接触低浓度铅作业工人血铅检测结果分析

对某铅酸蓄电池厂工作场所铅烟(尘)浓度进行检测,测定工人血铅含量。结果显示作业环境中铅烟(尘)浓度未超标,但工人血铅值却明显增高。提示定期对接触低浓度铅作业工人进行血铅检测,有助于预测可能产生的职业健康损害,预防铅危害的发生。     

武汉市铅酸蓄电池企业工人铅接触水平的调查分析

目的了解武汉市铅酸蓄电池行业企业工作场所空气中铅污染状况,分析铅污染与暴露者血铅浓度相关性,并对企业存在的职业卫生问题提出建议。方法在武汉市4家铅酸蓄电池企业的工作场所采集铅烟和铅尘的样本,并检测铅接触工人血铅水平。结果生产岗位空气中铅浓度超标率为34.95%;1 435名工人中血铅浓度超标率1.74%。随着接害龄的增加,工人血铅平均浓度也升高,且各企业工人血铅浓度组间两两比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论武汉市铅酸蓄电池行业铅尘超标情况较严重,不同企业铅接触者血铅浓度有明显的差异。对此相关部门及从业人员均应采取相应措施,以减轻其危害。     

佛山市某铅酸电池企业铅危害专项整治前后效果比较

目的调查某铅酸电池企业治理前后铅危害情况,为中小蓄电池企业提供职业病防护措施。方法对工作场所空气中铅烟、铅尘水平进行检测,收集铅作业工人的血铅资料,并对其职业病防护设施、个人防护用品使用及职业卫生管理情况进行调查。结果整改前工作场所铅烟、铅尘水平全部超标,接铅工人血铅值最高达4.75μmol/L;整改后铅烟、铅尘合格率分别为100%和66.7%,工人血铅水平未发现超标。结论通过对防护设施的合理设计以及加强职业卫生管理,中小蓄电池生产企业工作场所铅烟、铅尘水平可以得到有效控制。     

高邮市某铅蓄电池企业工人血铅调查结果

目的调查某铅蓄电池企业工人铅接触浓度及工人血铅水平,为采取预防措施提供依据。方法现场开展铅烟尘浓度监测,对铅作业人员进行血铅检测,采用描述性流行病学方法分析资料。结果现场监测铅尘合格率44.44%,铅烟合格率62.5%;224名铅作业工人中有5人血铅超过限值;是否直接接触铅岗位工人血铅值差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论该企业铅作业工人的血铅水平与工种有关,建议加强职业卫生监督管理。     

某企业630名铅作业工人职业健康监护分析

目的了解铅酸蓄电池生产企业铅作业工人的健康情况。方法收集2018年1-12月某铅酸蓄电池生产企业630名铅作业工人在岗期间的职业健康检查资料,及该企业职业病危害因素检测评价报告资料进行分析。结果铅烟、铅尘超标的岗位中,出现神经衰弱症状的工人检出率较高,血铅异常率较高。检出疑似职业性慢性铅中毒16名;检出中度贫血4名,为铅作业职业禁忌证。接触铅的工龄越长,血铅异常率越高;男性接铅工人血铅异常率明显高于女性;女性接铅工人血红蛋白异常率明显高于男性,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论该铅酸蓄电池企业铅作业工人存在明显职业健康损害,职业卫生监管部门应当加强监督执法力度,督促企业做好职业健康检查工作和职业病危害因素控制,从而预防控制职业性慢性铅中毒。     

韶关市铅酸蓄电池行业铅危害综合治理效果分析

通过对韶关市5家铅酸蓄电池厂综合治理前后的工作场所空气中铅烟(尘)进行检测和接铅工人血铅进行测定,并对结果进行比较,了解韶关市铅酸蓄电池行业综合治理前后的铅危害状况,分析综合治理效果。结果显示,综合治理后,5家厂的铅烟中位数从0.05降至0.02mg/m3,铅尘中位数从0.06降至0.03mg/m3,铅烟超标率从62.1%降至23.1%,铅尘超标率从56.8%降至20.7%,接铅工人血铅水平从(1.78±0.67)降至(1.36±0.54)μmol/L,血铅超标率从43.4%降至15.7%,疑似铅中毒检出率从4.4%降至0.2%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01或P0.05);但5家厂仍有9个铅烟超标点(占23.1%)和12个铅尘超标点(20.7%),仍有86名血铅超标工人(15.7%)。提示,通过综合治理,大部分岗位的铅危害得到了有效控制,但仍有部分岗位的铅危害未得到有效控制,须进一步治理。     

某铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害及从业人员血铅调查

目的了解某铅酸蓄电池企业作业场所有害因素水平,及对从业人员血铅浓度的影响,为职业健康监护提供科学依据。方法对作业场所进行职业卫生调查,检测铅烟(尘)、硫酸浓度、噪声强度,利用电位溶出仪,对655名从业人员进行血铅检测。结果该铅酸蓄电池厂作业场所铅烟(尘)暴露严重,不合格率达64.3%(9/14),;噪声检测不合格率达31.0%(9/29);硫化物检测合格率为100.0%(15/15);铅烟(尘)不合格岗位主要有:包片、磨片、铸板、铸焊等,以磨片最为严重;高浓度铅暴露岗位的从业人员血铅水平和血铅超标率也较高。不同年龄、性别从业人员平均血铅水平存在明显差异(P值均<0.05)。结论该铅酸蓄电池企业铅暴露严重,血铅水平与从业人员年龄、性别、岗位相关,建议采取相应措施加强职业防护。     

铅作业工人机体中某些微量元素含量变化的分析

目的:探讨长期接触铅烟作业工人机体中某些微量元素含量的变化。方法:采用原子吸收分光光度计测定铅接触工人和对照工人血液中铅、锌、铜、铁含量和尿液中铅含量。结果:铅接触工人尿液中铅的含量与血铅呈显著性正相关(P<0.01)。当血铅平均值在2.1μmol/L以上时,血液中锌、铜、铁含量出现不同程度的降低。结论:长期接触铅烟的作业工人,血铅、尿铅呈明显的增高,且引发机体必需微量元素锌和铁含量发生变化。     

某铅酸蓄电池企业铅污染治理效果分析

通过检测某铅酸蓄电池企业主要工作场所铅污染治理前后铅烟(尘)浓度、测定作业人员血铅水平,评价工程改进措施的效果。工作地点铅烟(尘)检测结果表明,治理前20个点中符合接触限值的只有4个点,合格率仅为20%;治理后,符合限值的工作点增加到18个,合格率达到90%。工人血铅水平从(237.1±108.1)μg/L降为(189.8±60.4)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。说明该企业的改造措施有效可行。手工刷片和半自动分片作业地点铅浓度在改造后虽然降低但依然超出限值,蓄电池企业生产岗位的通风防尘措施仍需不断完善。     

HACCP体系在某铅酸蓄电池生产企业铅职业病危害分析和控制中应用

目的应用危害分析与关键控制点(HACCP)体系对某铅酸蓄电池生产企业新建建设项目(简称"建设项目")进行职业病危害控制效果评价,并验证效果。方法在对某年产量为72.7万k VAh铅酸蓄电池生产企业建设项目进行职业病危害控制效果评价过程中,通过分析铅烟和铅尘职业病危害,确定危害关键控制点(CCP)和关键限值,以及建立CCP监督控制程序、纠正措施和建立HACCP体系验证程序等步骤,建立和应用HACCP体系,验证HACCP体系应用效果。结果该建设项目工作场所空气中铅烟和(或)铅尘短时间接触浓度(CSTEL)超标率为33.3%(17/51);作业人员血铅水平偏高(≥1.9μmol/L)者检出率为2.3%(10/438)。通过建立HACCP体系指导铅危害整治后,该建设项目工作场所铅烟或铅尘CSTEL均不超标,作业人员血铅水平偏高者检出率下降到0.9%(4/438)。结论 HACCP体系可用于铅酸蓄电池生产企业建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价中,为铅烟和铅尘危害的预防、控制和监督管理提供科学依据。     

Chelated lead and bone lead.

In this study a close correlation [correlation coefficient (r) = 0.86, P less than 0.001] was found between the blood lead level of 20 lead workers and their urinary excretion of lead for 24 h after intravenous infusion with 1 g of the chelating agent calcium disodium edetate. In addition, there were significant associations between lead levels in different bones (tibia/calcaneus: r = 0.93, P less than 0.001; tibia/phalanx: r = 0.67, P less than 0.002; calcaneus/phalanx: r = 0.80, P less than 0.001), as measured by in vivo X-ray fluorescence. Chelation produced no significant change in the lead level in either tibia or calcaneus. There was a significant correlation between chelated lead and bone lead (eg, for calcaneus, r = 0.62) in currently exposed workers. However, there was no significant relationship when a retired worker and an inactive worker were included (r = 0.14). It was concluded that chelatable lead mainly reflects the blood and soft-tissue lead pool, which is only partly dependent upon the skeletal lead content that comprises the biggest share of the total body burden.     

