大动脉炎患者的荧光素眼底血管造影分析

目的分析大动脉炎患者荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）的特点。方法回顾性分析12例大动脉炎患者FFA特点及其相关临床资料。结果12例患者中慢性缺血性眼底改变9例（15眼）,5例臂-视网膜循环时间延长,时间为（19．20±2．95）s,5例视网膜循环时间延长,时间为（10．62±6．15）s;2例（2眼）视盘周围动静脉花冠状吻合,4例（6眼）黄斑拱环结构不完整;8例（14眼）可见视网膜毛细血管扩张及微动脉瘤。视网膜、视盘新生血管各1例（2眼）。高血压性眼底改变3例（4眼）,主要表现为小动脉变细,动脉硬化,出血、棉絮斑、黄斑区硬性渗出。12例患者中有10例为内科确诊大动脉炎后眼科会诊,2例首诊于眼科,行FFA检查后诊断为大动脉炎。结论大动脉炎患者的视网膜改变主要有慢性缺血性和高血压性2种。了解大动脉炎视网膜病变的FFA特征有助于部分大动脉炎的临床诊断。     

光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)和荧光素血管造影(FFA)对比观察增生型糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)

目的 运用光学相干断层扫描血管成像(optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA)和荧光素血管造影(fundusfluorescein angiography,FFA)对比观察增生型糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferating diabetic retinopathy,PDR)的临床特征,分析OCTA与FFA对PDR患眼眼底病变检出的一致性.方法 回顾性病例研究.选择PDR患者25例(36眼),每例患者均行OCTA和FFA检查,并且两项检查间隔时间不超过2h.对比观察记录PDR患眼在OCTA和FFA图像中黄斑拱环结构改变、黄斑水肿、视网膜微血管瘤、视网膜新生血管、视网膜无灌注区5种眼底病变的影像学特征,并分析两种检查方法对上述眼底改变检出的一致性.结果 PDR患眼的OCTA特征主要为黄斑拱环结构改变区视网膜浅层毛细血管扩张迂曲、深层中心凹无血管区扩大,黄斑水肿区视网膜浅层血管迂曲扩张、视网膜深层片囊状弱信号,视网膜微血管瘤区浅层、深层毛细血管局部囊样扩张膨大或梭形改变,视网膜新生血管区浅层、深层不规则异常血管网状结构,视网膜无灌注区片状弱信号;PDR患眼的FFA图像特征主要为黄斑拱环结构改变区周围血管扩张弯曲,黄斑水肿区、视网膜微血管瘤区和视网膜新生血管区造影期强荧光,视网膜无灌注区表现和OCTA相似.OCTA检查发现PDR患眼黄斑拱环结构改变、黄斑水肿、视网膜微血管瘤、视网膜新生血管、视网膜无灌注区分别为26眼、26眼、25眼、13眼、30眼;FFA检查发现5种眼底病变依次为20眼、28眼、28眼、12眼、30眼;OCTA与FFA检查对PDR患眼黄斑拱环结构改变、黄斑水肿、视网膜微血管瘤检出的一致性一般(Kappa=0.416、0.705、0.646,均为P＜0.01),对视网膜新生血管、视网膜无灌注区检出的一致性较好(Kappa=0.816、0.800,均为P＜0.01).结论 OCTA与FFA能较好地观察到PDR患眼5种眼底病变,并对PDR患眼的部分眼底病变的检出具有良好的一致性.     

