列研究的方法,对结直肠癌发病率进行分析,并作相对危险度(RR)估计.结果 Poisson回归分析表明,经控制年龄因素后,阑尾炎史仅在女性结肠癌中表现出有统计学意义(P＜0.05),有阑尾炎史者结肠癌的发病风险较之无阑尾炎史者高达近2倍,RR为1.9335,95%可信限为1.0456～3.5754.结论阑尾炎史与结肠癌的发病有关,阑尾炎史是结肠癌的重要危险因子.     

Association between Soy Food and Dietary Soy Isoflavone Intake and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study in Korea

The association between soy food and soy isoflavone intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is uncertain, especially in women. We aimed to investigate this association in Korean women. We analyzed data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, including 4713 Korean women aged 40–69 years with no CVD or cancer at baseline. Dietary information was obtained using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and the incidence of CVD was assessed using biennial self-reported questionnaires on medical history. The mean follow-up time was 7.4 years, during which 82 premenopausal and 200 postmenopausal women reported CVD incidence. The highest tofu, total soy foods, and dietary soy isoflavone intake groups were significantly associated with a decreased CVD risk in premenopausal women (tofu: hazard ratio (HR) 0.39; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.19–0.80; total soy food: HR 0.36; 95% CI, 0.18–0.70; dietary soy isoflavones: HR 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22–0.89), whereas no association was observed in postmenopausal women. Other soy foods showed no association with CVD incidence. Dietary soy isoflavones and total soy foods are associated with a decreased CVD risk in premenopausal women. Among soy foods, only tofu showed significant health benefits.     

Maternal Blood Lead Levels and the Risk of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: The EDEN Cohort Study

Background

Prior studies revealed associations of environmental lead exposure with risks of hypertension and elevated blood pressure.

Objective

We examined the effect of blood lead levels on blood pressure and the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

Methods

One thousand seventeen pregnant women were enrolled in two French municipalities between 2003 and 2005 for the EDEN (Etude des Déterminants pré et post natals du développement et de la santé de l′ Enfant) cohort study. Blood lead concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry in mothers between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation.

Results

PIH was diagnosed in 106 subjects (10.9%). Age, parity, weight gain, alcohol, smoking habits, and calcium supplementation were comparable between hypertensive and nonhypertensive women. Lead levels were significantly higher in PIH cases (mean ± SD, 2.2 ± 1.4 μg/dL) than in normotensive patients (1.9 ± 1.2 μg/dL; p = 0.02). Adjustment for potential confounder effects slightly attenuated but did not eliminate the significant association between blood lead levels and the risk of PIH (adjusted odds ratio of PIH = 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–9.7). We also observed geographic differences in lead exposure and in the incidence of PIH and found significant correlations between blood lead levels and unadjusted as well as adjusted systolic and diastolic blood pressures after 24 weeks of gestation.

Conclusions

These findings confirm the relationship between blood lead levels at mid-pregnancy and blood pressure and suggest that environmental lead exposure may play an etiologic role in PIH.     

食管癌围手术期老年人高血压发病状况及与术后并发症的关系

目的分析食管癌围手术期老年人(≥60岁)高血压发病状况及与术后并发症的关系。方法回顾214例≥60岁行经胸食管癌切除术病人,按照有无高血压分成高血压病组及非高血压病组,分析高血压病组在围手术期各期的发病状况,比较两组术后部分并发症发生情况及不同高血压危险度与术后部分并发症的关系。结果①术后一周内,老年人高血压发病的比例明显升高(术前32.24%,术后43.46%),P<0.05;术后4天内血压升高最明显,4天后血压慢慢稳定,一周后大部分病人(75%)血压可以恢复正常(<140/90mmHg);②高血压组与非高血压组的心律失常发生率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其它术后并发症发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);③高血压危险度对术后并发症的发生有影响。结论食管癌围手术期老年人高血压发病比例较高,高血压危险度越高心律失常与低氧血症发生率越高,应重视正确控制食管癌围手术期老年人高血压。     

Alcohol Consumption and Mortality in the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort Study

Objectives

To examine the association between alcohol consumption habit, types of beverages, alcohol consumption quantity, and overall and cancer-specific mortality among Korean adults.

Methods

The alcohol consumption information of a total of 16 320 participants who were 20 years or older from the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort were analyzed to examine the association between alcohol consumption habit and mortality (median follow-up of 9.3 years). The Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of alcohol consumption to mortality adjusting for age, sex, geographic areas, education, smoking status, and body mass index.

Results

Alcohol drinkers showed an increased risk for total mortality compared with never drinkers (HR, 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 2.14 for past drinkers; HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.39 for current drinkers), while past drinkers only were associated with higher risk for cancer deaths (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.34 to 2.53). The quantity of alcohol consumed per week showed a J-shaped association with risk of mortality. Relative to light drinkers (0.01 to 90 g/wk), never drinkers and heavy drinkers (>504 g/wk) had an increased risk for all-cause and cancer deaths: (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.45) and (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.83) for all-cause mortality; and (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.11) and (HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.39 to 3.09) for all cancer mortality, respectively. Heavy drinkers (>504 g/wk) showed an elevated risk for death from stomach and liver cancers.

Conclusions

The present study supports the existence of a J-shaped association between alcohol consumption quantity and the risk of all-cause and cancer deaths. Heavy drinkers had an increased risk of death from cancer overall and liver and stomach cancer.     

