Dentin sialoprotein isoforms: detection and characterization of a high molecular weight dentin sialoprotein

Dentin sialoprotein (DSP) is a glycoprotein accounting for 5–8% of the dentin non-collagenous proteins. The cDNA sequence predicts that rat DSP has 13 potential casein kinase phosphorylation sites and six potential N -linked glycosylation sites. However, its total phosphorylation level, as well as the nature and locations of the carbohydrate moieties, are unknown. Our findings in the present study show that rat DSP has 6.2 phosphates per molecule and that the majority of carbohydrates are attached to the protein through N -linked glycosylations. During our separation of dentin non-collagenous proteins with ion-exchange chromatography, we observed high molecular weight components eluting late in the salt gradient that were recognized by anti-DSP antibodies. We have purified these high molecular weight components using a monoclonal anti-DSP antibody affinity column. Data from amino acid analysis, phosphate level measurements and Edman degradation of tryptic peptides unequivocally proved that the very acidic, high molecular weight components are isoforms of DSP (designated HMW-DSP). Deglycosylation analysis indicates that the slower migration rate of HMW-DSP on SDS-PAGE results from its higher level of carbohydrate modifications.     

Failure to process dentin sialophosphoprotein into fragments leads to periodontal defects in mice

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) plays a vital role in dentinogenesis. Previously, we showed that, in addition to dentin, DSPP is also highly expressed in alveolar bone and cellular cementum, and plays a crucial role in maintaining periodontal integrity; Dspp‐deficient mice demonstrate severe periodontal defects, including alveolar bone loss, decreased cementum deposition, abnormal osteocyte morphology in the alveolar bone, and apical migration of periodontal ligament. Dentin sialophosphoprotein in dentin and bone is cleaved into NH₂‐terminal and COOH‐terminal fragments. Whilst our previous study showed that the proteolytic processing of DSPP is critical for dentinogenesis, it is unclear whether the post‐translational cleavage of DSPP also plays an essential role in maintaining a healthy periodontium. In this study, we analyzed the periodontal tissues from transgenic mice expressing the uncleavable full‐length DSPP in the Dspp knockout (Dspp‐KO) background (named ‘Dspp‐KO/D452A‐Tg mice’), in comparison with those from wild‐type mice, Dspp‐KO mice, and mice expressing the normal Dspp transgene in the Dspp‐KO background (designated ‘Dspp‐KO/normal‐Tg mice’). We found that transgenic expression of the normal DSPP fully rescued the periodontal defects of the Dspp‐KO mice, whereas this was not the case in Dspp‐KO/D452A‐Tg mice. These results indicate that proteolytic processing of DSPP is essential to periodontal integrity.     

牙本质涎蛋白在氟中毒大鼠牙髓组织和牙本质中的表达和意义

目的:研究氟中毒对大鼠牙髓及牙本质表达DSP的影响。方法:选择20只Wistar大鼠,随机分为对照组(饮用自来水,水氟浓度0.16 mg/L)和给氟组(水氟浓度100 mg/L)。3个月后处死大鼠,利用HE染色、免疫组化染色观察氟中毒对牙本质结构和DSP表达的影响。结果:100 mg/L组牙本质生长线明显加重,出现大量球间牙本质。DSP蛋白在牙本质、成牙本质细胞、牙髓细胞中均有不同程度的表达,在牙本质层内侧的成牙本质细胞和牙髓细胞的染色强度2组间无明显区别(P>0.05)。在给氟组,强烈的DSP染色持续出现在前期牙本质层和矿化的牙本质层(P<0.05),表现为加重的生长线。结论:DSP在氟中毒组牙本质中表达明显增强,推测氟可能影响DSP蛋白的降解,影响牙本质的正常矿化。     

Immunohistochemical study of small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins in reactionary dentin of rat molars at different ages

Small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING) are believed to play key roles in the process of biomineralization. Reactionary dentin (RD), formed by odontoblasts in response to external stimuli, differs morphologically from primary dentin (PD). To test our hypothesis that the microscopic changes reflect variations in molecular mechanisms involved in formation of the two forms of dentin, and to characterize RD further, we compared the distributions of four SIBLING proteins [bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP)] in naturally occurring RD with those in PD. Molars of rats aged 12, 18, 24 and 36 wk were analyzed using immunohistochemistry with antibodies against BSP, OPN, DMP-1, and dentin sialoprotein (a fragment of DSPP). Differences in the distribution of the four SIBLING proteins were evident. Bone sialoprotein, not seen in PD, was consistently observed in RD. Osteopontin, almost absent from PD, was clearly observed in RD. The expression levels of DMP-1 and DSP in RD were lower than in PD. Elevated expression of BSP and OPN, along with a marked decrease of dentin sialoprotein and DMP-1 in RD, suggests a difference in the mechanism of formation of the two forms of dentin.     