特发性视网膜血管炎、动脉瘤、视神经视网膜炎综合征和Eales病荧光素眼底血管造影对比分析

目的 观察特发性视网膜血管炎、动脉瘤、视神经视网膜（IRVAN）综合征和Eales病荧光素眼底荧光血管造影（FFA）特征的异同。方法 回顾分析IRVAN综合征患者4例8只眼和Eales病患者43例68只眼的FFA检查资料。所有患者均行常规眼科检查,包括视力、眼压、裂隙灯显微镜、间接检眼镜眼底检查。4例Eales病患者单眼玻璃体积血眼底窥不清,行对侧眼检查,其他所有患者双眼常规彩色眼底照相、共焦激光扫描FFA检查。IRVAN综合征4例8只眼,均为双眼发病。男性1例, 女性3例;年龄16～43岁,平均年龄（27.00±12.93）岁。Eales病43例68只眼, 男性32例, 女性11例;年龄6～59岁,平均年龄（30.79±11.46）岁。双眼29例54只眼,单眼14例14只眼。两组患者眼底均可见视网膜血管白鞘或白线状改变、视网膜出血渗出、玻璃体积血。结果 FFA检查结果显示,IRVAN综合征8只眼后极部动、静脉均受累;均可见多发性视网膜大动脉瘤。周边部毛细血管闭塞形成无灌注区7只眼,占87.50%;视盘水肿荧光渗漏5只眼,占62.50%;视神经萎缩2只眼,25.00%;出血遮挡1只眼,占12.50%;视盘新生血管2只眼,占25.00%;视网膜新生血管4只眼,占50.00%;黄斑水肿4只眼,50.00%。Eales病43例68只眼中,所有患眼周边病变区视网膜静脉管壁渗漏;累及后极部静脉32只眼,占47.06%;动脉同时受累5只眼,占7.35%;周边部毛细血管闭塞形成无灌注区38只眼,占55.88%;视盘渗漏29只眼,占42.65%;视盘新生血管4只眼,占5.88%;视网膜新生血管26只眼,占38.24%;黄斑水肿15只眼,占22.06%。IRVAN综合征与Eales病患者在后极部动脉受累眼数、静脉受累眼数、动脉瘤眼数之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);视盘渗漏、无灌注区、视盘和视网膜新生血管、黄斑水肿眼数之间比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.479,1.449,0.068,1.676;P＞0.05)。结论 IRVAN综合征和Eales病均可发生视网膜动脉和静脉不同程度的炎性改变,并均可导致视盘水肿渗出。IRVAN综合征后极部视网膜动、静脉受累明显高于Eales病,特别是视盘旁及后极部特征性大动脉瘤样改变有助于IRVAN综合征的诊断及IRVAN综合征和Eales病的鉴别诊断。     

眼钝挫伤的吲哚青绿血管造影

目的观察眼挫伤后脉络膜、视网膜循环改变在影像学检查中的特征和临床意义。方法对30例眼挫伤患者的30只伤眼进行荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)和吲哚青绿血管造影(indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)同步检查。结果19只眼FFA表现为视盘象限性或全部弱荧光(视盘缺血性改变),占63.3%,视盘象限性弱荧光区和脉络膜延迟灌注区相连。26只眼出现局部脉络膜灌注不良,占86.7%。其中16只眼为局限性充盈迟缓,脉络膜荧光完全充盈时间：最短1 min 50 s,最长5 min 43 s;10只眼为 局限性充盈缺损。视网膜脉络膜充盈时间倒置6只眼,占20.0%;脉络膜及视网膜中央血管系 统充盈均延迟者5只眼,占16.6%。在脉络膜局部灌注不良的部位均出现了视网膜色素上皮( retinal pigment epithelium, RPE)的损害。结论ICGA可清 楚地显示眼挫伤后脉络膜循环的改变,结合FFA同步检查,可对眼底损害作出更加全面的评价。(中华眼底病杂志,2001,17:122-124)     

荧光素钠眼底血管造影对低灌注性视网膜病变的诊断作用

目的:分析低灌注性视网膜病变的临床和眼底荧光血管造影(fundus flurescein angiography,FFA)特点,确定FFA对该病的诊断作用。方法:收集经临床检查,眼底荧光血管造影检查和颈部血管彩色超声多普勒(CDI)检查确诊的低灌注性视网膜病变患者共9例9眼。分析3种检查的诊断符合率,并总结该病的眼底荧光血管造影特点。结果:共9例患者中,仅有两例患者在初诊中诊断为低灌注性视网膜病变,其余患者均通过FFA得到确诊。所有患者FFA和颈部血管CDI的诊断均一致,FFA和CDI的诊断符合率达到100%。低灌注性视网膜病变的眼底表现多样但FFA具有特征性,FFA的主要特征包括:(1)臂-视网膜循环时间延长,平均为17.5±10.2s,视网膜动-静脉循环时间也延长,平均为15.5±9.2s;(2)大部分患者视网膜周边部可见大量微动脉瘤、小血管渗漏;(3)静脉可呈串珠状;(4)视网膜新生血管主要位于周边部。结论:低灌注性视网膜病变容易和糖尿病性视网膜病变,高血压性视网膜病变等病混淆。但其特征性的FFA表现可使该病得到确诊。     

家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变的荧光素眼底血管造影分析

目的分析家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变的眼底表现及荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)特征。方法收集我院诊治的家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变患者,进行眼底照相及FFA检查,进行对比分析。结果眼底特征性表现为,视盘颞侧一条索样皱襞,该部分视网膜血管分支密集、数目较多,终止与周边视网膜。周边视网膜检查可见一边界清晰的片状灰白色病灶,此处视网膜血管迂曲扩张。FFA特征为:周边视网膜FFA显示血管分支增多、迂曲扩张,呈"树枝样"改变,走行平直。血管末端发生吻合、呈扇形终止,此部分血管渗漏。结论眼底检查、FFA结合患者病史、家族史可明确诊断家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变。     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征眼底病变特征分析

