下腔静脉肝后段的应用解剖学

目的:对下腔静脉肝后段进行应用解剖学研究,为腹腔镜肝尾状叶切除等手术提供形态学基础资料.方法:选32具尸体标本,行下腔静脉肝后段(HIVC)的应用解剖学研究.结果:HIVC长(61.2±10.9)mm,下口内径(19.3土1.8)mm,上口内径(22.1±3.5)mm,在HIVC上1/3与中1/3之间有一个无肝短静脉区,长度为(19.1±7.4)mm.肝左静脉与肝中静脉的开口都位于左上区,其间距为0～5 mm;肝右静脉开口位于前上区.肝右下静脉口径为(5.7±2.4)mm,大于5 mm有16例.尾状叶静脉开口大部分位于HIVC的中、下1/3段,且内径大于5 mm的尾状叶静脉位于HIVC中1/3段的左中区,其他肝短静脉汇入HIVC的位置集中在中、下1/3段,大部分位于左下区和前下区.结论:在HIVC上中1/3交界处的无肝短静脉区,可放置球囊;在肝尾状叶切除手术时,从右侧依次切断尾状叶静脉较为安全.     

肝尾状叶及其血管的断层解剖学研究

为给肝尾状叶疾病的影像诊断和外科手术提供形态学依据，本文利用成人腹部连续横断层标本22例、矢状断层标本14例和冠状断层标本5例研究了肝尾状叶及其血管的断层解剖。肝尾状叶有5面，在外形上可分为固有肝尾状叶(Spigelian叶)、腔静脉旁部和尾状突三部分。固有肝尾状叶，在横断面上，14例(63．6％)伸出腔静脉后突，11例(50％)出现孤立乳头突现象；在矢状断面上，4例(28．6％)下端出现分叉。在15例(68．2％)横断层和12例(85．7％)矢状断层标本上，可见肝尾状叶鞘系，主要出现于肝门静脉左支横部层面。在断层标本上，可见1～3支尾状叶静脉，大部分汇入下腔静脉肝后段的中、下份。粗大的肝右后下静脉分别见于10例(45.5％）横断层、4例(28.6％）矢状断层和l例冠状断层标本上。此外，文内还详细探讨了肝尾状叶在横、矢、冠状断面上的识别、毗邻及其在影像诊断和在肝切除术中的意义。     

肝尾状叶的外科解剖及其临床应用

在42例成人肝脏标本上，研究了肝尾状叶的形态，动脉、静脉和肝管的分布特征；尾状叶常有3个突起，即尾状突、乳头突和下腔静脉后突，且变异较大；尾状叶有两个恒定的蒂，其结构排列由浅入深分别是门静脉支、肝动脉支和肝管。尾状叶静脉有2～5支，其中以3支居多，主要汇入下腔静脉肝后段的中、下1／3部的左前壁。中结合解剖学研究总结了施行肝尾状叶肿瘤切除术的方法和经验。     

肝尾状叶脉管构筑的应用解剖

应用55例成人肝剥离标本及45例胎儿、新生儿肝管道铸型,研究了肝尾状叶的鞘系及静脉回流。尾状叶有两个恒定的蒂、接受左、右侧鞘系的双重供应,以左侧为主;而尾状突主要由右后叶鞘系分布。15例肝铸型标本的尾状叶左、右侧动脉形成吻合弓。尾状叶动脉供应形式可分为三种,静脉可分为三型并直接汇入下腔静脉。由于血管吻合的存在,在病理状态下,尾状叶也应是沟通门一腔静脉的桥梁。     

国人肝段的再认识

目的:对肝内门静脉和肝静脉重新认识,提出一种新的国人肝段划分方法,为影像学和肝外科提供断层解剖学资料。方法:使用50例上腹部连续断层标本和20例多层螺旋CT图像及三维重建图像,研究了肝内门静脉的走行和分布以及肝静脉及其属支的回流范围及其两者之间的相互关系。结果:国人肝段新的划分方法:门静脉右支主干存在时,依肝中静脉所在的正中裂将肝分为左、右半肝。右半肝被一弯曲的右叶间裂分成右前上叶和右后下叶。右前上叶依垂直段间裂分为腹侧和背侧段。右前上叶的腹侧段被水平亚段间裂分为上、下两个亚段。右后下叶依水平段间裂分为上、下两段。肝左静脉主干存在时,依肝左静脉主干所在的左叶间裂将左半肝分成左后上叶和左前下叶。左前下叶依左段间裂分为内侧和外侧段。水平亚段间裂将左前下叶的内侧段分为上、下两个亚段。依弧形背裂分尾状叶和右前上叶及左前下叶内侧段。结论:国人肝段新的划分法不仅有利于肝内微小病变的精确定位,而且便于肝外科探索新的和更加安全的术式来施行各种肝切除和肝移植。     

