Live attenuated measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster virus vaccine (Priorix-Tetra)

The live attenuated tetravalent vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster viruses (MMRV) is a combination of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the varicella zoster virus vaccine. The immunogenicity after each dose of a two-dose vaccination course of MMRV vaccine was generally similar to that of two doses of separately administered MMR plus varicella zoster vaccines, or a single dose of separately administered MMR plus varicella zoster vaccines followed by a dose of MMR vaccine, in infants aged 9-24 months. In infants aged 9-24 months administered a two-dose course of MMRV vaccine, geometric mean titers for antibodies against all vaccine antigens increased after the second dose relative to the first dose, with the increase being most pronounced for varicella zoster virus antibodies (10- to 21-fold). MMRV as the second vaccination was immunogenic in children aged 5-6 years who had previously received either MMRV or MMR as the first vaccination at 12-24 months of age. The immunogenicity for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster viruses, in terms of seropositivity and antibody titers, was not altered when MMRV was coadministered with a booster dose of diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in infants aged 12-23 months. Nor was the immunogenicity of the latter vaccine altered by coadministration. The tolerability profile of MMRV vaccine was comparable to that of separately administered MMR plus varicella zoster vaccines or of MMR vaccine alone. Injection-site redness and fever (rectal temperature > or =38degreesC or axillary temperature > or =37.5degreesC) were the most frequent adverse events in both groups.     

麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹、水痘联合减毒活疫苗的生产工艺研究

目的  建立麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹、水痘联合减毒活疫苗（combined live attenuated measles，mumps，rubella and varicella vaccine，MMRV）的生产工艺。方法  根据现有疫苗病毒原液生产工艺，将麻疹病毒沪-191纯化株、腮腺炎病毒S79株、风疹病毒BRD-Ⅱ株和水痘-带状疱疹病毒Oka株在原代鸡胚成纤维细胞或人二倍体细胞MRC-5株中制备高滴度病毒原液，并超低温保存。筛选无明胶冻干稳定剂配方。按国外已上市同类产品的病毒配比，研究MMRV中4种病毒的原液配制滴度及成品配制比例，建立最佳冻干工艺。结果  用筛选出的适合于MMRV的无明胶冻干稳定剂配方进行试验，确定病毒原液的配制滴度为，麻疹4.6 lg半数细胞培养感染量（50% cell culture infective dose，CCID₅₀）/ml、腮腺炎5.8 lgCCID₅₀/ml、风疹4.3 lgCCID₅₀/ml、水痘4.8 lg噬斑形成单位（plaque forming unit，PFU）/ml。使成品中腮腺炎病毒滴度至少达到麻疹和风疹和水痘病毒的10倍，水痘病毒滴度高于现有单价水痘疫苗。连续制备3批MMRV，平均病毒滴度为，麻疹4.5 lgCCID₅₀/ml、腮腺炎5.1 lgCCID₅₀/ml、风疹4.3 lgCCID₅₀/ml、水痘4.6 lgPFU/ml；平均水分为1.2%。其他项目检定均合格。结论  建立了MMRV的生产工艺，可以稳定生产出达到国外同类产品质量标准并符合我国4种单价减毒活疫苗国家标准的产品。     

配制麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘联合减毒活疫苗的各病毒原液最适滴度研究

目的 研究配制麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘联合减毒活疫苗(measles-mumps-rubella-varicellacombined attenuated live vaccine,MMRV)的各病毒原液最适滴度.方法 将麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒原液分别冻干,检测各冻干单价疫苗的滴度和热稳定性,观察病毒滴度的下降幅度.将4种病毒原液按不同配比配制MMRV,检测配制前后的各病毒滴度,摸索配制MMRV的最佳配比.按确认的最佳配比配制MMRV并冻干,检测冻干MMRV的各病毒滴度和热稳定性,确定配制MMRV的各病毒原液最适滴度.结果 各病毒原液冻干后,麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒滴度分别下降约0.6、0.6、0.4 lgCCID50/ml和0.5 lgPFU/ml;各冻干单价疫苗37℃放置1周后,麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒的滴度分别下降约0.6、0.5、0.5 lgCCID50/ml和0.5 lgPFU/ml.在配制MMRV过程中,仅腮腺炎病毒可能在一定程度上受到其他病毒的干扰.按确认的最佳配比配制的MMRV冻干后,麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒滴度分别下降约0.5、0.6、0.5 lgCCID50/ml和0.6 lgPFU/ml;冻干MMRV于37℃放置1周后,麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒滴度分别下降约0.6、0.6、0.5 lgCCID50/ml和0.5 lgPFU/ml.结论 在按确认的最佳配比配制MMRV时,麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒原液的滴度需分别≥6.0、≥6.5、≥6.0 lgCCID50/ml和≥5.3 lgPFU/ml.     

