2型糖尿病患者血小板膜糖蛋白表达初步研究

目的：为进一步了解2型糖尿病患者血小板活化情况。方法：采用流式细胞术检测了45例2型糖尿病患者及26例正常对照者血小板表面血小板膜糖蛋白GP Ib(CD42b)、GPⅡb(CD41a)、P-选择素（CD62p）及血小板激活复合物（PAC-1）的表达。结果：糖尿病患者血小板膜糖蛋白P-选择素（P=0.04）及PAC-1(P=0.00)表达的荧光强度较正常对照组明显升高；而GP Ib表达的荧光强度较正常对照组显著下降（P=0.01）；GPⅡb表达则无明显改变（P=0.29）。结论：糖尿病患者血小板活化明显增强，PAC-1的表达可作为GPⅡb/Ⅲa激活更敏感的新型特异性标志。     

出血性血小板病患者膜糖蛋白表达的研究

目的观察出血性血小板病患者血小板膜糖蛋白表达变化,探讨该病的发病机制。方法采用流式细胞术检测79例出血性血小板病患者血小板膜糖蛋白GP Ⅰb/Ⅸ、GPⅡb/Ⅲa、GP Ⅰb、GPⅡb、GPⅢa及P-选择素的表达, 并与34例健康人进行对照。结果出血性血小板病患者GP Ⅰb/Ⅸ、GPⅡb/Ⅲa、GP Ⅰb、GPⅡb、GPⅢa及P-选择素表达荧光强度均低于正常人(P<0.05)。结论血小板膜糖蛋白受体表达异常可能是出血性血小板病的发病机理之一。     

糖尿病并发脑血管疾病时血小板活化标志的研究

目的血小板活化在糖尿病血管并发症的发病机制中起着重要的作用.本文研究哪些指标在实验诊断上更为敏感或更有价值.方法对85例糖尿病患者(其中47例合并脑血管疾病,38例无血管并发症)与36名年龄匹配的健康人进行了研究.血浆血栓烷B2(TXB2)、11-去氢-血栓烷B2(DH-TXB2)与血浆P-选择素用免疫分析法测定.血小板膜糖蛋白(GP)与血小板纤维蛋白原结合能力用流式细胞仪和单克隆抗体测定.血小板膜表面P-选择素数量用免疫放射法(IRMA)测定.结果并发脑血管疾病的糖尿病患者的血浆TXB2和DH-TXB2明显升高(P＜0.01),后者增高的程度更大,与正常值很少重叠.血小板GPⅠb减少(P＜0.05),GPⅡb和GPⅢa无改变,但GPⅡb-Ⅲa复合物增加(P＜0.01).血小板膜P-选择素与血小板纤维蛋白原结合量显著高于正常(P＜0.001).血小板表面P-选择素的数量以及血浆P-选择素水平也有增高(P＜0.01).另一方面,无血管并发症的糖尿病患者上述指标的改变与正常对照比较无统计学差异.结论血浆DH-TXb2、血小板纤维蛋白原结合量与血小板模P-选择素测定比其它指标更能反映出体内血小板的活化,具有更高的诊断敏感性.     

肝硬化患者血小板膜糖蛋白表达初探

目的：研究肝硬化患血小板表面膜糖蛋白与血小板活化的关系。方法：采用流式细胞术检测肝硬化患和正常对照血小板膜糖蛋白GPⅠb(CD42b),GPⅡb(CD41a)，P-选择素（CD62P）及血小板激活复合物（PAC-1）水平。结果：肝硬化患血小板膜糖蛋白P-选择素及（PAC-1）表达的荧光强度较正常对照组明显升高；而GPⅠb表达的荧光强度较正常对照组下降，GPⅡb表达则无明显改变。结论：肝硬化患P-选择素，（PAC-10及GPⅠb水平可作为体内血小板活化及出血倾向的标志。     

高血压病患者血小板活化状态观察

目的：观察高血压病患者血小板表面P-选择素（P-selectin）、血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb／Ⅲa（GPⅡb／Ⅲa）变化，探讨其临床意义。方法：用流式细胞仪检测高血压病（高血压病组）30例和正常对照组30例血小板表面P-selectin、血小板膜GPⅡb／Ⅲa的阳性表达率。结果：高血压病组血小板P-selectin、GPⅡb／Ⅲa与正常对照组比较升高显著（P〈0.01）。结论：高血压病患者血小板P-seleetin、GPⅡb／Ⅲa表达增加，异常的血小板活化可能与高血压病患者动脉血栓事件有关。     

