直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术中盆腔植物神经的易损区域及保护

全直肠系膜切除术（TME）是目前国际公认的直肠癌标准术式,随着TME手术的推广和认识,盆腔植物神经保护（PANP）的理念逐渐受到重视。笔者认为,在开展直肠癌TME手术时,有六个区域容易发生盆腔植物神经损伤,需要识别和保护：肠系膜下动脉根部的肠系膜下丛、上腹下神经丛及腹下神经的近端、盆丛前丛的近端、盆丛后丛的主干、盆丛后丛的终末支及盆腔内脏神经。熟悉盆腔筋膜、植物神经解剖,开展以TME手术层面为主导,盆腔植物神经为引导的精准直肠癌手术,对于提高手术质量,保护器官功能至关重要。     

Definition of total mesorectal excision, including the perineal phase: technical considerations

BACKGROUND: Total mesorectal excision (TME) has contributed to a decline in local recurrence. The operation is difficult because of the complicated anatomy of the pelvis and the narrow spaces in the pelvis. We review the anatomy related to TME and we present our surgical technique. ANATOMY: The pelvis can be divided into a parietal compartment and a visceral compartment. Both compartments are covered by a fascial layer: the parietal and the visceral fascia. A space between these fascial layers can be opened by dividing loose areolar tissue. The pelvic autonomic nerves consist of the sympathetic hypogastric nerve and the parasympathetic sacral splanchnic nerve. At the pelvic sidewall these nerves join in the inferior hypogastric plexus. SURGERY: We present our surgical technique based on careful dissection under direct vision and describe our approach to abdominoperineal resection in the knee-chest position. This position enables en bloc resection of the levator ani muscle with the mesorectum, preventing positive circumferential margins in distal rectal tumor. CONCLUSION: TME is a difficult and challenging operation. Continuous attention to surgical technique and anatomy is important to keep up the high standards of contemporary rectal surgery.     

腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术保留自主神经的解剖和技术要点

全直肠系膜切除术（TME）是目前国际公认的直肠癌标准术式,随着腹腔镜技术的推广和TME手术的普及,盆腔植物神经保护（PANP）的理念逐渐受到重视。本文根据作者经验和结合国内外文献,介绍保留PANP相关的新认识和技术进展。笔者认为,在开展直肠癌TME手术时,有六个部位容易发生盆腔植物神经损伤,需要识别和保护：肠系膜下动脉根部的肠系膜下丛,上腹下神经丛及腹下神经的近端,盆丛前丛的近端,盆丛后丛的主干,盆丛后丛的终末支,盆腔内脏神经以及血管神经束（NVB）。要完整保留PANP,需要熟悉盆腔筋膜解剖层次和神经走行在层次部位,在直肠固有筋膜和腹下神经输尿管前筋膜之间分离,可以完好地保留腹盆腔自主神经系统,以筋膜层膜为导向,进行筋膜之间分离,以神经为导向,实现精准直肠癌手术,对于提高手术质量,保护器官功能至关重要。     

Technique for laparoscopic autonomic nerve preserving total mesorectal excision

With the introduction of total mesorectal excision (TME) for treatment of rectal cancer, the prognosis of patients with rectal cancer is improved. With this better prognosis, there is a growing awareness about the quality of life of patients after rectal carcinoma. Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LTME) for rectal cancer offers several advantages in comparison with open total mesorectal excision (OTME), including greater patient comfort and an earlier return to daily activities while preserving the oncologic radicality of the procedure. Moreover, laparoscopy allows good exposure of the pelvic cavity because of magnification and good illumination. The laparoscope seems to facilitate pelvic dissection including identification and preservation of critical structures such as the autonomic nervous system. The technique for laparoscopic autonomic nerve preserving total mesorectal excision is reported. A three- or four-port technique is used. Vascular ligation, sharp mesorectal dissection and identification and preservation of the autonomic pelvic nerves are described.     