Measles,mumps, rubella vaccine (Priorix; GSK-MMR): a review of its use in the prevention of measles,mumps and rubella

GSK-MMR (Priorix) is a trivalent live attenuated measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine which contains the Schwarz measles, the RIT 4385 mumps (derived from the Jeryl Lynn mumps strain) and the Wistar RA 27/3 rubella strains. GSK-MMR as a primary vaccination demonstrated high immunogenicity in clinical trials in >7500 infants aged 9-27 months, and was as immunogenic as Merck-MMR (MMR II). However, antimumps seroconversion rates and geometric mean titres (GMTs) were significantly higher in infants receiving GSK-MMR compared with Berna-MMR (Triviraten trade mark ) recipients. Coadministration of GSK-MMR with a varicella vaccine (Varilrix; GSK-MMR/V) did not significantly affect the immunogenicity of GSK-MMR. A persistent immune response to GSK-MMR has been demonstrated in follow-up data from several randomised trials. GMTs for measles, mumps and rubella antibodies remained high in GSK-MMR recipients 1-2 years post-vaccination and were similar to those in Merck-MMR recipients. The immunogenicity of GSK-MMR was high, and similar to that of Merck-MMR, when used as a second dose in children aged 4-6 or 11-12 years who had received a primary vaccination with Merck-MMR in their second year of life. Although there are no protective efficacy data concerning the GSK-MMR vaccine to date, the rubella Wistar RA 27/3 rubella and Schwarz measles strains have well established protective efficacy; the new RIT 4385 mumps strain is expected to afford similar protection from mumps to that achieved with mumps vaccines that contain the Jeryl Lynn mumps strain (e.g. Merck-MMR). GSK-MMR was well tolerated as a primary or secondary vaccination, and in most clinical studies comparing GSK-MMR with Merck-MMR as a primary vaccination in infants, GSK-MMR was associated with significantly fewer local adverse events (e.g. pain, swelling and redness). The incidence of local adverse events with GSK-MMR, GSK-MMR/V or Berna-MMR was similar. GSK-MMR and Merck-MMR were associated with similar rates of fever, rash and parotid gland swelling, but Berna-MMR was associated with a lower incidence of fever. In conclusion, GSK-MMR is a highly immunogenic MMR vaccine with good tolerability. In clinical trials, the immunogenicity of GSK-MMR was similar to that of Merck-MMR, and the mumps component was more effective at eliciting seroprotection than that of Berna-MMR. Furthermore, GSK-MMR causes fewer injection-site adverse events than Merck-MMR. As such, GSK-MMR is an attractive alternative for immunisation against measles, mumps and rubella.     

A new combination vaccine for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella

ProQuad is a recently approved combination vaccine for simultaneous vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella in children aged 12 months to 12 years. It combines two well-established vaccines: Measles, Mumps, Rubella Virus Vaccine Live (M-M-R II) and Varicella Virus Vaccine Live (Varivax with higher varicella-zoster titer). Whereas vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella has almost 100% coverage, vaccination against varicella shows a significantly lower uptake of approximately 84%. Clinical studies on the immunogenicity and efficacy of ProQuad demonstrated seroconversion rates and a magnitude of antibody response similar to those observed after administration of its individual components, M-M-R II and Varivax vaccines. The incidence of local side effects (pain/tenderness/soreness, erythema, swelling, ecchymosis and rash) and systemic adverse effects (fever, irritability, rash, upper respiratory infection, viral exanthema and diarrhea) is similar to or lower than that observed in component vaccines. ProQuad is a highly immunogenic combination vaccine with a good safety profile. The use of ProQuad combination vaccine will simplify immunization delivery by providing protection against more diseases with fewer injections and less pain, improve timely vaccination coverage and reduce the health-care costs for additional health visits. The ProQuad combination vaccine facilitates implementation of varicella vaccination into routine childhood immunization schedules and will help to protect children against these four potentially serious diseases.     

麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘联合减毒活疫苗中水痘病毒滴度测定方法研究

目的 建立并验证麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘(measles,mumps,rubella and varicella,MMRV)联合减毒活疫苗中水痘病毒滴度的测定方法.方法 首先通过比较温度,确定中和条件;再根据抗麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹病毒血清对相应病毒的完全中和能力,确定每种抗血清的使用浓度.观察抗血清对2BS细胞生长的影响和对水痘病毒的干扰作用.采用t检验对结果进行比较.结果 与37℃1h相比,4℃1h的中和条件能准确反映MMRV疫苗中水痘病毒的滴度水平(t=6.7082,P＜0.01).3种抗血清(麻疹1∶80、腮腺炎1∶40、风疹1∶40)混合后对2BS细胞生长无影响,对不同滴度水痘病毒无干扰(高滴度t=0.4472,P＞0.05;中滴度t=0.9045,P＞0.05;低滴度t=0.3536,P＞0.05).使用建立的方法测定MMRV疫苗中水痘病毒滴度,实测值与理论值之间的差异无统计学意义(t=1.7533,P ＞0.05).结论 建立了MMRV联合减毒活疫苗中水痘病毒滴度的测定方法.     

不同稳定剂配方的麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘联合减毒活疫苗的稳定性研究

目的 对比不同冻干稳定剂配方对麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘联合减毒活疫苗(measles,mumps,rubella and vericella combined live attenuated vaccine,MMRV)稳定性的影响,初步筛选出最佳配方。方法 对比2种含明胶（配方1、2）和1种无明胶冻干稳定剂配方（配方3）对MMRV在37、25及2～8 ℃保存后关键质量指标的影响。结果 37 ℃加速稳定性试验中,仅配方3产品4种病毒滴度均在合格范围内。25 ℃加速稳定性试验中,配方1产品1个月时腮腺炎和水痘病毒滴度即全部低于质量标准下限,配方2、3产品放置6个月,所有4种病毒滴度均在质量标准范围内,但配方2腮腺炎及水痘病毒滴度均处于标准下限。2~8 ℃长期稳定性试验中,配方1产品放置6个月,腮腺炎及水痘病毒滴度均低于质量标准下限,配方2、3产品的病毒滴度稳定性可分别保持18和24个月。结论 针对MMRV开发的无明胶冻干稳定剂配方3在冻干和保存过程中对4种病毒的活性保护效果最佳,其产品有效期至少为2年,并有进一步延长的潜力。研究结果也为日后研发降低明胶使用含量的麻疹系列疫苗冻干稳定剂配方提供了支持。     

麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘联合减毒活疫苗的研制

目的 建立麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘(measles,mumps,rubella and varicella,MMRV)联合减毒活疫苗的生产工艺和检定方法.方法 采用麻疹病毒沪-191株、腮腺炎病毒S79株、风疹病毒BRDⅡ株、水痘-带状疱疹病毒北京84-7株,在原代鸡胚细胞或人胚肺二倍体细胞2BS株中制备高滴度疫苗病毒原液.观察4种原液按不同比例稀释配制后病毒的滴度变化和相互干扰现象,确定MMRV疫苗中4种原液的配制比例,并筛选适宜保护剂,建立最佳冻干工艺.同时,建立MMRV联合减毒活疫苗的检定方法.采用t检验对结果进行比较.结果 选择最佳配制比例、保护剂和冻干工艺制备出连续多批MMRV疫苗,按国家药典要求检定全部合格.其中连续3批疫苗经国家检定机构检定合格:麻疹病毒基础滴度和37℃放置7d后的滴度分别≥3.9和≥3.5 lg半数细胞培养感染量(50％ cell culture infective dose,CCID50)/ml,腮腺炎病毒≥5.0和≥4.7 lgCCID50/ml,风疹病毒≥5.0和≥4.8 lgCCID50/ml,水痘病毒≥4.5和≥4.4 lg噬斑形成单位/ml.用建立的方法检测MMRV疫苗,结果4种病毒滴度实测值与理论值之间的差异无统计学意义(t值为0.149～1.838,P值均＞0.05).结论 建立了稳定、可行的MMRV疫苗生产工艺和检定方法.     

