Serum Fatty Acid Profiles Are Associated with Disease Activity in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from the ESPOIR Cohort

Background: Long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (n-3, n-6 FAs) may modulate inflammation and affect the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, whether n-3/n-6 FA status affects RA after disease onset is unknown. This study aimed to assess whether FA profiles are independently associated with disease activity in a large prospective cohort of patients with early RA. Methods: Baseline serum FAs were quantified in 669 patients in the ESPOIR cohort. Principal component analysis identified three serum FA patterns that were rich in n-7–9, n-3 and n-6 FAs (patterns ω7–9, ω3 and ω6), respectively. The association of pattern tertiles with baseline variables and 6-month disease activity was tested using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Pattern ω3 was associated with low baseline and pattern ω6 with high baseline C-reactive protein level and disease activity. Both patterns ω3 and ω6 were associated with reduced odds of active disease after 6 months of follow-up (pattern ω3: odds ratio, tertile three vs. one, 0.49 [95% CI 0.25 to 0.97] and pattern ω6: 0.51 [0.28 to 0.95]; p = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: In a cohort of early RA patients, a serum lipid profile rich in n-3 FAs was independently associated with persistently reduced disease activity between baseline and 6-month follow-up. An n-6 FA profile was also associated with lower 6-month disease activity.     

红花籽粕提取物对糖尿病大鼠的降脂作用

目的研究红花籽粕提取物对糖尿病大鼠血脂水平的影响,为临床治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病提供依据。方法采用SD大鼠建立糖尿病大鼠模型,用红花籽粕提取物高、中、低3个剂量灌胃,连续4周,采集大鼠血清,用全自动生化仪测量总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的含量,并计算动脉粥样硬化指数。结果与模型组比较,各给药组可以显著降低TC、TG、LDL-C的含量,显著升高HDL-C含量;各给药组的动脉粥样硬化指数均降低,且有显著性差异。结论红花籽粕提取物具有显著降低糖尿病大鼠血脂的作用。     

血清脂肪酸水平的年龄、性别特征分析

[目的 ]了解年龄和性别因素对人群的血清脂肪酸水平的影响。 [方法 ] 14 0名非高脂血症者 ,按照年龄分为 2 0岁～组、41岁～组及 >61岁组 ,以气相色谱法测定其血清豆蔻酸 (C 14 :0 ) ;棕榈酸 (C16:0 ) ;油酸 (C18:1) ;亚油酸(C18:2 )和花生四烯酸 (C2 0 :4)含量。 [结果 ]① 41岁～组人群的血清棕榈酸 (C16:0 )和亚油酸 (C18:2 )含量均显著高于2 0～岁组和 >61岁组 ,并且其血清油酸 (C18:1)含量高于 2 0～岁组。 2 0～岁组的血清花生四烯酸 (C2 0 :4)显著高于 >61岁组。②按照性别分层分析 ,年龄组之间存在的差异与全样本人群组的差异情况基本相同。③同年龄组内 ,血清脂肪酸含量没有显著的性别差异。 [结论 ]血清棕榈酸 (C16:0 )、油酸 (C18:1)、亚油酸 (C18:2 )、和花生四烯酸 (C2 0 :4)含量在非高脂血症人群中存在着年龄组间差异 ,41岁～组的血清棕榈酸 (C16:0 )和亚油酸 (C18:2 )含量均显著高于 2 0岁～组和 41岁～组 ,并且其血清油酸 (C18:1)含量高于 2 0岁～组。 2 0岁～组的血清花生四烯酸 (C2 0 :4)显著高于 >61岁组。性别对血清脂肪酸水平没有影响     

Association of Dietary Intakes and Genetically Determined Serum Concentrations of Mono and Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Chronic Kidney Disease: Insights from Dietary Analysis and Mendelian Randomization