肝尾状叶的形态学研究

本文选取了成人肝标本 30例 ,对肝尾状叶的位置、毗邻和形态进行了观测。发现肝尾状叶上的裂隙或切迹出现率为 93.3% ,平均裂宽 2 .4±0 .8mm,平均裂深 5± 3mm。 30例标本中发现有 69个蒂 ,其中 2蒂者 2 2例 ,占 73.3% ;3蒂者 7例 ,占2 3.3% ;4蒂者 1例 ,占 3.3%。静脉韧带上方或下方有右膈下静脉注入下腔静脉。探讨了肝尾状叶手术切除中应注意的问题     

右叶部分肝移植肝静脉的临床应用解剖

目的：为右叶部分肝移植提供肝静脉的解剖学基础。方法：观测52个铸型标本中肝静脉的走行、分布、分型，肝中静脉肝左静脉合干比率，肝短静脉的数量，大小，及其在肝静脉的各类型中的出现率。结果：肝静脉的分型中A型、B型、C型分别为65．4％、26．9％、7．7％。肝中静脉肝左静脉合干机率67．3％。肝短静脉出现率为32．6％，肝右静脉汇入下腔静脉处与肝中静脉汇入肝左静脉或下腔静脉处的距离2．Ocm以内者占80．7％。结论：本文结果为右叶部分肝移植提供了肝静脉的解剖学基础，提示中国人肝静脉的结构似乎较适合右叶部分肝移植。     

肝尾状叶的断层解剖与CT研究

目的:为临床影像诊断肝尾状叶病变提供形态学依据。方法:采用30例成人横断层标本和30例成人腹部CT图像,各选取肝尾状叶所在的4个连续横断面,观测尾状叶与脊柱的对应高度、位置、形态、毗邻关系及有关径值。结果:尾状叶在T10～L1脊柱高度均可100%显示;静脉韧带裂和下腔静脉分别居尾状叶的前、后方,可作为各层面识别尾状叶的标志结构;尾状叶的横断面形态,头侧层面以钩形多见,尾侧层面以舌形为主,断面标本和CT图像中分别有23.33%(7/30)和16.67%(5/30)乳头突与肝分离。结论:通过对肝尾状叶断面标本及其CT测量值的对比,显示两者间无显著差异;第一肝门层面肝尾状叶与肝右叶的最大横径之间有相关关系。     

国人肝段在冠状断层上的划分

目的：为肝内微小病变精确定位诊断和外科治疗提供冠状断层解剖学依据。方法：采用30例上腹部连续冠状断层标本、20例肝内门静脉和肝静脉解剖正常的薄层MSCT断层图像及其三维重建图像,在冠状断层上对其门静脉肝段进行精确划分。结果：经胆囊、门静脉左支及肝左静脉的冠状断面上,肝中静脉主干是划分右前上叶和左前下叶的识别标志,门静脉左支角部是左前下叶的段间裂识别标志,亦是右前上叶和左前下叶的亚段间裂识别标志。经肝门静脉主干的冠状断面上,门静脉右前支主干是右前上叶的段间裂识别标志,该层面以前为右前上叶的腹侧段,该层面以后则为右前上叶的背侧段。经网膜孔的冠状断面上、下腔静脉的右缘是划分尾状叶和右半肝的识别标志,门静脉右后支主干是划分右前上叶背侧段和右后下叶下段的标志,经下腔静脉和肝右静脉的冠状面上,肝右静脉主干是划分右前上叶的背侧段和右后下叶上段的标志;门静脉右后支主干是右后下叶的段间裂识别标志。结论：国人门静脉肝段在冠状断面上的精确划分,不仅有利于肝内微小病变的精确定位,且有利于探索新的和更加安全的外科术式。     

肝短静脉的解剖与临床应用进展

随着肝脏外科的发展，肝短静脉(Shor thepatic．vein，SHV)越来越受到临床医生的关注。肝尾状叶肿瘤切除的最大风险在于癌灶紧贴下腔静脉，SHV直接汇入下腔静脉，术中稍有不慎即可撕破SHV；肝移植中正确处理SHV可缩短无肝期和手术时间；非规则性肝叶或肝段切除、活体肝移植的供肝切取术中注意保留SHV有助于剩余肝脏功能的顺利恢复；通     