血脂异常及高血压对脑卒中的交互作用分析

目的研究血脂异常和高血压与脑卒中的关系以及二者对脑卒中患病的交互作用模式与交互作用强度。方法基于2009-08/2009-12中国健康与营养调查的横断面数据中6236名40~80岁中老年人群样本资料,采用Logistic回归探讨血脂异常和高血压与脑卒中患病风险之间的相关性。其中一个模型通过交互作用因素不同暴露组合下的OR值和Delta法计算相加交互作用系数--交互效应超额相对危险度(RERI)、交互作用归因比例(API)和交互作用指数(SI);另一个模型通过纳入血脂异常和高血压的乘积项计算其相乘交互作用系数(IOR)。结果调整了年龄、性别、教育程度、吸烟、饮酒、超重、身体活动、蔬菜水果摄入和糖尿病史后,相对于无血脂异常和无高血压的人群,同时存在血脂异常和高血压对脑卒中患病的风险增加了(OR 5.16,95%CI:3.35-7.79),RERI、API、SI和IOR及其95%置信区间依次为1.62(0.01~3.24)、0.31(0.05~0.58)、1.64(1.12~2.16)和1.34(0.68~2.64)。结论血脂异常和高血压同时暴露增加了脑卒中的患病风险,结果提示血脂异常和高血压可能存在相加模式交互作用。     

Low Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Increased Risk of Mortality in Korean Men and Adults with Hypertension: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Background Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown no effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease, cancer events and mortality or all-cause mortality in Western populations. However, there has been a lack of research on populations with low vitamin D status, including Asians. In addition, there have been indications that an individual’s sex or hypertension status may affect the relationship between vitamin D status and mortality. In this study, we retrospectively assessed the association between vitamin D status and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in Koreans using a national database, and stratified participants according to sex and hypertension status. Methods Participants in the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2014, who consented to their data being synthesized with mortality data (up to December 2019), were included (n = 22,742; mean follow-up: 8.9 years). Participants’ level of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured by radioimmunoassay and categorized as <12, 12–19.9, and ≥20 ng/mL. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the risk of mortality. Results In the total sample, risk of all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality was greater in adults with a serum 25(OH)D level below 12 and 12–19.9 ng/mL than those with ≥20 ng/mL. Men and adults with hypertension, who had low vitamin D status, had a higher risk of cancer and cardiovascular mortality, but not women or adults without hypertension. Similar results were observed when various cutoffs for 25(OH)D were employed, or extrinsic deaths were excluded. Conclusions Vitamin D status below 20 ng/mL is associated with a higher risk of mortality in Korean adults, especially in men and those with hypertension, on the basis of data from a nationally representative sample. Further RCTs on Asian adults with low vitamin D status are warranted.     

Association between Micronutrient Intake and Breast Cancer Risk According to Body Mass Index in South Korean Adult Women: A Cohort Study

This study investigated the association between micronutrient intake and breast cancer risk in South Korean adult women. This association was stratified according to body mass index (BMI) categories. Data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) and the Health Examinee Study were analyzed. Altogether, 63,337 individuals (aged ≥40 years) completed the baseline and first follow-up surveys; 40,432 women without a history of cancer at baseline were included in this study. The association between micronutrient intake and breast cancer was determined by estimating the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. A stratified analysis by BMI (<25 kg/m² and ≥25 kg/m²) was performed. The an analysis of 15 micronutrients and breast cancer risk revealed that none of the micronutrients were associated with breast cancer risk after adjusting for covariates. In obese women, the risk of breast cancer was significantly reduced in the group that consumed vitamin C more than the recommended level (HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.31–0.93) and vitamin B6 levels above the recommended level (HR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25–0.89). In obese women, exceeding the recommended daily intake levels of vitamin C and vitamin B6 was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. However, other micronutrients were not associated with breast cancer risk in these women.     

The Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Colorectal Cancer Risk by Obesity Status in Korean Women: A Nationwide Cohort Study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Korean women with obesity.MethodsCancer-free women (n=6 142 486) aged 40–79 years, who underwent National Health Insurance Service health examinations in 2009 and 2010 were included. The incidence of CRC was followed until 2018. The hazard ratio (HR) of MetS for the incidence of colon and rectal cancer was analyzed according to body mass index (BMI) categories, adjusting for confounders such as women’s reproductive factors. In addition, the heterogeneity of associations across BMI categories was assessed.ResultsWomen with MetS were at increased risk of colon and rectal cancer compared to women without MetS (HR, 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 1.23 and HR,1.15; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.20), respectively. The HR of MetS for colon cancer across BMI categories was 1.12 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.19), 1.14 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.20), and 1.16 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.21) in women with BMIs <23.0 kg/m², 23.0–24.9 kg/m², and ≥25.0 kg/m², respectively. The HR of MetS for rectal cancer across corresponding BMI categories was 1.16 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.26), 1.14 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.23), and 1.13 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.20). The heterogeneity of associations across BMI categories was not significant in either colon or rectal cancer (p=0.587 for colon cancer and p=0.927 for rectal cancer).ConclusionsWomen with MetS were at increased risk of colon and rectal cancer. Clinical and public health strategies should be considered for primary CRC prevention with an emphasis on improving women’s metabolic health across all BMI groups.