Swedish experience of two dose vaccination programme aiming at eliminating measles, mumps, and rubella.

In 1982 a two dose regimen was introduced in Sweden for the combined vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella of children aged 18 months and 12 years. Since 1977 about half of the preschool children were vaccinated against measles annually, and since 1974 about 80% of 12 year old girls were vaccinated against rubella. During the period 1982 to 1985 90-93% of the eligible age cohorts of 18 month old children and 88-91% of the 12 year old children were immunised with the new combined vaccine. A study in 1982 of about 140 18 month old children who were nearly all seronegative before vaccination showed that 96%, 92%, and 99% seroconverted against measles, mumps, and rubella, respectively. A second study was carried out in 1983 of 247 12 year old children, of whom 11% lacked antibodies to measles, 27% to mumps, and 45% to rubella. This showed seroconversion in 82% and 80% against measles and mumps, respectively, and all children seroconverted against rubella. In the latest study in 1985 of 496 12 year olds 9% and 13% were seronegative against measles and mumps before vaccination, and 41% against rubella. Of these, 88% seroconverted to measles and 80% to mumps, and all converted to rubella when sera were tested by the haemolysis in gel method. After a neutralisation test against measles as well all children showed immunity to the disease. A low incidence of measles and declining figures for mumps and rubella were reported in 1984 to 1986. An outbreak of rubella during 1985 affected mainly boys in age cohorts in which only the girls had been vaccinated during the 1970s.     

病毒性疫苗渗透压摩尔浓度的质量控制

目的  通过检测6种病毒性疫苗成品的渗透压摩尔浓度,比较不同疫苗检测均值的差异,并观察同种疫苗检测值的批间稳定性,为增加病毒性疫苗质量控制手段提供依据。方法  采用冰点下降法检测麻疹减毒活疫苗、风疹减毒活疫苗、麻疹腮腺炎联合减毒活疫苗、麻疹腮腺炎风疹联合减毒活疫苗、水痘减毒活疫苗、流感病毒裂解疫苗的渗透压摩尔浓度,对检测值进行统计学处理,计算变异系数。以麻疹腮腺炎风疹联合减毒活疫苗的渗透压摩尔浓度检测均值作为对照,进行方差齐性检验及假设检验,比较各疫苗检测均值的差异。结果  麻疹腮腺炎联合减毒活疫苗与对照相比,均值差异无统计学意义（t=1.66,P>0.05）;麻疹减毒活疫苗、风疹减毒活疫苗、水痘减毒活疫苗及流感病毒裂解疫苗与对照相比,均值差异均有统计学意义（Z>1.96,P<0.001）。同种疫苗批间渗透压摩尔浓度较为稳定,变异系数均<3%,变化幅度能控制在90%~110%均值范围内。结论  6种病毒性疫苗渗透压摩尔浓度存在一定差异,但同种疫苗检测值批间稳定性较好,因此,应根据不同疫苗的渗透压摩尔浓度,分别制定质量控制标准。     

国产麻腮风联合减毒活疫苗的稳定性观察

目的  观察国产麻腮风联合减毒活疫苗（麻腮风疫苗）的稳定性。方法  取24批上海生物制品研究所有限责任公司（上海公司）2008－2017年生产的麻腮风疫苗,按照国家食品药品监督管理局批准的麻腮风疫苗注册标准和中国药典的要求进行各项检定：在0个月进行热稳定性试验;在0和18个月进行鉴别试验,外观、水分、无菌、异常毒性检查,牛血清白蛋白残留量、抗生素残留量（2010年10月以后）、细菌内毒素（2013年12月以后）、pH值和渗透压摩尔浓度检测（2015年12月以后）;在0、6、12、18个月进行病毒滴定。同时对新、老车间生产的各3批疫苗进行加速稳定性与长期稳定性试验,重点考察水分和病毒滴度。结果  麻腮风疫苗在有效期内各项指标检定结果均符合注册标准和药典要求。质量可比性研究结果显示新老车间生产的疫苗质量相似。疫苗中水分都不高于3.0%,麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹病毒滴度分别为3.3～4.3 、4.6～5.6 、3.3～4.3 半数细胞培养感染量/ml。结论  上海公司10年间生产的麻腮风疫苗质量稳定、安全有效。     

MMR vaccine--how effective and how safe?

