p14ARF、mdm2、p53蛋白在鼻咽癌中表达的研究

目的探讨p14ARF、mdm2、p53蛋白在鼻咽癌中的表达及其意义。方法应用免疫组化法检测58例鼻咽癌组织和20例慢性鼻咽炎症组织中p14ARF、mdm2、p53蛋白的表达情况。结果p14ARF、mdm2、p53蛋白在鼻咽癌组织和慢性鼻咽炎症组织中的阳性表达率分别为31.0%、41.4%、65.5%和100%、0、0,各个蛋白在两组之间表达的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论p14ARF蛋白低表达以及mdm2、p53蛋白高表达与鼻咽癌有关。     

p14~(ARF)、mdm2、p53基因蛋白表达与胃癌相关性及联合诊断价值分析

目的分析p14^(ARF)、mdm2、p53基因异常表达与胃癌相关性以及联合评定价值。方法基于S-P法(免疫组织化学染色法)检测18例正常胃黏膜组织(健康对照组)、24例胃黏膜增生组织(增生组)、50例胃黏膜癌变组织(癌变组)标本中p14(ARF)、mdm2、p53基因异常表达与胃癌相关性以及联合评定价值。方法基于S-P法(免疫组织化学染色法)检测18例正常胃黏膜组织(健康对照组)、24例胃黏膜增生组织(增生组)、50例胃黏膜癌变组织(癌变组)标本中p14^(ARF)、mdm2、p53基因表达水平,分析其与胃癌的相关性及用于诊断胃癌的准确度、敏感度、特异度。结果癌变组、增生组、健康对照组p14(ARF)(88.0%、75.0%、22.2%)、mdm2(88.0%、70.8%、27.8%)、p53表达(48.0%、41.7%、11.1%)阳性率均呈下降趋势(P均<0.05);三者表达与淋巴结转移呈正相关(P<0.05);p14(ARF)、mdm2、p53基因表达水平,分析其与胃癌的相关性及用于诊断胃癌的准确度、敏感度、特异度。结果癌变组、增生组、健康对照组p14(ARF)(88.0%、75.0%、22.2%)、mdm2(88.0%、70.8%、27.8%)、p53表达(48.0%、41.7%、11.1%)阳性率均呈下降趋势(P均<0.05);三者表达与淋巴结转移呈正相关(P<0.05);p14^(ARF)、mdm2、p53联合用于胃癌诊断的准确度为93.4%,敏感度为96.0%,特异度为95.2%,均显著高于三者单独诊断的性能。结论 p14(ARF)、mdm2、p53联合用于胃癌诊断的准确度为93.4%,敏感度为96.0%,特异度为95.2%,均显著高于三者单独诊断的性能。结论 p14^(ARF)、mdm2、p53基因异常表达与胃癌发病和病情发展密切关联,联合检测三者的表达水平对胃癌的诊断及病情评定具较高临床价值。     

食管贲门双源癌患者癌组织中mdm2,CyclinD1和p16蛋白的表达

目的:探讨食管贲门双源癌组织中mdm2、CyclinD1和p16蛋白的表达.方法:采用免疫组化ABC法,对河南食管癌高发区30例双源癌患者食管鳞癌(SCC)和贲门腺癌(GCA)组织中mdm2、CyclinD1和p16蛋白的表达进行检测.结果:30例双源癌患者SCC组织中mdm2、CyclinD1和p16蛋白阳性率分别为57%(17/30)、45%(13/29)和24%(7/29),CCA组织中分别为73%(22/30)、33%(10/30)和17%(5/30),SCC和GCA组织中3种蛋白的阳性率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).SCC和GCA组织中mdm2、CyclinD1和p16蛋白表达的一致性差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论:食管和贲门双源癌存在较高的mdm2、CyclinD1和p16蛋白表达一致性改变,提示河南食管癌高发区食管贲门双源癌可能具有相似的发病因素和分子机制.     

上皮性卵巢癌中p110α、hvps34及p-PKB的表达及临床意义

目的 研究信号传导途径PI3K/PKB中的成分p110α、hvps34、p-PKB在上皮性卵巢肿瘤中的表达及其与卵巢癌临床病理参数之间的关系.方法 应用免疫组化检测25例正常卵巢组织、25例良性上皮性卵巢肿瘤、19例交界性上皮性卵巢肿瘤及69例上皮性卵巢癌组织中Class I PI3K (p110α)、 Class Ⅲ PI3K (hvps34)及其下游的磷酸化PKB的表达水平,并分析它们与临床病理参数之间的关系.结果 (1)hvps34在正常卵巢组织与良性卵巢肿瘤组织中表达较高,在交界性卵巢癌组织中开始下降,在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达最低;p110α、p-PKB在交界性卵巢癌组织中开始升高,在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达明显高于其它3组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);(2)卵巢癌Ⅰ～Ⅱ期、高中分化、淋巴结无转移的卵巢癌组织中p110α及p-PKB的表达均低于Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、低分化、淋巴结有转移者,差异有有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在上皮性卵巢癌中PI3K/PKB信号通路中的成分p110α、hvps34、p-PKB存在表达异常,可能与上皮性卵巢癌的发生、发展有关.     