目的 观察获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者眼底病变特征.方法 经临床和实验室血清学检查确诊为AIDS并在眼科就诊发现有眼底病变的42例患者的66只眼纳入研究.所有患者均进行常规视力、裂隙灯显微镜、直接检眼镜检查及荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查,对其眼底病变的临床特征进行回顾性分析.结果 66只眼中,巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎37只眼,占56.0%.眼底见视网膜上大片融合性黄白色颗粒状视网膜坏死灶,边界不清,伴视网膜出血,血管狭窄、阻塞和白鞘.人类免疫缺陷病毒微血管病变21只眼,占32.0%.眼底见视网膜棉绒斑、斑点状出血或微血管瘤.视神经病变3只眼,占4.5%.眼底见不同程度的视盘水肿、视神经炎或视神经萎缩.其他眼底病变5只眼,占7.5%.眼底表现为神经上皮脱离2只眼,占3.0%;葡萄膜炎3只眼,占4.5%.结论 进行性坏死性视网膜炎,视网膜出血,血管闭塞白鞘,棉绒斑是AIDS患者常见的眼底表现.     

急性视网膜坏死综合征的眼底血管造影

目的观察急性视网膜坏死综合征（ARNS）的荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）和吲哚青绿血管造影（ICGA）图像特征及在临床诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析20例临床诊断为ARNS的患者28只患眼的眼底、FFA和ICGA检查资料。结果FFA图像中，视盘边界不清、晚期强荧光24只眼，占85.71%；周边部病灶区视网膜动静脉血管广泛闭塞23只眼，占82.14%，部分仅见闭塞的血管暗影，检眼镜检查所见的部分呈白线状的血管仍有荧光素通过； 病灶区与较正常视网膜交界处较多荧光素渗漏点者22只眼，占78.57%；视网膜脱离20只眼，占71.42%，其中9只眼未发现视网膜裂孔，占视网膜脱离者的45.00% ；8只眼黄斑囊样水肿，占28.57%。ICGA图像中，视盘强荧光8只眼，占28.57%，其中有5只眼晚期视盘内见颗粒状染色；周边部病灶区脉络膜血管模糊不清者20只眼，占71.42%；病灶区脉络膜散在片状弱荧光区19只眼，占67.85%；ICGA晚期图像中，视网膜血管内栓子及视网膜血管闭塞区清晰可见。结论ARNS 的FFA表现主要是视盘强荧光和视网膜血管闭塞；ICGA主要表现是病灶区脉络膜血管模糊不清及散在片状弱荧光区。两种检查联合使用，可进一步了解病变损害的程度以及脉络膜与视网膜之间的相互关系，对ARNS的诊断有重要的参考价值。(中华眼底病杂志,2005,21:100-102)     

低灌注视网膜病变并发新生血管性青光眼的临床特征

目的 探讨颈内动脉狭窄引起的低灌注视网膜病变并发新生血管性青光眼的临床特征.方法 回顾性系列病例研究.收集18例(18只眼)颈内动脉狭窄引起的低灌注视网膜病变并发新生血管性青光眼患者的一般情况、视力、眼压、眼底改变、荧光素眼底血管造影、颈动脉超声多普勒、磁共振血管造影、数字减影血管造影等临床检查资料,进行回顾性分析,从中探寻低灌注视网膜病变并发新生血管性青光眼的临床特征.结果 18例低灌注视网膜病变并发新生血管性青光眼患者中,男性15例,女性3例;年龄18～78岁,平均40岁.患者就诊时视力为光感至0.8.眼压＞21 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)的有14只眼,眼压≤21 mm Hg的有4只眼.18只眼均可见虹膜、前房角新生血管.眼底检查:视网膜动脉细;静脉不规则扩张,但不扭曲;视网膜赤道部有点片状出血,可见微动脉瘤,后极部有棉絮状斑.影像学检杳均显示有颈内动脉狭窄和阻塞表现.结论 新生血管性青光眼是低灌注视网膜病变少见而严重的并发症.其眼底表现及青光眼体征具有特征性.眼底病变以单眼为主,视网膜静脉扩张,但不扭曲,出血主要在赤道部.大部分患眼眼压高,视盘有凹陷性萎缩,虹膜及前房角有新生血管,可见各种形态的视野缺损.     