DSP基因编码区序列的多态性研究

目的:分析中国人群中牙本质涎蛋白基因编码区序列的多态性。方法:采用聚合酶链式反应-单链构象多态(PCR-SSCP)分析方法,并结合DNA直接测序方法对牙本质涎蛋白基因编码区的核苷酸序列进行分析。结果:在牙本质涎蛋白基因编码区序列中发现了3个单核苷酸多态(cSNP),其中2个为同义cSNP,编码的氨基酸未变,1个为非同义cSNP,编码的氨基酸分别为天冬氨酸和天冬酰氨。结论:中国人群中牙本质涎蛋白基因编码区序列中存在单核苷酸多态。     

Immunohistochemical localization of fibromodulin in the periodontium during cementogenesis and root formation in the rat molar

BACKGROUND: Cementum is essential for periodontal regeneration, as it provides anchorage between the root surface and the periodontal ligament. A variety of macromolecules present in the extracellular matrix of the periodontium, including proteoglycans, are likely to play a regulatory role in cementogenesis. Recently, the small leucine-rich proteoglycan, fibromodulin, has been isolated from bovine periodontal ligament and localized in bovine cementum, as well as in human periodontal ligament. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of fibromodulin during cementogenesis and root formation. METHODS: A standard indirect immunoperoxidase technique was employed, using an antifibromodulin polyclonal antibody on sections of molar teeth from rats aged 3, 5 and 8 weeks. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity to fibromodulin was evident in the periodontal ligament in all sections. An intense positive stain was observed in the extracellular matrix where the periodontal ligament fibers insert into the alveolar bone and where the Sharpey's fibers insert into the cementum. There was no staining evident in the mineralized cellular and acellular cementum. The intensity of immunoreactivity to the antifibromodulin antibody increased proportionally with increasing tissue maturation. CONCLUSION: The results from this study suggest that fibromodulin is a significant component of the extracellular matrix in the periodontal ligament during development, and may play a regulatory role in the mineralization process or maintaining homeostasis at the hard-soft tissue interface during cementogenesis.     

Cell attachment activity of cementum: bone sialoprotein _ identified in cementum

Considerable research effort has been directed at preparing root surfaces in a fashion that would promote cell attachment leading to periodontal regeneration; however, no methods have proven to be clinically predictable. Identification of attachment protein(s) associated with the root surface matrix of cementum may prove valuable for developing effective clinical treatments. In this study cementum proteins were extracted from bovine and human teeth by sequential chaotropic extraction using guanidine followed by guanidine/EDTA. The guanidine/EDTA extract, but not guanidine extract, was found to promote attachment of fibroblasts. This attachment activity was inhibitable with synthetic peptide containing the attachment sequence arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD). Fractionation of the guanidine/EDTA extract revealed several fractions with attachment activity. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that two of these fractions contain the bone-associated RGD containing attachment protein, bone sialoprotein-II (BSP-II). In addition, attachment activity was also noted in other fractions that could not be attributed to BSP-II or fibronectin. These studies indicate that a component of the attachment activity of cementum is likely to be due to BSP-II and that cementum contains additional, as yet undetermined, attachment proteins.     

牙本质磷蛋白和成釉蛋白在组织工程牙胚的表达模式研究

目的：采用大鼠牙胚细胞与胶原蛋白构建组织工程牙齿,通过免疫荧光组织化学分析牙齿特异性蛋白在组织工程牙齿的表达模式。方法：采用出生后4dSD仔鼠磨牙牙胚细胞,培养后将牙胚细胞与胶原蛋白溶液混合构建组织工程牙胚,2W后取材,HE染色观察移植物中的成牙能力,免疫荧光组织化学染色观察牙本质磷蛋白DSP和成釉蛋白AM的表达模式。结果：组织工程牙胚移植后2W可在肾被膜下形成乳白色矿化组织,HE染色可见典型的牙髓牙本质复合体样组织和釉质样结构,免疫荧光组织化学染色观察可见成釉蛋白AM阳性的釉质样结构和牙本质磷蛋白DSP阳性的牙乳头样组织,与正常牙齿组织表达模式一致。结论：采用牙胚细胞可与胶原蛋白进行重新排列形成组织工程牙胚,本实验从组织和蛋白分析上证实了其具有较强的成牙能力,为以后的临床应用提供了理论基础。     

New formation of periodontal tissues around titanium implants in a novel dentin chamber model