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake is generally associated with better renal function, while the association of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) remains unconfirmed. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to obtain unconfounded estimates of the causal association of dietary intake and genetically determined serum PUFA and MUFA levels with measures of renal function. Data from participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 2005 to 2010 were used. Data from the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on MUFAs, PUFAs, eGFR, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) were analysed for the entire sample. A total of 16,025 participants were included. eGFR improved across increasing quartiles of total PUFA intake from 86.3 ± 0.5 (Q1) to 96.2 ± 0.5 mL/min/1.73 m² (Q4), (p < 0.001). Conversely, there was no association between MUFA intake and measures of renal function (all p > 0.21). In multivariable models, the top quartile of PUFA intake had a 21% lower risk for CKD, but there was no significant association between CKD risk and MUFA intake. Genetically determined serum MUFA (heptadecenoate (17:1), myristoleic acid (14:1), and palmitoleic acid (16:1)) and PUFA (α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) concentrations had no significant association with eGFR and CKD risk. Additionally, no association was found in the analyses stratified by diabetes status. Higher dietary PUFA intake is associated with lower risk of CKD, while there was no association with serum levels of MUFAs or PUFAs. Additional studies including clinical trials are warranted.     

The Impact of Kidney Transplantation on the Serum Fatty Acid Profile in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease

Epidemiological data indicate that metabolic disturbances and increased cardiovascular risk in renal transplant patients are a significant and common problem. Therefore, it is important to search for new solutions and, at the same time, counteract the negative effects of currently used therapies. In this study, we examined the effect of kidney transplantation on the serum levels of fatty acids (FAs) in order to assess the role of these compounds in the health of transplant patients. The FA profile was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the serum of 35 kidney transplant recipients, just before transplantation and 3 months later. The content of total n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) decreased after transplantation (3.06 ± 0.13% vs. 2.66 ± 0.14%; p < 0.05). The total amount of ultra-long-chain FAs containing 26 and more carbon atoms was significantly reduced (0.08 ± 0.009% vs. 0.05 ± 0.007%; p < 0.05). The desaturation index (18:1/18:0) increased after transplantation (3.92 ± 0.11% vs. 4.36 ± 0.18%; p < 0.05). The study showed a significant reduction in n-3 PUFAs in renal transplant recipients 3 months after transplantation, which may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk in this patient population.     

Plasma Free Fatty Acids and Metabolic Effect in Type 2 Diabetes,an Ancillary Study from a Randomized Clinical Trial

Most nutrition studies looking at the association of food with cardiometabolic markers rely on food frequency questionnaires, which are prone to recall bias. Pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid and trans-palmitoleic acid are fatty acids that are not synthesized endogenously but are obtained from the diet, particularly dairy, making them reasonable biomarkers of dairy consumption. We investigated the association of dairy fatty acid biomarkers with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a clinical trial, 111 participants with T2D (age 58.5 ± 8.9 years, HbA1c 8.09 ± 0.96%) were randomized into three groups: a control group that maintained baseline dairy intake, a low-fat (LF) group that incorporated ≥3 servings/day of LF dairy and a high-fat (HF) group that incorporated ≥3 servings/day of HF dairy. We compared the fatty acids (FA) composition between the three groups at 24 weeks. Pentadecanoic acid and trans-palmitoleic acid increased in the HF group by 14.1% ± 5.4% and 17.5% ± 5.1%, respectively, but not in the control and LF groups (p = 0.0474 and p = 0.0025 for group-by-time interaction, respectively). Those increases were positively associated with changes in total cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol VLDL-C and triglycerides but were not associated with changes in HbA1c from baseline to 24 weeks. These results suggest that the intervention was successful and that participants were likely compliant, which supports the validity of the main trial.     

Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentrations and Association with Weight Gain in Pregnancy

Lower concentrations of omega-3 (ω-3) and higher concentrations of omega-6 (ω-6) have been associated with excess weight in adults; however, the information on this relationship in pregnancy remains in its infancy. This study aimed to investigate the association between plasma levels of ω-3 and ω-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and weight gain during the gestational period. This is a prospective cohort study involving 185 pregnant women registered with the prenatal services of a municipality in the northeast of Brazil. The dosage of the serum concentration of fatty acids and the anthropometric measurements were carried out at the baseline, and the women’s weight information in the first, second, and third trimesters was collected from their pregnancy cards. Serum fatty acids were determined with the help of gas chromatography. The response variable of this study is the latent variable weight gain in pregnancy, derived from three variables: gestational weight in the first, second, and third trimesters. The main exposure was the plasma concentrations of PUFAs. Structural equation modeling was used for the data analysis. The mean age of the pregnant women was 26.74 years old (SD: 5.96 years). Most of the women had not completed high school (84%) and had a low income (70.86%). It was observed that the ω-3 PUFAs, represented by ALA plasm (alpha-linolenic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and the EPA/ALA ratio (eicosapentaenoic acid to alpha-linolenic acid ratio), were negatively associated with the weight gain during pregnancy construct (−0.20, −0.12, and −0.14, respectively). Meanwhile, the PUFAs represented by the ratio between the ω-6 category acids ARA and LA (arachidonic acid and linoleic acid) had a direct and positive association (0.22) with that construct. Excess maternal weight gain was associated with ω-3 and ω-6 plasma levels. The women with the greatest gestational weight gain were the ones that presented the highest ARA/LA ratio (ω-6) and the lowest plasma concentrations of ALA, DHA, and EPA/ALA ratio (ω-3).     

糖尿病合并代谢综合征患者血清脂联素与游离脂肪酸组成关系研究

目的研究糖尿病合并代谢综合征(MS)患者血清脂联素与游离脂肪酸(FFA)组成关系。方法用气相色谱/质谱联用法测定77例糖尿病患者、56例糖尿病高危者与43例正常对照组血FFA成分水平。结果糖尿病合并MS患者血清脂联素明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01)。糖尿病合并MS组、糖尿病无MS组与正常对照组相比不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸、油酸、花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸)升高(P<0.01),并表现为总脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸/总脂肪酸明显升高(P<0.01~P<0.05)。糖尿病亚组间游离脂肪酸差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。血清脂联素与体重指数、腰围、甘油三酯呈负相关(r=-0.19,-0.19,-0.23,P<0.01),与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈正相关(r=0.31,P<0.01);总脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸与体重指数、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、平均血压呈正相关(P<0.01~P<0.05)。血清脂联素与总脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸无相关性(P>0.05)。结论糖尿病患者合并代谢综合征中存在脂联素、游离脂肪酸代谢紊乱。n6系多不饱和脂肪酸升高可能在糖尿病及合并代谢综合征患者发病中起重要作用。     

游离脂肪酸在胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病发生中的作用

随着我国肥胖和糖尿病发病率的不断增加，对于发病机制的研究也日益加深，其中游离脂肪酸在肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的发生中发挥重要作用，本就游离脂肪酸在骨骼肌、肝脏、脂肪组织中作用的分子机制阐述其代谢产物在糖脂代谢紊乱中的重要作用。     

Evaluation of the New Individual Fatty Acid Dataset for UK Biobank: Analysis of Intakes and Sources in 207,997 Participants

The Oxford WebQ is an online 24 h dietary assessment tool used by several large prospective studies. This study describes the creation of the new individual fatty acid (FA) dataset for the Oxford WebQ and reports intakes and sources of dietary individual FAs in the UK Biobank. Participants who completed ≥1 (maximum of five) 24 h dietary assessments were included (n = 207,997). Nutrient intakes were obtained from the average of all completed 24 h dietary assessments. Nutrient data from the UK McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods and the US Department of Agriculture food composition tables were used to calculate intakes of 21 individual FAs. The individual FA dataset included 10 saturated fatty acids (SFAs), 4 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and 7 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; including alpha-linolenic (18:3), eicosapentaenoic (20:5), and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids). Palmitic (16:0; mean ± standard deviation (SD): 13.5 ± 5.7 g/d) and stearic (18:0; 5.2 ± 2.5) acids were the main contributors to SFAs, and the main sources of these were cereals and cereal products (mostly desserts/cakes/pastries), milk and milk products (mostly cheese and milk), and meat and meat products. Oleic acid (18:1; 24.2 ± 9.8) was the main MUFA, derived mainly from cereals and cereal products, and meat and meat products. Linoleic acid (18:2; 9.7 ± 4.3) was the main PUFA, derived mostly from cereals and cereal products, and vegetables (including potatoes) and vegetable dishes. The individual FA dataset for the Oxford WebQ will allow future investigations on individual FAs and disease risk.     