大动脉炎病变部位与眼底改变关系初探

目的 探讨大动脉炎患者的动脉病变部位与眼底改变的关系。方法 对87例经数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography DSA)和直接眼底镜检查的大动脉炎患者的动脉受累部位与眼底改变的关系进行分析。结果 病变累及头部供血动脉45例,有慢性缺血性眼底改变16例,占总数的18.4％。病变累及主-肾动脉共62例,有高血压眼底改变39例,占总数44.8％。结论 表现为何种眼底改变取决于动脉受累的部位和程度。上肢的无脉或高血压只不过是一种临床徵象,未必出现相应的眼底改变。在个别情况下,由于动脉多发性损害的结果,甚至可表现为性质相反的眼底改变。     

Radiation retinopathy: a mistaken diagnosis of hypertensive retinopathy

Radiation retinopathy is a vision‐threatening complication following therapeutic irradiation of ocular, orbital, facial, nasopharyngeal and cranial structures. It is characterised by a delayed onset, slowly progressive, occlusive retinal microangiopathy that develops several years after initial radiotherapy. We present the case of a 44‐year‐old man who developed radiation retinopathy, initially diagnosed as a case of hypertensive retinopathy, following irradiation of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A careful history along with classical clinical features and fundus fluorescein angiography helped establish the diagnosis.     

关于加强患者遵守糖尿病视网膜病变筛选的意义和存在的问题

在中国,糖尿病视网膜病变已经成为主要的致盲疾病之一。大多数盲是可以避免的,因为及时的激光治疗在挽救视力时被证明是有效的。但是许多患者在早期没有症状,到出现症状时,对于有效的激光治疗为时已晚。所以做为糖尿病患者整体护理的一部分,对糖尿病患者仔细的和定期的眼部监测是非常有必要的。但是目前在中国对糖尿病视网膜病变的筛选还远远不够。作为将来糖尿病视网膜病变的干预基础,这篇文章分析了糖尿病视网膜病变筛查的重要性及执行问题。     

氩激光光凝治疗糖尿病视网膜病变疗效观察

目的：观察氩激光视网膜光凝术治疗增殖前期和增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy,DR）疗效。方法:对70例（118眼，其中增殖前期25眼，增殖期93眼）DR病人，依病变程度分别行全视网膜光凝或次全视网膜光凝治疗。术后随访1年，观察光凝后患者的视力、眼底及荧光血管造影变化，并进行分析和对比。结果：光凝治疗后102眼有效。总有效率为86.4%，其中增殖前期23眼有效，有效率92％，增殖期79眼有效，有效率85％，二者有显著差异（P＜0.01），治疗后27眼视力提高（23％）；77眼视力不变（65％）；14眼视力下降（12％）。在治疗前有黄斑水肿的62眼中，治疗后有13眼黄斑水肿安全吸收（21％），40眼部分吸收（64.5%），9眼不变（14.5%）。结论：氩激光视网膜光凝术是治疗DR的有效手段，对其增殖前期应尽早发现及时进行光凝治疗，以阻病情发展，保护视功能。     

Choroidal thickness in diabetic patients of Indian ethnicity

Purpose:To evaluate choroidal thickness (CT) change in various grades of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in comparison to age-matched healthy subjects.Methods:This prospective observational study included 227 eyes of 125 subjects with diabetes (study group: 58 females) and 197 eyes of 110 age-matched healthy subjects (control group: 66 females). Collected data included age, gender, duration of diabetes, glycemic control, comprehensive ocular examination, fundus photography, and CT measurement on spectral domain ocular coherence tomography using enhanced depth imaging.Results:Mean age in the study group was 57.0 ± 9.37 years (43–73 years). The mean age was 41.48 ± 5.43 years in the control group. Subjects with diabetes with (252.8 ± 55.6 microns) and without (261.71 ± 51.8 microns) retinopathy had significantly thinner choroids when compared to the control group (281.7 ± 47.7 microns; P = 0.032). Seventy-four of 227 eyes did not have any evidence of DR, 89 eyes had features of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 33 eyes had treatment naïve proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Thirty-one PDR eyes had received previous laser photocoagulation. Subjects with diabetes without retinopathy had a greater subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) than subjects with diabetes with retinopathy (P < 0.001). Eyes with PDR (243.9 ± 56.2 microns) had thinner SFCT than those with NPDR (238.98 ± 111.23 microns). There was no difference in the SFCT between treated (laser photocoagulation done; 251.784 ± 103.72 microns) and treatment naïve PDR (258.405 ± 89.47 microns, P = 0.23).Conclusions:Control eyes had greater SFCT compared to subjects with diabetes, with and without retinopathy. The thinning progressed with increasing severity of DR. Choroidal thinning may contribute to DR pathogenesis.     