肝尾状叶应用解剖的研究与手术原则

目的为肝脏尾状叶合理化切除提供应用解剖学理论依据.方法通过24具尸体的肝尾状叶标本的解剖观察,揭示尾状叶的形状、边界、毗邻和血管、胆管分布规律.结果①尾状叶左侧的形态、大小、边界变异不大,其血液及胆管引流有一个相对固定的“蒂”,手术切除比较容易;②尾状叶的血管供应、胆管引流繁杂,但均连接于Glisson＇s管的一、二级分支的前上缘;③肝短静脉数量、注入部位变异大,其走行多与腔静脉壁垂直.结论尾状叶切除的手术入路有四条可供选择：左入路、右入路、前入路和后入路.     

Anatomy of the portal branches and the hepatic veins in the caudate lobe of the liver

The objective of this study was to analyze the caudate portal branches and their relationships with the hepatic caudate veins and propose a new nomenclature for the caudate branches based on their territory of distribution. We realized the fine dissection of the veins of the caudate lobe in 40 human livers fixed and preserved in formalin. In 15/40 (37.5%) cases there was a single branch to the caudate lobe. In 25/40 (62.5%) cases there was more than one branch, with a posterior caudate branch in 20/40 (50%) cases, an anterior caudate branch in 15/40 (37.5%) cases, a left caudate branch in 14/40 (35%) cases, and a right caudate branch in 8/40 (20%) cases. The most frequent combination detected (11/40, 27.5% of cases) was that of the posterior and anterior branches. The venous drainage of the caudate lobe and its papillary process was provided by the superior caudate hepatic vein in 23/40 (57.5%) cases, by the middle caudate vein in 35/40 (87.5%) cases (which was the only vein in 12/35 cases), and by the inferior caudate vein in 16/40 (40%) cases. In 11/40 (12.5%) cases there were accessory caudate veins, which emptied into the left and intermediate hepatic veins. The portal branches and the hepatic veins related to the caudate process were studied. In conclusion, the new nomenclature analyzes more precisely the distribution of the caudate portal branches.     

尾状叶切除术应用解剖学研究

目的：为肝尾状叶切除术提供形态学理论基础。方法：选取37具成人离体尸肝标本，采用雕琢法和断层解剖观测肝尾状叶形态、毗邻，血管系统的来源、走行，肝后腔静脉前间隙。结果：尾状叶三管系统的来源，Spiegel叶多以左肝三管系统为主，而腔静脉旁叶多以右肝或分权处为主，三管系统中，以门静脉分支分布最为稳定，尾状叶静脉变异较大；三管系统在进入尾状叶时形成簇；尾状叶有前平面及肝后腔静脉前间隙；尾状叶Spiegel叶与腔静脉旁部存在较为明显的界线，其外部标志大致与其外切迹相当，腔静脉旁部与尾状突无明显的界线。结论：肝尾状叶位置特殊，毗邻关系复杂，三管系统进入尾状叶的位置比较恒定。尾状叶的手术切除术应首先确定边界，根据相应的解剖标志来选择手术方式及入路。     

Anterior Hepatic Transection for Caudate Lobectomy

Resection of the caudate lobe (segment I- dorsal sector, segment IX- right paracaval region, or both) is often technically difficult due to the lobe’s location deep in the hepatic parenchyma and because it is adjacent to the major hepatic vessels (e.g., the left and middle hepatic veins).A literature search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE for the terms “caudate lobectomy” and “anterior hepatic transection” (AHT) covering 1992 to 2007.AHT was used in 110 caudate lobectomies that are discussed in this review. Isolated caudate lobectomy was performed on 28 (25.4%) patients, with 11 case (11%) associated with hepatectomy, while 1 (0.9%) was associated with anterior segmentectomy. Complete caudate lobectomy was performed on 82 (74.5%) patients. Hepatocellular carcinoma was observed in 106 (96.3%) patients, while 1 (0.9%) had hemangioma and 3 (2.7%) had metastatic caudate tumors. AHT was used in 108 (98.1%) caudate resections, while AHT associated with a right-sided approach was performed in 2 (1.8%) cases. AHT is recommended for tumors located in the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe (segment IX). AHT is usually a safe and potentially curative surgical option.     