Predictors of DMSA chelatable lead, tibial lead, and blood lead in 802 Korean lead workers

OBJECTIVES—To examine the interrelations among chelatable lead (by dimercaptosuccinic acid, DMSA), tibial lead, and blood lead concentrations in 802 Korean workers with occupational exposure to lead and 135 employed controls with only environmental exposure to lead.
METHODS—This was a cross sectional study wherein tibial lead, DMSA chelatable lead, and blood lead were measured. Linear regression was used to identify predictors of the three lead biomarkers, evaluating the influence of age, job duration, sex, education level, alcohol and tobacco use, creatinine clearance rate, and body mass index.
RESULTS—DMSA chelatable lead concentrations ranged from 4.8 to 2102.9 µg and were positively associated with age, current smoking, and creatinine clearance rate. On average, women had 64 µg less DMSA chelatable lead than men. When blood lead and its square were added to a model with age, sex, current smoking, body mass index, and creatinine clearance rate, blood lead accounted for the largest proportion of the variance and sex became of borderline significance. Tibial lead concentrations ranged from −7 to 338 µg/g bone mineral and were positively associated with age, job duration, and body mass index. Women had, on average, 9.7 µg/g less tibial lead than men. Blood lead concentrations ranged from 4.3 to 85.7 µg/dl and were positively associated with age and tibial lead, whereas current smokers had higher blood lead concentrations and women had lower blood lead concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS—The data suggest that age and sex are both predictors of DMSA chelatable lead, blood lead, and tibial lead concentrations and that tibial lead stores in older subjects are less bioavailable and may contribute less to blood lead concentrations than tibial lead stores in younger subjects. Although blood lead concentrations accounted for a large proportion of the variance in DMSA chelatable lead concentrations, suggesting that measurement of both in epidemiological studies may not be necessary, the efficacy of each measure in predicting health outcomes in epidemiological studies awaits further investigation.


Keywords: dimercaptosuccinic acid; bone lead; x ray fluorescence     

Urinary non-precipitable lead in lead workers.

Sixty-six workers engaged in lead-glazing pottery with a presumed moderate exposure to lead were studied. The group comprised 20 men with long-term exposure to lead and positive laboratory signs of increased lead absorption (Group A); 22 with long-term exposure and negative laboratory signs (Group B); 11 with short-term exposure and positive laboratory signs (Group C); and 13 with short-term exposure and negative laboratory signs (Group D). In addition, 14 workers employed in casting the kelmet alloys with presumed heavy exposure to lead (Group E) and seven healthy individuals (Group F) were included. Urine samples from all the subjects were analysed to determine, first, the total lead using the ashing technique, and then the precipitable lead using the coprecipitation technique of Cholak, Hubbard, and Burkey (1948), but modified slightly by us. Thus, the non-precipitable lead fraction in urine was the difference between the two measurements and this was also expressed as a percentage of the total lead. The mean total lead and the mean proportion of non-precipitable lead were 0.62 mumol/l and 48.7%, 0.35 mumol/l and 44.9%, 0.40 mumol/l and 48.9%, 0.17 mumol/l and 24.6%, 1.43 mumol/l and 44.3%, 0.14 mumol/l and 18.8% for Groups A, B, C, D, E, and F respectively, showing that a large part of urinary lead was eliminated as precipitable lead in Groups D and F who had normal lead excretion, while about half was eliminated as non-precipitable lead in the other four groups who had excessive lead excretion. No essential difference in the proportion of non-precipitable lead among Groups A, B and C excluded the possibility that the proportion might be directly related to the period of exposure to lead and to the laboratory findings of excessive lead absorption. The mean proportion of non-precipitable lead for the physiological (up to 0.240 mumol/l), intermediate (0.241 to 0.721 mumol/l), and excessive (above 0.722 mumol/l) total lead levels was 26.7, 41.3, and 52.3% respectively, in the lead workers comprising Groups A, B, C, and E each showing increased lead excretion when grouped together. these data suggested that, when urinary lead is within the normal range, it is excreted largely as precipitable lead even in individuals exposed to lead, and that the principal conditions determining the excretion of non-precipitable lead would be the current or recent degree of lead absorption. The excretory mechanisms and the biological significance of the non-precipitable lead are also discussed.     