Laparoscopic mesorectal excision with preservation of the pelvic autonomic nerves for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Laparoscopic mesorectal excision with preservation of the autonomic pelvic nerves for rectal cancer including selected advanced lower rectal cancer is now challenging. The aims of the study were to assess the surgical results and short-term outcomes of this procedure prospectively. METHODOLOGY: Seventy-four of 281 rectal cancer patients, since the introduction of laparoscopic colorectal surgery in our hospital, have undergone laparoscopic rectal surgery. The location of the tumor distributed in upper rectum; 33, middle; 22, and lower 19. The mesorectal excision with preservation of the autonomic pelvic nerves was performed for all the patients. The laparoscopic mesorectal excision was performed under 8 to 10 cmH2O CO2 pneumoperitoneum and lymph node dissection was performed along the feeding artery depend on individuals. Ipsilateral lateral lymph node dissection was added for 5 cases of advanced lower rectal cancer. RESULTS: Open conversion occurred in 4 cases, 2 of those were due to locally advanced tumors and 2 technical difficulties in transaction of the distal rectum. There were 15 postoperative complications, 7 anastomotic leakage (10.6%), 3 transient urinary retention (4.1%), 4 wound infection (5.3%), and 1 small bowel obstruction (1.4%). No mortality was recorded in this series. Time of operation was 203 +/- 54 min in mesorectal excision cases and 270 +/- 42 min mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection cases. Blood loss was 92 +/- 90g and 276 +/- 66 g respectively. The hospital length-of-stay was 11.7 days in average. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic mesorectal excision with preservation of autonomic pelvic nerves for rectal cancer patients including selected advanced lower rectal cancer is favorable.     

Identification of hiatal ligament for laparoscopic total mesorectal excision

Total mesorectal excision (TME) based operation is now established as a standard procedure for patients with lower or middle third rectal cancer. Laparoscopic surgery has a great advantage in colorectal surgery, with good operative views, as well as benefit to the patients owing to less invasiveness, early recovery and shorter hospitalization. From April 2001 through March 2002, we assessed the laparoscopic TME for eight consecutive patients with rectal cancer in Kobe University Hospital (median age: 65.3). The procedure included sharp mesorectal dissection with high vascular ligation and preservation of autonomic pelvic nerves. During the laparoscopic TME, the hiatal ligament that is the sequence of anococcygeal raphe body can be identified with the traction of the rectum upward, and this fixes the posterior wall of the rectum to the levator hiatus. Resection of the hiatal ligament enables us to isolate the recto-anal canal up to the level of the internal anal sphincter. We conclude that identification of the hiatus ligament is essential to achieve the appropriate laparoscopic TME.     

Denonvilliers筋膜的微创解剖认识及其临床价值

1836年,法国外科学家Charles-Pierre Denonvilliers首次描述在男性的直肠与膀胱、精囊腺和前列腺之间存在薄层致密组织,后被称为Denonvilliers筋膜。1982年英国外科学家R.J. Heald教授提出全直肠系膜切除术（TME）理念,历经数十年的临床实践,TME已成为中低位直肠癌手术的金标准。根据TME理念,直肠后方及侧方均应在盆筋膜壁层内面与直肠固有筋膜间分离,而在直肠前方于Denonvilliers筋膜前方分离、肿瘤下方2 cm处倒U形离断并切除部分Denonvilliers筋膜。然而,资料显示,由于盆腔自主神经（PAN）的损伤,TME术后排尿及性功能障碍发生率居高不下。因此,进一步理清盆腔筋膜和自主神经解剖的认识,对于改善患者术后功能尤为重要。在国内外众多学者研究的基础上,我们从胚胎发育学、解剖学、组织学和外科手术角度对盆腔筋膜及外科层面进行深入探索,指出Denonvilliers筋膜不属于直肠固有筋膜的范畴、如非肿瘤浸润应予保留,并提出保留Denonvilliers筋膜全直肠系膜切除术（iTME）的理念;并采用多中心临床试验加以验证。在此基础上我们联合国内直肠癌外科领域专家,发布iTME中国专家共识,旨在提高从业者对神经功能保护的认识,规范手术操作,造福广大患者。     

Recent progress in diagnosis and treatment of rectal cancer]

