老年代谢综合征颈动脉粥样硬化特征的研究

目的通过测量颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT）及斑块来探讨代谢综合征与动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法147例门诊及住院的老年病人分为代谢综合征组（MS，52例），高血压病组（EH，54例），糖尿病组（DM，41例）以及正常对照组（30例）。应用彩色多普勒超声技术检测各组人群颈动脉IMT、斑块总积分，粥样斑块发生率。全部入选人员检测血脂、空腹血糖及测量血压、体重指数（BMI）、腰围等。比较四组患者颈动脉超声检测结果及血脂、血糖等变化。结果MS组与EH组、DM组比较：颈总动脉IMT明显增厚[（1．12±0．03）mm比（0．99±0．07）mm，（1．12±0．03）mm比（0．87±0．05）mm；分别P〈0．05，P〈0．01]；斑块总积分明显增高（3．57±0．03比2．42±0．03，3．57±0．03比2．43±0．03，均P〈0．01）；MS组颈动脉粥样斑块发生率（61．5％）明显高于EH组（33．3％）、DM组（12．2％），均P〈0．01，有极显著性差异。血脂中MS组甘油三酯明显高于EH组和DM组（P〈0．01，P〈0．05），低密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显高于EH组（P〈0．05），总胆固醇明显高于EH组和DM组。结论MS颈动脉粥样硬化程度较单纯高血压病和糖尿病颈动脉病变更严重，代谢综合征可加速动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展。     

代谢综合征患者餐后三酰甘油水平

目的探讨代谢综合征（MS）患者口服脂肪餐试验后三酰甘油（TG）浓度的变化。方法住院MS患者42例年龄（56．4±10．2）岁作为实验组，另有正常者21例年龄（58．9±10．0）岁作为对照组。两组均口服脂肪餐（脂肪含量62％，53．4g／m^2体表面积）并分别测定空腹，餐后2h、4h、6h、8h、10h的TG浓度，用餐后TG浓度的曲线下面积（AUC）反映餐后TG的反应及代谢能力。结果空腹胰岛素水平、胰岛素抵抗指数及体质量指数（BMI）实验组均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01，P〈0．01）。实验组患者餐后TG的AUC值与高峰浓度均显著高于对照组[实验组：（22．4±14．2）比对照组：（10．3±6．1）mmol／（L·h），实验组：（6．0±2．0）比对照组：（3．1±1．3）mmol／（L·h），P均〈O．01]。餐后TG平均高峰浓度实验组出现在餐后6h，与对照组出现在餐后4h相比明显后延。多元线性回归分析以空腹TG、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平、年龄、BMI及胰岛素抵抗指数作为自变量。发现只有空腹TG水平是AUC水平的独立预测因子（B=10．3，P〈0．01）。结论MS患者餐后TG的反应水平比正常人显著升高，且清除延缓；餐后TG代谢失衡应是MS的重要特征之一。空腹TG水平是MS患者餐后TG代谢失衡的最主要的影响。     

替米沙坦对老年代谢综合征患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度的影响

目的了解替米沙坦治疗前后颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）的改变情况。方法将120例患者按代谢综合征（MS）诊断标准分为MS组60例,非MS组60例。测定并比较两组患者颈动脉IMT、胆固醇、甘油三酯和空腹胰岛素值。观察MS组替米沙坦治疗4个月后平均动脉压、IMT、HOMA指数的变化情况。结果MS组颈动脉IMT显著高于非MS组（P〈0．05）。单因素相关分析显示,IMT与HOMA、HbA1c、TC、年龄呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）,与HDL呈显著负相关（r=0．380,P〈0．01）。MS组替米沙坦治疗4个月后,IMT及胰岛素抵抗程度较治疗前都有显著性降低（P〈0．05）。结论MS患者颈动脉IMT明显增厚,与其聚集的各组分呈密切相关。替米沙坦能够有效地改善代谢综合征患者的动脉粥样硬化程度及胰岛素抵抗作用。     