全视网膜光凝术对重度NPDR与早期PDR患者视盘周围视网膜RNFL厚度的影响

目的：研究全视网膜光凝术( PRP)对重度非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变( non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)与早期增生性糖尿病视网膜病变( proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR )患者的视盘周围视网膜神经纤维层( retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)厚度影响。方法：选取我院2014-01/2015-12门诊部确诊为糖尿病眼病患者56例,根据实际病情分为早期 PDR 组和重度NPDR组,两组均给予PRP。结果：重度NPDR组术前上方为114.26±18.26μm,明显高于术后的105.55±11.73μm,差异有统计学意义( t=2.085,P=0.042);术前下方为118.85±20.16μm,明显高于术后的107.37±16.38μm,差异有统计学意义( t=2.296,P=0.026);术前鼻侧、颞侧略高于术后,但差异均无统计学意义( P>0.05);术后平均厚度为90.16±14.81μm,明显低于术前(99.85±17.28μm),差异有统计学意义(t=2.212,P=0.031);早期PDR组术后上方、下方均明显低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术后鼻侧、颞侧均略低于术前,两组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后平均厚度为87.58±16.08μm,明显低于术前(97.17±13.46μm),差异有统计学意义(t=2.463,P=0.017);重度NPDR组术后6 mo的上方、下方、颞侧与平均厚度与早期PDR组差异均无统计学意义( P>0.05);重度NPDR组术后6mo鼻侧为66.29±9.36μm,明显高于早期PDR 组(59.88±11.71μm),差异有统计学意义(t=2.252,P=0.028)。结论：PRP对视网膜上下象限厚度及平均厚度影响较为显著,导致视网膜RNFL变薄,临床应注意PRP对视网膜神经细胞的损伤。     

Painless bilateral visual loss in a 33-year-old woman with severe arterial hypotension

A 32-year-old woman experienced dizziness and headache for 5 months. She also complained of painless, progressive bilateral visual loss for several weeks. Before developing the initial symptoms, she had an uncomplicated pregnancy except for dizziness and systemic hypotension during the first term. Fundus examination disclosed prominent retinal arteries as well diffuse microaneurysms, widespread intraretinal hemorrhages, and hyperemic optic disks. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple supratentorial white-matter lesions suggestive of ischemic strokes. Initially, she had severe systemic hypotension (41/17 mm Hg). When reassessed, blood pressure was normal in the lower limbs, but there was severe hypotension in the upper limbs. An angio-computed tomography of the supraortic trunks showed occlusion of both primitive carotid arteries, both subclavian arteries and the right axillary and humeral arteries. Based on these findings, the diagnosis of Takayasu type-I arteritis with ischemic retinopathy and cerebrovascular disease was established. Bilateral retinal panphotocoagulation and aorta to right carotid bypass were performed because of the severity of the ischemic lesions.     

Diabetic retinopathy in Lesotho

Diabetic retinopathy was found in 47.8% of 153 consecutive diabetic clinic patients examined in Maseru, Lesotho. Background retinopathy was present in 78% of patients with retinopathy, compared with 22% with proliferative changes. While no difference in prevalence of diabetic retinopathy could be demonstrated between the sexes, an association between diabetic retinopathy and hypertension and peripheral neuropathy was observed. The prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy was significantly related to the duration of disease. The pitfalls inherent in comparing the results of the current study with other published reports are considered. Better epidemiological surveys are required to determine the true prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among different racial, ethnic, religious, and tribal groups in Africa.     

Distribution of capillary nonperfusion in early-stage diabetic retinopathy

Using composite super-wide fluorescein angiography, 152 eyes with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy were evaluated for capillary nonperfusion. Four basic types of eyes were distinguished according to the location of capillary nonperfusion: peripheral type 4 eyes, midperipheral type 93 eyes, central type 40 eyes and generalized type 15 eyes. The rate of enlargement of nonperfused area was more rapid in peripheral type, midperipheral type, central type and the generalized type in the ascending order. Eyes belonging to midperipheral and central types evolved into other, usually generalized type during the course of observation. There is a positive correlation between the initial site of occurrence of capillary nonperfusion and its progression in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. A proper recognition of the typing is claimed to be of prognostic value.