The introduction of combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine into the UK childhood immunisation schedule in 1988 has markedly reduced the incidence of these diseases and their complications, with, for example, no deaths from acute measles occurring since 1992. However, uptake of MMR vaccine has fallen since the publication, in 1998, of a study that suggested a link between exposure to the vaccine and the development of intestinal inflammation and autism. The study, and the subsequent debate, have attracted considerable media coverage and left many parents and some healthcare professionals uncertain about what to do. While in 1996, 92% of children in England and Wales had received their first dose of the vaccine by the age of 2 years, by 2001-2 this figure had fallen to 84%, with much lower uptake in some regions, threatening a resurgence of all three diseases. Here, we review the evidence for the effectiveness and safety of MMR vaccine.     

Aseptic meningitis following mumps vaccine. A retrospective survey by the French Regional Pharmacovigilance centres and by Pasteur-Mérieux Sérums & Vaccins

Since 1989 many case series and observational studies of aseptic meningitis (AM) associated with the use of live attenuated mumps vaccines containing the Urabe AM9 strain have been reported worldwide. The aim of this retrospective reported AM in France following mumps vaccination with monovalent or multivalent vaccines containing the Urabe strain. Fifty-four cases of AM were reported to the Regional Pharmacovigilance centres or to the manufacturer from the time each vaccine was launched up until June 1992. Twenty cases were temporally associated with the administration of a monovalent mumps vaccine and 34 with a trivalent measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR). A mumps virus was isolated in four cases in the cerebrospinal fluid and an Urabe-like strain was characterized twice by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A probable mumps origin was assumed in 17 other cases where the patients presented with other clinical or biological signs of mumps infection. The clinical outcome of AM, known in 87% of the population, was always favourable. The global incidence of mumps vaccine-associated AM was 0.82/100,000 doses, which is significantly lower than the incidence in the unvaccinated population. Even considering that the actual incidence of AM is much higher when assessed by active surveillance studies, the risk/benefit ratio of mumps vaccine remains in favour of vaccination.     

Measles,mumps and rubella vaccine,autism and inflammatory bowel disease: advising concerned parents

Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine has been used for almost 30 years in the US, 20 years in Sweden and Finland, and over 10 years in most of the rest of Europe. During this time, it has brought about a dramatic reduction in the morbidity and mortality due to measles and mumps, as well as a considerable reduction in the number of babies with the congenital rubella syndrome. In spite of extensive evidence confirming the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, concerns have recently been raised about a possible link with autism and bowel problems. These arose principally from a research group in the UK, but have now spread to other countries. In the UK this has caused a fall in the uptake of the vaccine with fears of possible outbreaks of measles and mumps in some groups of children. Over the last 3 years a number of studies have addressed this possible link between MMR and autism and inflammatory bowel disease. Studies from the US, UK, Sweden, and Finland have all failed to demonstrate a link. Amongst others, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, the Institute of Medicine, and the World Health Organization have all considered the evidence and endorsed the continuing use of the vaccine. No regulatory body in the world has changed its policy as a result of this hypothesized link. Professionals and parents can be assured that MMR is well tried and tested and one of the most successful interventions in healthcare.     

DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine (Pentacel)

The combination vaccine diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus and Haemophilus b conjugate (tetanus toxoid conjugate) vaccine (DTaP-IPV/Hib), which has been exclusively used in Canada for more than 10 years, is the first DTaP-based vaccine approved in the US that includes both poliovirus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) antigens. In clinical trials, the combined DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine induced high immunogenecity against all of the vaccine antigens, including Hib. Administration of the DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine as a four-dose series in infants provided high levels of seroprotection against diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, and Hib polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate capsular polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid (PRP-T). Immune responses produced after doses 3 and 4 of DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine were noninferior to those seen with separately administered DTaP, inactivated poliovirus, and Hib vaccines, apart from those against PRP-T in one study. Seroconversion rates for the five pertussis components in DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine were noninferior to those seen in infants receiving the separately administered vaccines. A serology bridging study showed the noninferiority of four doses of DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine to three doses of a DTaP vaccine in terms of seroconversion rates for filamentous hemagglutinin and fimbriae 2 and 3, but not pertactin. There were no clinically relevant changes in the immunogenicity of DTaP-IPV/Hib when coadministered with pneumococcal-7-valent-CRM197 vaccine or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and varicella zoster vaccine at 15 months. The tolerability profile of DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine was generally similar to that of separately administered DTaP, IPV, and Hib vaccines.     