代谢综合征患者血清游离脂肪酸成分特征的研究

目的研究代谢综合征（MS）及高危患者血清游离脂肪酸（FFA）成分特征及与其他糖脂代谢参数间关系.方法用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用法测定159名MS及MS高危患者与43例正常对照者血清游离脂肪酸成分水平.结果MS患者不饱和脂肪酸（C18：2、C18：1、C20：4、C22：6、C20：3）高于正常对照组,C18：2、C20：3有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;不饱和脂肪酸/总脂肪酸（UFA/TFA）、多不饱和脂肪酸/总脂肪酸（PUFA/TFA）、多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸（PUFA/SFA）高于正常对照组（P＜0.01）;SFA（C16：0、C18：0）和SFA/TFA低于正常对照组（P＜0.01）.MS组与MS高危组相比,FFA各指标无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.研究对象血糖与UFA/TFA、PUFA/TFA、PUFA/SFA呈显著正相关（r=0.229,0.204,0.230,P＜0.01）,血糖与SFA/TFA呈显著负相关（r=-0.229,P＜0.01）.结论MS及MS高危患者中存在游离脂肪酸代谢紊乱.n6系多不饱和脂肪酸升高,可能在MS发病中起重要作用.     

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Interaction with the Gut Microbiome in the Prevention and Amelioration of Type-2 Diabetes

Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is often linked with hyperglycemia, disturbed lipid profiles, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has a vital role in the management of T2DM. As a result, a better understanding of the potential role of omega-3 fatty acids in the development and progression of T2DM by influencing the intestinal microflora will help to improve the therapeutic intervention for T2DM and related complications. Focusing on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways induced by omega-3 fatty acids, this paper attempts to comprehensively review and discuss the putative associations between omega-3 fatty acids, gut dysbiosis, and the pathophysiology of T2DM and its related comorbidities. In addition, we contemplate the importance of gut microbiota in T2DM prevention and treatment and ponder the role of omega-3 fatty acids in T2DM by positively modulating gut microbiota, which may lead to discovery of novel targets and therapeutic strategies thereby paving way for further comprehensive, mechanistic, and clinical studies.     

The Effect of Meal Frequency on the Fatty Acid Composition of Serum Phospholipids in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: Fatty acids are important cellular constituents that can affect many metabolic processes relevant for the development of diabetes and its complications. We previously demonstrated a positive effect of eating just 2 meals a day, breakfast and lunch, compared to 6 small meals. The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore the effect of meal frequency on the fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: In a randomized, crossover study, we assigned 54 patients with T2D to follow one of 2 regimens of a hypocaloric diet (?500 kcal/day), each for 12 weeks: 6 meals (A6) or 2 meals a day, breakfast and lunch (B2). The diet in both regimens had the same macronutrient and energy content. The fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids was measured at weeks 0, 12, and 24, using gas liquid chromatography. Insulin sensitivity was derived as an oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS) index.

Results: Saturated fatty acids (mainly myristic and palmitic acids) decreased (p < 0.001) and n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased (p < 0.001) in response to both regimens but more with B2 (p < 0.001 for both). Monounsaturated fatty acids decreased (p < 0.05) and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased (p < 0.001) in response to both regimens, with no difference between the regimens. An increase in OGIS correlated positively with changes in the proportion of linoleic acid in B2. This correlation remained significant even after adjustment for changes in body mass index (BMI; r = +0.38; p = 0.012).

Conclusions: We demonstrated that meal frequency affects the fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids. The B2 regimen had more marked positive effects, with saturated fatty acids and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids decreasing more. The increase in linoleic acid could partly explain the insulin-sensitizing effect of B2 in T2D.     