Rectal cancer is an emerging health issue in Korea because its incidence is rapidly increasing with changes in life styles and diets. The optimal treatment of rectal cancer is based on multimodality. Among them, surgical treatment is the corner-stone. In the past, local recurrence rate has been reported as high as 30-40%, but the concept of total mesorectal excision (TME) lowered the rate of local recurrence down to less than 10%. TME focuses on sharp pelvic dissection and complete removal of rectal cancer with surrounding mesorectum inside the rectal proper fascia. TME is now considered as a standard procedure for surgical treatment of mid and low rectal cancer. With the introduction of pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for preoperative staging of rectal cancer, risk factors for local recurrence can be predicted before surgery to distinguish patients who are in high risk for recurrence that requires preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Early rectal cancer was assessed by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and endorectal MRI with coil. Transanal local excision can be applied with anal sphincter preservation safely. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy was performed in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, and this resulted in tumor size reductions and histopathologic downstaging effect. As far as the quality of life is concerned, sexual and voiding function are much improved by techniques preserving nerve. Many experts have dealt with challenging practical problems of managing rectal cancer from diagnosis to quality of life. This issue contains recent progresses in the diagnosis and treatment of rectal cancer which will serve as a comprehensive reference for those who manage rectal cancer in their medical practice.     

直肠癌TME术后检测癌组织及直肠系膜内MMP-7的意义

目的:研究直肠癌患者直肠系膜内MMP-7表达,为全直肠系膜切除术(totalmesorectalexcision,TME)提供理论依据.方法:直肠癌TME术后,应用免疫组化SP法检测47例患者癌组织、直肠系膜(肿瘤平面、肿瘤下缘下2cm和系膜远端)及盆筋膜壁层MMP-7的表达.并与病理组织学染色(常规HE染色)结果进行比较.结果:直肠系膜中MMP-7的阳性表达率为29.8%(14/47),有7例患者只在肿瘤平面系膜内有MMP-7表达,3例在肿瘤平面和肿瘤下缘下2cm处系膜内有MMP-7表达,4例只在肿瘤下缘下2cm有MMP-7阳性表达.常规病理染色阳性率为14.8%(7/47),其MMP-7染色均为阳性.在癌组织中,MMP-7的阳性率为91.5%(14/47).在直肠系膜远端、盆筋膜壁层和对照组织(距肿瘤上缘10cm以上的正常直肠黏膜和系膜)中,MMP-7均无表达.结论:直肠系膜内MMP-7表达可及肿瘤平面和肿瘤下缘下2cm处,但尚未达到直肠系膜远端和盆筋膜壁层.肿瘤的分化程度、肠壁浸润深度和Dukes分期与系膜内MMP-7阳性表达有关.从分子病理学的角度可以认为TME是科学的.     

直肠癌TME和ELAPE手术质量控制

解剖层面明确、手术质量可控制是手术进步的重要体现。在直肠癌的手术的发展上,全直肠系膜切除术（TME）和肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术（ELAPE）属于手术质量控制的里程碑式手术。TME手术目前是中低位直肠癌的标准术式,要求直肠和直肠系膜作为一个解剖单位整体切除;ELAPE手术在减少传统腹会阴联合切除时存在"外科腰"方面（可能导致环周切缘阳性）可能具有一定价值。外科医师要做到手术质量控制,需要做好包括术前多学科专家组（MDT）评估、术中手术技术质控、术后标本质量病理学评估在内的一整套直肠癌手术质量控制体系。本文从上述三个方面对两种术式的手术质量控制进行论述。     

Adjuvant radiotherapy following total mesorectal excision for stage IIA rectal cancer: is it beneficial?

Purpose  

The benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with stage IIA (T3N0) rectal cancer following total mesorectal excision (TME) is controversial. We evaluated the effect of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) versus chemotherapy (CT) alone on the local recurrence and survival of patients with stage IIA rectal cancer after TME.     

直肠癌直肠系膜中CK20的表达及临床意义

目的:通过对直肠癌直肠系膜中CK20表达的检测,探讨直肠癌区域转移及微转移的规律,为临床直肠癌术式的选择及实施提供依据.方法:应用RT-PCR方法对直肠癌TME术后50例患者的肿瘤组织、直肠系膜及盆筋膜壁层中CK20的表达进行检测,同时分析CK20的表达与病理特征的关系.结果:正常对照组织中无阳性表达,直肠癌组织中CK20高表达(78%),肿瘤平面和直肠系膜近端可表达,直肠系膜远端(20%)和盆筋膜壁层表达(6.38%)程度较低.CK20表达与肿瘤形态、TNM分期、浸润深度有关,而与肿瘤直径、肿瘤分化程度、原发部位无关.结论:直肠癌患者外科治疗时常规行TME是必要的.     