HER-2蛋白和NFκB/p65蛋白在人卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达分析

目的 研究HER-2蛋白和NFκB/p65蛋白在人卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达及意义.方法 采用免疫组织化学法(SABC法)检测63例卵巢组织中HER-2蛋白和NFκB/p65蛋白的表达情况,其中正常卵巢组织7例、卵巢良性肿瘤10例、卵巢交界性肿瘤10例、卵巢上皮性恶性肿瘤36例.结果 HER-2蛋白在卵巢上皮性良性肿瘤、交界性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤中的表达阳性率分别为10.0%、30.0%、36.1%(P>0.05).NFκB/p65蛋白在卵巢上皮性良性肿瘤、交界性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤中的表达阳性率分别为20.0%、50.0%、75.0%(P<0.05).正常卵巢组织中两者均无表达.HER-2蛋白的表达与病理组织分级有关,组织细胞分化越差其表达阳性率越高,差异有显著性(P<0.05).HER-2蛋白的表达与卵巢上皮性恶性肿瘤的组织分型、临床分期、腹水、年龄无关(P>0.05).NFκB/p65蛋白的表达与卵巢上皮性恶性肿瘤组织分型、病理组织分级、临床分期、腹水、年龄均无关.HER-2蛋白和NFκB/p65蛋白在卵巢上皮性恶性肿瘤中的表达无相关性.结论 HER-2可作为判断卵巢上皮性恶性肿瘤预后的指标之一.NFκB/p65在卵巢上皮性肿瘤的发生、发展中起一定作用.HER-2在NFκB/p65基因活化与表达过程中可能不起作用,或只是众多影响因素之一,而非独立影响因素.     

抑癌基因p16及Rb在上皮性卵巢肿瘤中的表达及其意义

目的:研究抑癌基因p16和Rb基因在卵巢肿瘤中的表达情况,探讨p16和Rb基因与卵巢肿瘤的生物学行为之间是否存在相关关系。方法:应用免疫组化SP法检测p16和Rb在71例卵巢上皮性肿瘤(包括30例良性囊腺瘤,10例交界性腺瘤和31例卵巢癌)的表达情况。结果:几乎所有处于分裂期的细胞都没有p16蛋白表达,说明当进入到M期时p16就不再发挥功能,已经完全被分解灭活。p16蛋白在良性囊腺瘤,交界性囊腺瘤和卵巢癌中的表达缺失率分别为0%,10%及32.3%,在交界性肿瘤与恶性肿瘤间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),良性肿瘤与恶性肿瘤间、良性肿瘤与交界性肿瘤间比较有极显著差异(P<0.01)。Rb的表达在良性囊腺瘤,交界性囊腺瘤和卵巢癌中的表达阳性率分别为0%,48.4%和60%,在交界性肿瘤与恶性肿瘤间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),在良性肿瘤与交界性肿瘤间、良性肿瘤与恶性肿瘤间比较有极显著差异(P<0.01)。p16及Rb表达水平均与卵巢癌的组织学分级无关。结论:p16纯合缺失及Rb突变可能与恶性转化有关,很有可能与卵巢癌的发生和早期行为有关。p16和Rb在卵巢良性、交界性和恶性腺瘤中的表达并不存在一逐渐增加或减少的趋势,提示在卵巢肿瘤的发生过程中没有从良性发展为交界性再发展成恶性肿瘤的阶段性过程,认为卵巢交界性肿瘤是完全独立于卵巢癌的一种类型的卵巢肿瘤,其发生机制及生物学行均与卵巢癌不同。     