职业铅接触者血铅、发铅、尿铅相关性的研究

本文通过对32名铅蓄电池制造工和36名排字工的血铅、发铅、尿铅的相关性研究,发现血铅/发铅(r=0.604),血铅/尿铅(r=0.548)均呈高度显著性相关(P<0.0005),故认为血铅是铅接触工人较好的健康监护指标。文章还进一步探讨了发铅作为铅接触者活体生物检测材料的应用前景。     

Associations of patella lead and other lead biomarkers with renal function in lead workers

OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare associations of patella lead, which may represent a unique cumulative and bioavailable lead pool, with other lead measures in models of renal function. METHODS: Renal function measures included blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, measured and calculated creatinine clearances, and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and retinol-binding protein. RESULTS: In 652 lead workers, mean (SD) blood, patella, and tibia lead were 30.9 (16.7) microg/dL, 75.1 (101.1) and 33.6 (43.4) microg Pb/g bone mineral, respectively, and were correlated (Spearman's r = 0.51-0.74). Patella lead was associated (P < 0.05) with NAG in all lead workers. In models of effect modification by age, higher patella lead also was associated with higher serum creatinine in older participants. Similar associations were observed for blood and tibia lead. CONCLUSIONS: Associations between patella lead and adverse renal outcomes were not unique; this may be due, in part, to high correlations among the lead biomarkers in this study.     

Past occupational exposure to lead: association between current blood lead and bone lead

Mobilization of lead from bone is known to increase with age. The authors performed the current study to determine whether there was an association between current blood lead and bone lead in workers with no current exposure but with significant past workplace exposure. The authors assessed 58 men, aged 40 to 76 years, who had earlier exposure to lead and determined both current blood lead levels and bone lead levels. At the time of the current assessment, the average blood lead level was 10.9 microg/dL and tibia bone lead concentrations ranged from -12.5 to 223.3. The authors divided workers into 3 groups by age (40-49, 50-59, and 60-76). Correlations between blood lead and bone lead were highest in the 2 oldest age groups (.49 and .75, respectively). Hierarchical regression analysis was significant for an interaction between bone lead and age in predicting blood lead (the combination of age and bone lead significantly predicted an increase in current blood lead levels). The results support the hypothesis that lead stored in bone is a significant source of blood lead later in life. Older workers with past occupational exposure may face a particular risk for recirculation of lead in blood with advancing age.     

Blood lead and the symptoms of lead absorption

ABSTRACT Eighty-one percent of all hourly paid men who had been employed for more than six months in a factory making lead acid batteries and plastics completed a modified Cornell medical index health questionnaire. Blood lead and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EPP) were also measured. The questions were grouped into symptom categories as follows: all physical, all psychological, “potentially lead induced,” pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, skin, nervous system, genitourinary, and fatigue. For each symptom category the pooled percentages of men whose symptom scores were above the common median of the three blood lead groups 10-, 40-, and 60 and over μg/100 ml (0·48-, 1·93-, and 2·90 and over μmol/l) within age/smoking subgroups were calculated. In every symptom category the percentages in the two lower blood lead groups differed little, but the percentages were consistently higher in men with blood concentration of 60 μg/100 ml (2·90 μmol/l) and over. Differences between a combined 10-59 μg/100 ml (0·48-2·85 μmol/l) blood lead group and the 60 and over μg/100 ml (≥2·90 μmol/l) group were statistically significant at the 0·01 level for “potentially lead induced” symptoms and at the 0·05 level for skin and psychological symptoms. Broadly similar results were obtained with four log₁₀ EPP groups 0·6-, 1·5-, 1·7-, and ≥2·0, but differences did not reach statistical significance. There was no obvious explanation as to why symptoms that are not found in classic lead poisoning should be increased almost as much as those that are. It was thought that these results could be biased due to the men's knowledge of the symptoms associated with lead exposure, but the possibility that they may be partly due to lead absorption cannot be excluded.