代谢综合征对高血压患者左室肥厚的影响

目的探讨代谢综合征（MS）对高血压患者左室肥厚（LVH）的影响。方法选择321例原发性高血压病人，其中单纯高血压187例，男性86例，女性101例，年龄（61．0±11．3）岁；高血压合并MS（参照美国成人胆固醇教育计划NCEP-ATPⅢ2001提出的MS的诊断标准）134例，男性55例，女性79例，年龄（61．0±9．7）岁。测定所有患者超声心动图的各种参数，计算左室质量指数（LVMI）和相对室壁厚度（RWT）。入选患者排除糖尿病、继发性高血压、缺血型心肌病、脑血管疾病、肝肾功能不全、心力衰竭（NYHAⅡ、Ⅲ）。结果1）高血压合并MS组病人左室舒张末期内径（LVEDd）、室间隔舒张末期厚度（IVSD）、左室后壁舒张末期厚度（LVPWd）、LVMI均明显高于单纯高血压组，P均〈0．01。2）高血压合并MS组左室结构正常（NG）的比例明显低于单纯高血压组（11．9％VS26．7％，P〈0．05），而向心性肥厚（CCH）的比例明显高于单纯高血压组（20．2％VS8．6％，P〈0．05）。两组向心性重构（CCR）和离心性肥厚（ECH）的比例无差异（P〉0．05）。3）高血压合并MS组病人LVH的比率明显高于单纯高血压组（26．1％VS11．2％，P〈0．01）。4）多因素回归分析只有SBP和腹围与LVMI相关，腹围与LVMI呈显著正相关（r=0．692，P〈0．01）。结论MS对高血压LVH有显著的影响。除血压外，腹围是LVH的一个独立预测因子。对LVH的干预，不仅要纠正血流动力学异常，拮抗神经体液的激活，还应对MS各因素积极干预，控制体质量，以有效的逆转LVH。     

痛风伴微量白蛋白尿患者胰岛素抵抗与红细胞膜胰岛素受体的关系

目的 探讨痛风伴微量白蛋白尿患者胰岛素抵抗与红细胞膜胰岛素受体的关系。方法 观察106例痛风患者，按是否合并微量白蛋白尿（MAU），将其分为MAU组和正常MAU组（NMAU），测定空腹、餐后2h血糖、胰岛素及空腹血脂、血尿酸（UA），并检测高、低亲和力红细胞膜胰岛素受体数目（R1、R2）和高、低亲和力常数（K1、K2），分析痛风伴MAU患者胰岛素抵抗与红细胞膜胰岛素受体的关系。结果 MAU组空腹胰岛素（FINS）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-c）及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR），分别为：（16±4）mU／L、（2．5±0．6）mmol／L、（3．2±0．5）mmol／L和3．6±1．2，正常MAU组分别为（13±3）mU／L、（2．3±0．8）mmol／L、（3．0±0．5）mmol／L及3．0±0．4，上述指标两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。痛风患者合并MAU红细胞膜胰岛素受体数目（R1）较正常MAU组明显减少，两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。痛风患者合并MAU的Pearson相关分析结果示：HOMA—IR与年龄、体重指数（BMI）、TG、LDL—c、UA、UAER呈正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），与R1、R2、K1、K2呈负相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。多元线性逐步回归分析提示BMI、年龄、R1是影响痛风合并MAU患者胰岛素抵抗的独立危险因素。结论 痛风合并MAU时存在胰岛素抵抗，且与红细胞膜胰岛素受体数目减少密切相关。     

老年代谢综合征患者脉压与心血管重塑的关系

目的探讨老年代谢综合征（MS）患者脉压（PP）与心血管重构（颈动脉肥厚及左室肥厚）的关系。方法用超声检测76例MS患者和51例非MS患者的颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）及左室质量指数（LVMI），并分析MS患者的颈动脉肥厚、左室肥厚与PP的关系。结果（1）2组患者在血脂、血糖、体质量指数、PP、IMT及LVMI间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；（2）在MS组中，患者PP增高则颈动脉IMT及LVMI也增加，而颈动脉肥厚及左室肥厚组的PP也明显增高（P〈0．01）。结论MS患者脉压增高与心血管重塑密切相关。     

氯沙坦和氨氯地平对肥胖高血压患者瘦素、脂联素及胰岛素敏感性的影响

目的观察血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂氯沙坦和钙离子通道拮抗剂氨氯地平对肥胖高血压患者血浆瘦素、脂联素、去甲肾上腺素（NE）水平和胰岛素敏感性的影响。方法采用放射免疫法测定血浆瘦素及脂联素水平、采用稳态模型评价胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR），以高效液相色谱检测血浆NE水平。结果氯沙坦组血浆瘦素、脂联素、HOMA—IR、体重指数（BMI）治疗16周前后差异有统计学意义[分别为（35．6±18．5vs32．0±17．1）μg／L，P〈0．05；（9．34±3．12vs12．45±4．52）mg／L，P〈0．01；8．6±2．7vs6．1±2．1，P〈0．05；（28．9±3．8vs27．3±3．2）kg／m^2，P〈0．05]，氨氯地平组在治疗前后差异均无统计学意义[分别为（35．2±18．3vs35．4±18．9）μg/L；（9．32±3．23vs9．39±3．41）mg／L；8．3±2．5vs8．7±2．9；（28．8±3．8vs28．7±3．6）kg／m^2]；血浆NE水平在氨氯地平组治疗后明显增加[（324±112vs449±122）ng／L，P〈0．01]，氯沙坦组治疗前后差异无统计学意义[（322±115vs325±121）ng／L]，两治疗组之间的疗效差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论虽然氯沙坦和氨氯地平有等同的降压效应，但氯沙坦尚能改善与肥胖相关的代谢紊乱，因此肥胖高血压患者用氯沙坦比氨氯地平治疗可能会获得更多益处。     