HER2/neu蛋白在上皮性卵巢癌及其转移灶的表达及意义

目的 通过检测HER2/neu蛋白在上皮性卵巢癌组织中的表达情况,探讨其表达与上皮性卵巢癌的组织学类型、临床分期、组织学分级、肿瘤转移等的关系及其临床意义.方法 采用免疫组织化学法检测20例正常卵巢组织、30例良性卵巢上皮性肿瘤、35例交界性卵巢上皮性肿瘤、56例上皮性卵巢癌及其转移灶中HER2/neu蛋白的表达情况.结果 HER2/neu蛋白在正常卵巢、良性卵巢上皮性肿瘤、交界性卵巢上皮性肿瘤、上皮性卵巢癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为5.0%、10.0%、14.3%、44.6%,过表达率分别为0、0、2.9%、21.4%,HER2/neu蛋白在上皮性卵巢癌组织中的阳性表达率、过表达率与正常卵巢、良性卵巢上皮性、交界性卵巢上皮性肿瘤组织比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).HER2/neu蛋白在浆液性囊腺癌、黏液性囊腺癌、内膜样癌的阳性表达率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);HER2/neu蛋白在FIGO Ⅲ、Ⅳ期上皮性卵巢癌组织中的阳性表达率与Ⅰ、Ⅱ期比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);HER2/neu蛋白在高、中分化上皮性卵巢癌组织中的阳性表达率与低分化上皮性卵巢癌组织比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);HER2/neu蛋白在残留癌≤2 cm的上皮性卵巢癌组织中的阳性表达率与残留癌＞2 cm的比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 HER2/neu蛋白在上皮性卵巢癌的发生、发展中起重要作用,其检测可作为评价上皮性卵巢癌预后的一个指标.     

p14~(ARF)和p16~(INK4a)蛋白在甲状腺乳头状癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨p14ARFF和p16INF4a蛋白在甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)中的表达及其与临床病理参数的关系.方法 应用免疫组化SP法检测57例PTC、21例甲状腺乳头状微小癌(PTMC)和40例甲状腺腺瘤中p14ARF和p16INK4a蛋白的表达情况.结果 p14ARF和p16INK4a蛋白在PTC组的表达阳性率显著低于腺瘤组及PTMC组,差异有统计学意义(分别为P<0.01和<0.05).p16INK4a慨蛋白在PTMC组的阳性率明显低于腺瘤组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).PTC组中,p14ARF蛋白表达与淋巴结转移成负相关;p16INK4a蛋白表达与肿瘤复发成负相关,与临床分期成正相关.结论 p14ARF和p16INK4a可能参与了PTC的发生和发展,可作为临床判定其生物学行为的辅助指标.     

抑癌基因p16在卵巢肿瘤中的表达

目的探讨卵巢癌中抑癌基因p16的表达情况及其与卵巢癌分级分期转移预后的关系.方法用免疫组化ABC法检测30例正常卵巢(NO)、32例卵巢良性肿瘤(BOT)、8例交界性卵巢肿瘤(BLT)和103例卵巢癌(OC)组织中的抑癌基因p16蛋白表达情况.分析p16蛋白表达与卵巢癌分级分期、转移预后的关系.结果①p16蛋白表达在恶性、交界性、良性肿瘤组及止常卵巢中的表达率分别为58.3%、81.3%和26.7%.肿瘤组明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05)、恶性组明显低于良性组(P<O.05)又明显高于正常组(p<0.01).交界性组也明显低于良性组(p<0.01).②p16蛋白表达与卵巢癌的组织学类型、残余灶大小、淋巴结转移及治疗情况无明显关系.③分化较差、期别较晚及预后不佳的卵巢癌患者的p16蛋白表达均明显降低.结论p16基因在卵巢肿瘤的发生发展中起重要的作用.并影响卵巢癌的分化程度、病程进展及临床预后.     

CDKN2、nm23基因产物的表达与卵巢上皮性肿瘤生物学行为的关系

目的 :p16蛋白和 NDPK/ nm2 3在不同类型、不同分期的卵巢上皮性肿瘤的表达情况。方法 :采用 S- P法免疫组化染色观察 p16蛋白和 NDPK/ nm2 3在 37例卵巢良性肿瘤、33例卵巢交界性肿瘤和 6 9例卵巢上皮癌的表达情况。结果 :在卵巢癌中 ,p16蛋白表达阳性率降低 (5 0 .7% ,P <0 .0 1) ;NDPK/ nm2 3表达阳性率增高 (73.9% ,P <0 .0 5 )。p16蛋白表达与组织学类型无关 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;而 NDPK/ nm2 3在粘液性癌表达阳性率 (5 4.5 % )与浆液性癌 (82 .2 % )和子宫内膜样癌 (83.3% )比较 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。 p16蛋白和 NDPK/ nm2 3在不同分化程度卵巢癌中的表达无显著差异。两基因产物在 ～ 期癌表达阳性率 (p16蛋白 :6 8.0 % ;NDPK/ nm2 3:88.0 % )均高于 ～ 期癌 (p16蛋白 :38.7% ;NDPK/ nm2 3:6 4.5 % ) (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :抑癌基因 CDKN2的基因产物 p16蛋白表达缺失在卵巢癌的发生和发展中可能都起重要作用 ;而 nm2 3基因的过度表达对卵巢癌的发生起重要作用 ,而对其发展可能不起主要作用     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.