Direct bone-to-implant contact, defined as "osseointegration", is considered most optimal for long-term stability and survival of dental implants. However, the possibility of the formation of a tooth-like attachment apparatus around implants has also been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to explore the formation of periodontal tissues around titanium implants using a novel and unique experimental model. After resection of the crowns of the maxillary canine teeth in nine mongrel dogs, the roots were hollowed to a depth of 5 mm leaving a thin dentinal wall. Slits were prepared in the cavity wall to create passages from the chamber to the periodontal ligament area. A custom-made, titanium implant was placed into the center of each chamber. Machined, titanium plasma sprayed (TPS) and sand blasted with large grit and acid attacked (SLA) surfaces were used. A collagen barrier was placed over the submerged chamber. Following 4 months of healing, jaw sections were processed for histology. Newly formed periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and root cementum filled the space between the implant and the wall of the chamber. Ingrown bone was neither in contact with dentin nor with the implant. Thus, an interposed soft connective tissue layer was present. Healing by fibrous encapsulation was observed around most implants. However, cellular cementum was deposited on one TPS and one SLA implant and on the dentinal walls of the chamber. This study shows a remarkable capacity for new periodontal tissue formation at a site where no such tissues ever existed. Maintenance of original periodontal tissue domains most likely prevented osseointegration of the implants. The cementum layer deposited on two implants was likely formed through cementoconductivity rather than by differentiation of periodontal ligament cells upon contact with the implant surface.     

Regenerative potential and healing dynamics of the periodontium: a critical‐size supra‐alveolar periodontal defect study

Objectives: The nature and characteristics of the newly formed periodontium obtained following regenerative procedures remain a matter of controversy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the regenerative potential of the periodontal attachment and healing dynamics as observed from the spatial distribution of newly formed cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone following optimal circumstances for wound healing/regeneration in a discriminating animal model. Material and Methods: Critical‐size, 6‐mm, supra‐alveolar, periodontal defects were surgically created in six young adult Beagle dogs. Space‐providing ePTFE devices with 300‐μm laser‐drilled pores were implanted to support wound stability and space provision in one jaw quadrant/animal. Treatments were alternated between left and right jaw quadrants in subsequent animals. The gingival flaps were advanced to submerge the defect sites for primary intention healing. Histometric analysis followed an 8‐week healing interval. Results: Healing was uneventful in all animals. The histometric analysis showed that cementum regeneration (2.99 ± 0.22 mm) was significantly greater than PDL (2.54 ± 0.18 mm, p=0.03) and bone regeneration (2.46 ± 0.26 mm, p=0.03). The wound area showed significant positive non‐linear effect on cementum (log β=1.25, p<0.001), PDL (log β=1.24, p<0.001) and new bone formation (log β=1.36, p<0.001). A high degree of concordance and significant linear relationship was observed between cementum, PDL and bone regeneration indicating that their formation virtually occurred in parallel. Conclusions: Cementum, PDL and alveolar bone virtually regenerate in parallel under optimal circumstances for periodontal wound healing/regeneration. Moreover, space provision positively influences the extent of periodontal regeneration.     

Formation of reparative acellular extrinsic fiber cementum in relation to implant materials installed in rat periodontium

The aim of the present study was to determine the nature of the cells associated with the formation of reparative acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC). Calcifying collagen membranes, hydroxyapatite particles and/or non-resorbable ePTFE membranes were implanted in lesions made in the periodontium of the rat mandibular incisor. The incisor was prevented from erupting further, and the animals were killed after 1–8 wk. In the first week, next to cells with a fibroblastic phenotype, epithelial cells (ECs) migrating out of the reduced enamel epithelium were among the cells colonizing the wounds. From 2 wk on, the ECs showed regressive changes and disappeared. Along mineralized implant surfaces, a basophilic layer enriched in osteopontin (but without detectable amelogenin) was deposited. After 3 wk (when ECs were no longer present) the healing tissue transformed into a well-organized PDL-like tissue, and AEFC started to develop. Along the non-mineralizing ePTFE membranes, AEFC did not form except in regions where small calcified bodies were present. It is concluded that reparative AEFC layers are formed only along calcified surfaces. The cells associated with this reparative activity are periodontal ligament cells with a fibroblastic phenotype.     