疫苗检定用麻疹病毒抗血清的制备

目的:制备麻疹病毒抗血清,用于含麻疹病毒成分的联合减毒活疫苗的检定。方法:制备麻疹病毒Edm-3株病毒收获液,加入弗氏佐剂,对家兔和豚鼠分别经皮下多点或腹腔途径免疫3针,采血制备抗血清,经除菌过滤和补体灭活后,对抗血清进行中和效价、中和能力、细胞毒性及特异性检测。结果:用4种免疫方式制备的抗血清中和效价均高于1∶320...     

器官移植受者接种麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹系列疫苗的有效性和安全性研究

器官移植受者术后易于感染许多疫苗可预防疾病,存在预后不良的风险,甚至可因严重感染而威胁生命。接种麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹（麻腮风）系列疫苗能有效降低器官移植受者术后的麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹发病率。此文综述了器官移植受者接种麻腮风系列疫苗的有效性和安全性,以期为器官移植受者制定个性化麻腮风系列疫苗免疫接种程序提供参考。     

麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合减毒活疫苗无菌生产工艺风险评估

目的 评价国产麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合减毒活疫苗(麻腮风疫苗)的无菌生产工艺风险。方法 应用质量风险管理的原则,使用失效模式和效果分析的风险管理工具评估确定麻腮风疫苗生产工艺中所有可能存在的质量问题和潜在风险。采用定量方法,计算风险系数,对此进行风险评估。结果 风险评估后各工艺环节的风险系数均小于40。结论 麻腮风疫苗无菌生产工艺风险可控,可不采取措施。     

麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合减毒活疫苗生产场地变更的质量可比性研究

目的  比较生产场地变更前后生产的麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合减毒活疫苗（麻腮风疫苗）的关键质量指标及其变化趋势。 方法   新老车间同步各生产3批麻腮风疫苗,比较新老车间生产的疫苗的关键指标及其变化趋势,同时对新老车间生产的疫苗进行稳定性和安全性比较研究。 结果   新老车间生产的疫苗成品的关键质量指标均符合相关规定的要求,其中新车间生产的疫苗的水分为1.6%~1.8%,其麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹病毒滴度分别为4.1~4.3、4.8~5.0 和3.9~4.1 lgCCID₅₀/ml,与老车间生产的疫苗（水分为1.6%~2.1%,麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹病毒滴度分别4.0~4.3、4.8~5.0和4.1~4.2 lgCCID₅₀/ml）相似。新老车间生产的疫苗成品的稳定性和安全性实验结果均符合相关规定的要求,且新老车间生产的疫苗的稳定性实验结果相似,新老车间生产的疫苗的抗生素残留量（t＝3.46,P>0.05）和牛血清白蛋白残留量（t＝2.00,P>0.05）间的差异无统计学意义。 结论   麻腮风疫苗生产场地变更未对其制品质量产生影响。     

Varivax (Merck & Co)

Varivax is a live-attenuated varicella vaccine developed and launched in the US by Merck & Co for the treatment of chickenpox [413319]. The vaccine uses the Oka strain of the varicella virus licensed from the Biken Institute at Osaka University in Japan [178223]. By June 2001, Merck was also developing the vaccine for use in adults for herpes zoster infection [413319]. The FDA required post-marketing studies as a condition for its approval of Varivax, which was granted in March 1995 [174416]. The Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended that Varivax should be administered at the same time as the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. Unvaccinated children between the ages of 19 months and 13 years should be vaccinated by the time they are 13 years old [180148]. Varivax, from its launch in the spring of 1995 to the end of the third quarter 1995, produced sales of US $60 million [196542]. In June 2000, a second generation of Varivax, Varivax II, was launched for vaccination against chickenpox in individuals 12 months of age and older. Varivax II prevents the transmission of chickenpox with exactly the same safety and efficacy profile as Varivax; however, the new Varivax II has the advantage of being refrigerator-stable [371871].