Robotic-assisted transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: technique and results from a single institution

Techniques in Coloproctology - Total mesorectal excision (TME) has greatly reduced the local recurrence rate of rectal cancer after colorectal surgery. Transanal TME (TaTME) is potentially a...     

影像学在直肠癌临床诊疗中的应用与研究进展

直肠癌不仅在发达国家有很高的发病率,我国的直肠癌发病率也有逐年上升的趋势。除了非常早期的直肠癌可以局部切除外,直肠癌主要的治疗方法仍是根治性手术。全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)手术已被证实可减少直肠癌的局部复发率,但是手术方式在很大程度上依赖于术前对于肿瘤范围的准确评价。远处及局部复发的危险仍持续威胁着直肠癌患者的生命。TNM分期、疗效评价、复发监测是临床医生制定直肠癌治疗方案和评价预后的重要信息,也是影像学的研究热点。     

男性患者行保留盆腔自主神经的全直肠系膜切除术后对性功能及排尿功能影响分析

目的探讨男性直肠癌患者行全直肠系膜切除(TME)并保留盆腔自主神经(PANP)根治性切除术对男性性功能及排尿功能的影响。 方法将56例直肠癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组：观察组行TME＋PANP治疗,对照组行常规TME治疗。术后1年调查患者的病死率、复发率,并评价患者的排尿功能及性功能(包括勃起功能和射精功能)。 结果两组术后1年均无死亡病例,TME＋PANP组术后1年复发2例,TME组复发l例,两组复发率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。患者术后排尿功能TME＋PANP组与TME组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);射精功能优于TME组(P<0.05);术后勃起功能：TME＋PANP组得分高于TME组(P<0.05)。 结论进展期直肠癌患者实施保留盆腔自主神经(PANT)的全直肠膜切除(TME)在不增加肿瘤局部复发率的同时,可以有效降低排尿障碍、性功能障碍和射精功能障碍的发生率,值得临床推广应用。     

全直肠系膜切除术切缘血管内皮生长因子检测的临床意义

目的:探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在直肠癌及其切缘的表达及其临床意义.方法:取实施TME的60例直肠癌患者直肠癌组织(Ⅰ)、直肠系膜远端切缘(Ⅱ)、直肠系膜周围切缘(Ⅲ)、盆筋膜壁层(Ⅳ)病理标本,采用免疫组化SP法对标本进行VEGF检测;并回顾性分析临床病理学资料.结果:直肠癌组织中VEGF高度表达(54/60),肿瘤相对的盆筋膜脏层(直肠系膜周围切缘)中有VEGF存在(9/60),在直肠系膜远端切缘及盆筋膜壁层标本中未见VEGF表达.VEGF在直肠癌组织中的表达有高度特异性.VEGF表达与直肠癌分化程度、Dukes分期及淋巴结转移密切相关(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论:VEGF在直肠癌组织中高度表达,直肠远端系膜切缘及直肠系膜周围切缘不表达或表达为弱阳性.     

Pathological study of distal mesorectal cancer spread to determine a proper distal resection margin