Seasonal Variations in Fatty Acid Composition and the N-6/N-3 Fatty Acid Ratio of Pikeperch (Sander LUCIOPERCA) Muscle Lipids

Total lipid, fatty acid composition and the N-6/N-3 fatty acid ratios of muscle of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) was determined once every two months. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) was higher than half of the total fatty acid content, and the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was higher than the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio. The n-3 fatty acids were present in excess of the n-6 fatty acids. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), and arachidonic (AA) acids were the most abundant PUFA. The fatty acid composition and n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in the muscle of pikeperch are significantly influenced by spawning and the season. Relative proportions of PUFA (especially n-3 fatty acids) diminished significantly with the maturation of gonads. The ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids was less than one except during the reproduction period. This result suggests that meat quality of pikeperch is very good except during the spawning period with respect to the n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio.     

Fatty Acid Status and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Homocysteine Levels in the Elderly

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially the n-3 series, are known for their protective effects. Considering that cardiovascular diseases are risk factors for dementia, which is common at aging, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether fatty acid status in the elderly was associated with cognitive function and cardiovascular risk. Forty-five elderly persons (age ≥60 years) were included and divided into two groups based on their Mini-Mental Status Examination score adjusted for educational level: the case group (n = 12) and the control group (n = 33). Serum fatty acid composition, homocysteine (Hcy), hs-CRP, lipid profile and different cognitive domains were evaluated. The case group, characterized by reduced cognitive performance, showed higher levels of 14:0, 16:0, 16:1n-7 fatty acids and lower levels of 22:0, 24:1n-9, 22:6n-3 (DHA) and total PUFAs compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The n-6/n-3 ratio was elevated in both study groups, whereas alterations in Hcy, hs-CRP and lipid profile were observed in the case group. Cognitive function was positively associated with the 24:1n-9, DHA and total n-3 PUFAs, while 14:0, 16:0 and 16:1n-7 fatty acids, the n-6/n-3 ratio and Hcy were inversely associated. In addition, n-3 PUFAs, particularly DHA, were inversely associated with cardiovascular risk, assessed by Hcy levels in the elderly.     

Maternal Factors Associated with Levels of Fatty Acids,Specifically n-3 PUFA during Pregnancy: ECLIPSES Study

An optimal fatty acid (FA) profile during pregnancy, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), is essential for the health of the mother and child. Our aim was to identify the socioeconomic and maternal lifestyle factors associated with serum FA concentration in pregnant women. A longitudinal study was conducted on 479 pregnant women, who were assessed during the first (T1) and third (T3) trimesters of pregnancy. Data on maternal characteristics, food consumption, and lifestyle were collected. Serum FA concentrations were analysed by a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combination. The multiple linear regression showed that high educational level and older age were significantly associated with higher EPA and DHA concentrations and lower values of n-6/n-3 and arachidonic acid (AA)/EPA in T1 and/or T3. Regarding diet—fish and seafood consumption increased EPA concentration and reduced n-6/n-3 and AA/EPA values in both trimesters, whereas its consumption increased DHA concentration only in T1. Smoking was associated with lower DHA concentration in T1 and higher values of n-6/n-3 ratio in both trimester. Overweight and obesity were associated with higher values of n-6/n-3 ratio and AA/EPA ratio in T1. A statistically non-significant association was observed with saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). In conclusion, high educational levels, older age, fish, seafood consumption, and/or non-smoking, are factors that influence better omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) profile in both trimesters of pregnancy. Further research is needed to go in-depth into these findings and their health consequences.     