小鼠牙本质涎蛋白成熟肽编码区cDNA克隆和部分序列分析

目的：克隆小鼠牙本质涎蛋白（ＤＳＰ）成熟肽编码区基因。方法：用异硫氰酸胍一步法从昆明新生小鼠磨牙牙胚组织中抽提总ＲＮＡ,用Ｏｌｉｇｏ（ｄｔ）作引物逆转录合成牙胚ｃＤＮＡ,然后利用ＰＣＲ方法,从ｃＤＮＡ中扩增出小鼠ＤＳＰ成熟区的基因片段（约１．４ｋｂｐ）,将所得基因片段插入ｐＢＳ质粒载体,转化到大肠杆菌ＸＬ１－Ｂｌｕｅ后挑选阳性克隆,提取重组质粒ＤＮＡ,通过限制性酶切和核苷酸序列分析鉴定阳性克隆。结果：重组质粒ｐＢＳ－ＤＳＰ的酶切图谱和部分序列分析结果与国外文献报道一致。结论：克隆到小鼠ＤＳＰ成熟肽编码区基因,正在进行该基因的表达和活性鉴定。     

人牙本质涎蛋白对狗牙髓损伤修复影响的实验研究

目的 探讨人牙本质涎蛋白对狗牙髓损伤修复的影响。方法 实验共分3组，实验组(hDSP组)；对照l组(无hDSP组)；对照2组(PBS组)；选择10Kg、6～12月龄的杂种狗3只，上、下尖牙、上、下磨牙和下前磨牙为实验牙，每只狗选10个牙，随机分配实验组和对照组，实验组共18个牙，对照l组和2组各6个牙。于所选牙齿颈部，用l／2球钻在灭菌生理盐水滴注下穿通髓腔、露髓处置上述实验组和对照组胶原膜，光固化封闭窝洞。2、4、8周处死动物，经4％多聚甲醛灌注后，分离实验牙，再固定48h后，脱钙3～4周，脱水，石蜡包埋，制备5～8μm厚连续切片，HE染色。结果 术后2周：对照组与实验组无明显差异，无牙本质桥形成。术后4周：对照组无牙本质桥形成，实验组有部分骨样牙本质桥形成。术后8周：对照组牙髓组织基本正常，无牙本质桥形成，实验组有完整的骨样牙本质桥形成，其下方有排列整齐的成牙本质细胞样细胞形成。结论 首次发现hDSP在体内能够诱导牙髓细胞分化，形成修复性牙本质。     

人牙本质涎蛋白在人牙胚发育过程中的表达和意义

目的：探讨人牙本质涎蛋白(human dentin sialoprotein，hDSP)在人牙胚发育过程中的表达和意义。方法：用免疫组化方法检测人牙本质涎蛋白在人牙胚不同发育阶段中的表达。结果：hDSP在蕾状期、帽状期釉上皮以及钟状早期内釉上皮有弱阳性表达，钟状中期正在分泌基质的成牙本质细胞、牙本质小管有强阳性表达，钟状晚期，牙本质小管仍有强阳性表达，而成牙本质细胞转为弱阳性表达。前成釉细胞、成釉细胞有一过性表达。前期牙本质始终无阳性表达。牙胚周围骨组织、软骨组织和口腔软组织无阳性表达。结论：提示hDSP可能参与了牙本质的形成。另外前期牙本质阴性表达，表明hDSP蛋白由成牙本质细胞分泌后，可能通过成牙本质细胞突起穿过前期牙本质分泌至矿化前沿，参与牙本质的形成。     

釉基质蛋白对人牙周膜细胞合成骨桥蛋白、骨涎蛋白的影响

目的:观察釉基质蛋白对体外培养的人牙周膜细胞合成骨桥蛋白、骨涎蛋白能力的影响.方法:乙酸法提取猪釉基质蛋白,改良组织块法原代培养人牙周膜细胞,免疫细胞化学方法和图像分析方法观察细胞合成骨桥蛋白、骨涎蛋白的能力.结果:人牙周膜细胞胞浆骨桥蛋白、骨涎蛋白染色阳性,200、100、50mg/L釉基质蛋白作用下可以使细胞胞浆骨桥蛋白、骨涎蛋白染色不同程度地加深.人牙周膜细胞在釉基质蛋白作用下,最早从第3d开始骨桥蛋白表达增加、从第7d开始骨涎蛋白表达增加.结论:一定浓度的釉基质蛋白在特定的时间可以促进牙周膜细胞合成骨桥蛋白、骨涎蛋白.     

正畸牙根吸收与龈沟液中牙本质涎磷蛋白和牙本质涎蛋白相关性的实验研究

目的 探讨大鼠龈沟液中牙本质涎磷蛋白(DSPP)和牙本质涎蛋白(DSP)的表达与实验性牙移动所致牙根吸收的关系.方法 36只健康Wistardd大鼠随机分成3组:对照组、轻力组、重力组.以上颌切牙为支抗,轻力组和重力组分别以0.392、0.98 N力拉右侧上颌第一磨牙向近中移动.加力7 d后,提取龈沟液,制备实验牙及其...