整合素血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb、Ⅲa在系膜增殖性肾炎中的表达

目的：观察整合素血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb,Ⅲa(GPⅡb,GPⅢa)在人类系膜增殖肾炎（MsPGN)中肾内表达，探讨GPⅡb-Ⅲa在MsPGN的作用。方法：18例肾活检标本均行光镜HE，PAS，PASM Masson染色，电镜及免疫荧光检查，以SABC法测定肾组织中GPⅡb,GPⅢa,P-选择素（P－140），纤维连接蛋白（FN），粘连蛋白（LN）表达与正常对照组分别比较，并行计算机图像分析。结果：PAS阳性物（PAS），PASM阳性物（PASM）及FN，LN明显增生；GPⅡb,GPⅢa,P-140表达上调，肾小球细胞数（n)，平均肾小球体积（AVG）及肾小球硬化指数显著增加，肾小管，间质轻度受损。结论：GPⅡb,GPⅢa在肾小球及肾小管间质表达上调与系膜细胞基质增生，细胞浸润，肾小球硬化相关，可能与肾小球疾病中凝血功能紊乱，血小板在肾脏的致病作用相关。     

BA-ELISA定量检测人血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa、CD62p的表达及其临床应用

目的建立测定血小板膜糖蛋白功能的生物素亲和素酶联免疫吸附（BA-ELISA）方法,并探讨其临床应用价值。方法采用抗血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa（GPⅡb/Ⅲa）单抗7E3和抗血小板CD62p单抗SZ51及生物素亲和素系统建立BA-ELISA方法,并应用该方法检测50名健康志愿者、30例急性心肌梗死（AMI）、30例急性脑梗死（ACI）和30例糖尿病（DM）患者的血小板膜糖蛋白功能,并与流式细胞术（FCM）测定结果进行比较。同时,应用该方法对抑制性单抗SZ21和阿司匹林抑制血小板活化的功能效果进行测定。结果该方法检测血小板计数敏感度低达3.13×109/L（7E3包被板）和6.25×109/L（SZ51包被板）,批内和批间变异系数分别为6.23%～8.35%和4.38%～5.78%。测得AMI、ACI和DM患者ADP诱导的（未诱导的）血小板的GPⅡb/Ⅲa和CD62p表达量均显著高于健康志愿者（均P〈0.01）。BA-ELISA测定表明,SZ21和阿司匹林可抑制ADP诱导的血小板功能（但P〉0.05）。该方法和FCM同时测定健康志愿者、AMI、ACI和DM患者的GPⅡb/Ⅲa和CD62p表达水平。测定数据经直线回归分析得r=0.86。结论 BA-ELISA检测血小板的膜糖蛋白,可精确判断血小板的功能状态,为指导临床预防、诊治、评估疾病提供简便、可行的方法。活化的血小板膜糖蛋白测定可从凝血的角度对上述疾病的早期诊断、病情进展的判断、抗血栓药物的评估及疾病预后的判断起到辅助作用。     

应用激光扫描共聚焦显微术观察血小板活化及其形态改变

目的建立应用激光扫描共聚焦显微术(laser scanning confocal microscopy,LSCM)观察血小板活化及其形态改变的方法。方法用不同浓度的胶原诱导血小板活化,通过LSCM观察与特异性荧光(FITC/PE)抗体结合的血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa(GPⅡb/Ⅲa)荧光强度的变化,判断血小板微颗粒(platelet microparticle,PMP)的产生,同时观察正常人和糖尿病视网膜病变患者血小板形态的差异。结果加入诱导剂后血小板活化,镜下观察特异性抗体标记的血小板荧光强度呈规律性变化。在一定浓度时诱导剂胶原的加入可引起血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达量的变化,且随着胶原浓度的增加,GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达量也有增加的趋势。并观察到糖尿病视网膜病变患者血小板有伪足伸出,末端附近有释放的微颗粒环绕,与正常人血小板形态有明显差异。结论应用LSCM可观察到诱导剂致血小板活化引起GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达量的变化以及血小板微颗粒的释放,同时可认为血小板形态改变的观察在血栓病血小板活化程度的判断上具有一定的价值。     

血小板表面膜糖蛋白在2型糖尿病患者中的表达

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血小板表面纤维蛋白原结合位点(PAC-1)、膜糖蛋白P-选择素(CD62P)、GPⅡb/Ⅲa(CD41a)和GPⅠb/Ⅸ(CD42b)的变化及临床意义。方法用流式细胞术(FCM)观察46例T2DM患者及30例正常人PAC-1、CD62P、CD41a和CD42b表达。结果 T2DM患者PAC-1、CD62P、CD41a异常增高(P0.01),CD42b降低(P0.05)。结论 T2DM患者伴有血小板活化,易导致血栓的形成。     

胰岛素对正常人血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa表达的影响及机制

目的探讨胰岛素对正常人血小板膜糖蛋白(GP)Ⅱb/Ⅲa表达的影响及其机制。方法建立全血血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达的流式细胞术测定方法,观察胰岛素以及一氧化氮合酶抑制剂硝基左旋精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)、鸟苷酸环化酶(GC)抑制剂亚甲蓝(MB)分别及与胰岛素联合作用下对血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达的影响。结果(1)胰岛素对正常人静息血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达无明显影响;而显著抑制凝血酶、胶原活化的血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa的上调表达,且该效应呈剂量和时间依赖性;(2)L-NAME、MB几乎完全阻断胰岛素对血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达的抑制效应。结论胰岛素可通过NOS→NO→GC→GMP通路抑制血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa的表达。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.