n-6/n-3脂肪酸配方油对大鼠血脂和脂质过氧化的影响

目的研究不同脂肪酸n-6/n-3组成的配方油对大鼠血脂和脂质过氧化的影响.方法成年SD雄性大鼠喂饲含相同胆固醇(0.5%,W/W)、饱和脂肪酸(占供给能量10%)、单不饱和脂肪酸(占供给能量13%)和多不饱和脂肪酸(占供给能量12%),但不同脂肪酸n-6/n-3比(6.48、2.07、0.93、031)的4种配方油的高脂合成饲料60天,观察大鼠血脂及脂质过氧化的变化.结果4种配方油比猪油均显著降低血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、LDL-C/HDL-C、AI[(TC-HDL-C/HDL-C,致动脉粥样硬化指数)],升高HDL-C/TC;配方油D具有独特的升高血清HDL-C2的作用;配方油A、C、D显著降低血清TG,而配方油B作用不明显.以n-3多不饱和脂肪酸占优势的配方油C、D比以n-6多不饱和脂肪酸占优势的配方油A、B显著地升高血清丙二醛,降低血清超氧化物歧化酶、全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性.4组配方油大鼠的心、脑脂褐质含量均比实验前增高,各配方油间无显著差异;心、脑脂褐质与血脂的相关分析发现心、脑脂褐质与血清TC、LDL-C呈正相关,与血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)关系不明显.结论从预防动脉粥样硬化的角度,脂肪酸n-6/n-3比在2.07～6.48范围内是合理的脂肪酸供给模式.     

Causal Effects of Serum Levels of n-3 or n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Coronary Artery Disease: Mendelian Randomization Study

We aimed to investigate the causal effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. This MR study utilized a genetic instrument developed from previous genome-wide association studies for various serum n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels. First, we calculated the allele scores for genetic predisposition of PUFAs in individuals of European ancestry in the UK Biobank data (N = 337,129). The allele score-based MR was obtained by regressing the allele scores to CAD risks. Second, summary-level MR was performed with the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D data for CAD (N = 184,305). Higher genetically predicted eicosapentaenoic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid levels were significantly associated with a lower risk of CAD both in the allele-score-based and summary-level MR analyses. Higher allele scores for linoleic acid level were significantly associated with lower CAD risks, and in the summary-level MR, the causal estimates by the pleiotropy-robust MR methods also indicated that higher linoleic acid levels cause a lower risk of CAD. Arachidonic acid showed significant causal estimates for a higher risk of CAD. This study supports the causal effects of certain n-3 and n-6 PUFA types on the risk of CAD.     

Analysis of Fat Content with Special Emphasis on Trans Isomers in Frequently Consumed Food Products in Egypt: The First Steps in the Trans Fatty Acid Elimination Roadmap

Trans Fatty Acid (TFA) intake is a risk factor for coronary heart diseases and cancer. Egypt, considered among the highest TFA consumers in the world, lacks proper dietary analysis of TFAs. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze TFAs in traditional and frequently consumed food products. A market survey was conducted to identify products and brands that are mostly consumed in major governorates in Egypt. Laboratory analysis allowed for the profiling of TFAs, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Products having more than 2 g of TFA/100 g of fat were considered to have an elevated TFA content. Commonly consumed food items (n = 208) in the Egyptian market were identified. On average, 34% of the products exceeded the TFA limit. Sambosk meat, a traditional meat item, had the highest TFA content of 5.2%, followed by foods fried with used oils. Oriental sweets had a TFA content three times higher than that of doughnuts. The fast-food group had the largest proportion of TFA-rich products, followed by the canned and frozen item groups and confectionaries. This study revealed that around one third of products in the Egyptian market have a high TFA content. This calls for urgent legislative action to regulate composition.     

血清游离脂肪酸与妊娠糖尿病关系的临床研究

目的:探讨妊娠糖尿病患者血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)与胰岛素抵抗之间的关系。方法:对正常妇女组、妊娠非糖尿病组及妊娠糖尿病组各50例测定血清FFA,计算胰岛素抵抗系数IRI,并分析其相关性。结果:妊娠期糖尿病患者血清FFA浓度高于正常妊娠组和健康非妊娠组,均具有显著性差异(P<0·05),妊娠期糖尿病患者血清FFA与IRI呈正相关性。结论:妊娠期糖尿病可引起血清FFA浓度显著升高,其增高与胰岛素抵抗密切相关。