AIM: Local recurrence after curative surgical resection for rectal cancer remains a major problem. Several studies have shown that incomplete removal of cancer deposits in the distal mesorectum contributes a great share to this dismal result. Clinicopathologic examination of distal mesorectum in lower rectal cancer was performed in the present study to assess the incidence and extent of distal mesorectal spread and to determine an optimal distal resection margin in sphincter-saving procedure. METHODS: We prospectively examined sepecimens from 45 patients with lower rectal cancer who underwent curative surgery. Large-mount sections were performed to microscopically observe the distal mesorectal spread and to measure the extent of distal spread. Tissue shrinkage ratio was also considered. Patients with involvement in the distal mesorectum were compared with those without involvement with regard to Clinicopathologic features. RESULTS: Mesorectal cancer spread was observed in 21 patients (46.7%), 8 of them (17.8%) had distal mesorectal spread. Overall, distal intramural and/or mesorectal spreads were observed in 10 patients (22.2%) and the maximum extent of distal spread in situ was 12 mm and 36 mm respectively. Eight patients with distal mesorectal spread showed a significantly higher rate of lymph node metastasis compared with the other 37 patients without distal mesorectal spread (P=0.043). CONCLUSION: Distal mesorectal spread invariably occurs in advanced rectal cancer and has a significant relationship with lymph node metastasis. Distal resection margin of 1.5 cm for the rectal wall and 4 cm for the distal mesorectum is proper to those patients who are arranged to receive operation with a curative sphincter-saving procedure for lower rectal cancer.     

Surgeon influenced variables in resectional rectal cancer surgery

PURPOSE: Surgeon influenced variables in rectal cancer surgery were assessed. METHODS: The literature was reviewed to discuss technical and educational issues that may affect the outcome of surgery for rectal cancer. Particular attention was paid to recently debated topics such as adjuvant therapy, colonic J-pouches, total mesorectal excision, and surgeons' training. RESULTS: In some selected cases, transanal techniques with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy have improved the success of local excision. The biology of rectal cancer has begun to be understood. However, until a more complete understanding with an appreciation of therapeutic implications has been arrived at, surgeon influenced variables will continue to be of paramount importance. Multiple studies have shown tremendous surgeon variability in the outcome after rectal cancer surgery. Some of the variables that have been shown to be important include tumor-free distal and lateral margins, a total mesorectal excision, and an appropriate anastomosis. It has been well demonstrated that proctectomy with straight coloanal anastomosis compromises function as compared with preoperative levels or healthy controls. These deficiencies are further exacerbated by adjuvant therapy. Significant functional improvements, particularly in the first 12 to 24 months after surgery, have been achieved with use of colonic J-pouch. CONCLUSION: There are many ways by which the surgeon can optimize curative resection for rectal cancer. Appropriate distal and tumor-free lateral margins with total mesorectal excision should be the goals for all tumors in the lower two-thirds of the rectum. Reconstruction should be performed, whenever technically possible, by a colonic J-pouch. Surgeons should be cognizant of their own practice patterns, volume, capabilities, and very importantly results. These results should be audited frequently and willingly shared with patients.     

3D腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术中植物神经保护的研究

随着腹腔镜技术的迅速发展,腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术（TME）已成为直肠癌的标准手术。然而,低、中位直肠癌患者术后膀胱功能及性功能障碍的发生率仍较高。如何避免盆腔自主神经损伤尤为重要。与传统的二维腹腔镜手术相比,三维腹腔镜手术还原了真实的三维视野、出现了纵深感,能更清晰地显示直肠周围层,减少盆腔自主神经损伤。近两年来本中心开展了3D腹腔镜下TME手术千余例。本文将探讨三维腹腔镜手术中自主神经保护的经验和技巧,包括盆腔自主神经解剖、手术方法的选择和手术中的要点。     

Total mesorectal excision by laparoscopy for rectal cancer

The treatment of rectal cancer has improved mostly because of the emergence of total mesorectal excision (TME), first described by Heald, and the adjunct of adjuvant therapy in the form of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Laparoscopy has now been performed for more than a decade with results showing faster return to activity and decreased postoperative pain for intra-abdominal surgery. Laparoscopy is now widely used and is well accepted for the treatment of most intra-abdominal benign pathologies. Furthermore, several authors now report excellent short and medium-term results for the treatment of colorectal cancer. These study tends to show that laparoscopy can be safely applied to digestive malignancies, when oncological principles specific to laparoscopy are respected. The laparoscopic approach is in our opinion a perfect approach for the performance of TME, because of the magnification of structures that it provides, and allows the surgeon to see important structures that need to be identified for the performance of the best oncological and functional procedure possible. This paper describes in a through manner our standardized technique. We also review our own experience with laparoscopic TME, the multimodal treatment of rectal cancer, and provide an analysis of the literature about TME when performed by laparotomy and laparoscopy.