Retrograde portography of the right caudate lobe via the middle hepatic vein

Hepatobiliary resection with caudate lobectomy has been conducted in the surgical treatment of bile duct carcinoma of the hepatic hilus. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the anatomy of the right portion of the caudate lobe, and techniques to visualize the portal branches of the right caudate lobe (P1r) have not been reported. Contrast medium was injected into the dorso-caudal branches of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) and images were obtained by digital subtraction venography. Retrograde portography of the P1r was achieved in 64 (84%) out of 76 cases. The mean number of visualized branches was 2.1 (137 out of 64) and the P1r coursed beyond the trunk of the MHV in 36 (56%) out of the 64 cases. Contrast medium flowed into the right portal vein from 59 P1r branches in 32 cases and into the left portal vein in 20 cases. No complications were encountered. Retrograde portograms of the P1r may provide valuable information not previously available to surgeons operating on the caudate lobe.     

尾状叶切除术的应用解剖

目的：通过肝尾状叶的应用解剖学研究,为肝脏尾状叶切除术的入路和发展提供解剖学基础。方法：通过40具尸肝尾状叶标本的解剖观察和8具肝脏铸型标本的观察研究,揭示尾状叶的形状、边界、毗邻和血管胆管分布规律。结果：①尾状叶左侧的形态、大小、边界变异不大,其血液供应胆管引流有一个相对固定的“蒂”,手术切除比较容易;②尾状叶的血管供应胆管引流繁杂,但均连接于Glisson's管的一二级分支的前上缘,沿肝门板后方向上解剖找出尾状叶“蒂”,从中再解剖动脉、门静脉、胆管易行,甚至一起结扎、切断也可;③肝短静脉数量、注入部位变异大,然而其走行多与腔静脉壁垂直,顺着方向解剖比较安全。结论：尾状叶切除的手术入路有四条：左入路、右入路、前入路和后入路。     

Arterial supply and biliary drainage of the dorsal liver: A dissection study using controlled specimens

Liver surgeons favor using the entity called the 'dorsal liver' (i.e. the caudate lobe and other paracavally located liver parenchyme of segments 7 and 8). According to minute dissection of 48 livers, we describe the territories of the left/right portal veins, hepatic ducts and hepatic arteries in the dorsal liver. In the caudate lobe, the right hepatic artery, rather than the left hepatic artery (23/48 vs 19/48 for right vs left, respectively), tended to supply the 'left' portal vein territory. Similarly, paradoxical drainage patterns, such as the right hepatic duct draining the left portal vein territory, were found in seven of 48 livers. In the territory of the hilar bifurcation, right hepatic artery dominance was also evident and various bile drainage patterns were found. These included double drainage by the bilateral hepatic ducts (3/48) and drainage into the confluence of bilateral ducts (6/48). In contrast, the arterial supply and biliary drainage of the paracavally located parenchyme of segments 7 and 8 usually depended on the proper segmental arteries and ducts and their variations were within the range of those found in other parts of the right lobe. Therefore, the dorsal liver concept may not be anatomical but, rather, simply aimed at usefulness in surgery. Nevertheless, clear subdivision of the caudate lobe according to biliary drainage and/or arterial supply seemed difficult because of the paradoxical relatioships among the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct. Consequently, the present results support extended surgery based on the dorsal liver concept for carcinomas involving the caudate lobe.     

兔肝脏及附属管道的应用解剖学研究

目的　对兔肝脏及其附属管道进行应用解剖学研究。 方法　对20只日本大耳兔分别进行活体和离体形态学观察,制作门静脉和肝静脉管道铸型标本观察其分支与走行,测定各肝叶质量及其所占肝脏百分比。 结果　兔肝肝裂明显,依据肝叶形态、肝裂走行和门静脉主干分支形式将兔肝脏分为五叶,分别为尾状叶、左外叶、左中叶、右中叶、右外叶,各肝叶质量分别为(g)：3.93±1.13、15.93±3.50、14.83±3.31、15.08±4.34、12.08±3.55。左中叶和右中叶根部肝组织融合,其余各肝叶相对独立,尾状叶包括相对独立的乳头突和尾状突两部分。各肝叶有相对独立的Glisson系统和肝静脉走行于肝蒂内。 结论　兔肝解剖学特点与多数哺乳类实验动物肝脏解剖相似,同时又具有其自身特点,适合于肝脏外科疾病动物模型的制作。