非酒精性脂肪肝患者胰岛素抵抗与脂联素基因表达的关系

目的探讨NAFLD患者胰岛素抵抗（IR）与脂肪组织脂联素基因表达的关系。方法用SYBR GreenI实时定量RT-PCR方法检测脂肪组织脂联素mRNA的表达水平，用稳态模型法计算IR指数。结果肥胖和非肥胖NAFLD患者及对照组IR指数分别为：3．0±0．8、2．8±0．9和2．0±0．6、1．2±0．5，其脂肪组织脂联素基因表达和血浆脂联素浓度较对照各组显著降低（P〈0．05），IR与脂联素基因表达（r=0．5，P〈0．05）和血浆脂联素浓度负相关（，=0．4，P〈0．05），与血清甘油三酯正相关（r=0．3，P〈0．05）。结论NAFLD患者的IR与脂肪组织脂联素基因低表达有关，脂联素基因低表达在IR和NAFLD发病中起了一定作用。     

体重指数与慢性阻塞性肺疾病及生活质量的关系

目的在2002至2004年中国7个地区（北京、上海、广东、辽宁、天津、重庆和陕西）慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）现况调查的基础上，探讨体重指数（BMI）与COPD的关系。方法现况调查采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，对40岁及以上的居民进行问卷调查、身高和体重的测量及肺功能检测。调查有效人数为20245名，男8705名，女11540名，以支气管扩张试验后第一秒用力呼气容积／用力肺活量（FEV1／FVC）〈70％作为COPD的诊断标准，并排除其他已知的气流受限的疾病，共筛查出1668例COPD和18577例非COPD进行BMI与COPD的关系分析。结果COPD患者的BMI[（22．7±3．5）kg／m^2]较非COPD患者[（24．1±3．4）kg／m^2]低，吸烟者BMI为[（23．6±3．4）kg／m^2]较不吸烟者[（24．2±3．5）ks／m^2]低，差异均有统计学意义（F分别为158．31、49．10，P均〈0．01），且COPD与吸烟存在对BMI的交互作用（F=6．03，P〈0．05）。COPD病情程度分级越高BMI越低（F=45．46，P〈0．01），COPD病情程度分级与BMl分级存在负相关（r=-0．08，P〈0．01）。BMI越低COPD的患病率越高（趋势x^2=102．68，P〈0．01），多因素logistic回归分析显示，与正常BMI（18．5～23．9kg／m^2）比较，1级BMI（〈18．5kg／m^2）、3级BMI（24．0～27．9kg／m^2）和4级BMI（≥28．0ks／m^2）患COPD的D尺值分别为[2．12（1．73～2．59）、0．67（0．59～0．76）、0．60（0．49～0．73），P均〈0．05]；且BMl分级与吸烟存在对COPD的交互作用（x^2=4．73，P〈O．05）。与2级BMI的COPD患者比较，1级BMI的COPD患者生活质量差（心理指数评分：55±8、57±6，F=2．96，P〈0．05；躯体指数评分：42±10、46±9，F=4．21，P〈0．01）；气促分数高（1．4±1．5、1．1±1．3，x^2=14．32，P〈0．01）。结论1级BMI与COPD关系密切，其可能是COPD患病的独立于吸烟的危险因素，而低BMI也可能是COPD病情严重程度的一个重要指标。     

2型糖尿病患者非糖尿病一级亲属血清游离脂肪酸脂联素与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的测定2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者及其非糖尿病一级亲属（FDRs）血清游离脂肪酸（FFA）、脂联素水平，评估其胰岛素敏感性，分析FFA、脂联素与胰岛素抵抗（IR）之间的关系。方法测定健康对照组（46例）、FDRs组（43例）和T2DM组（30例）的血清FFA及脂联素，用IR指数（HOMA-IR）评估胰岛素敏感性，分析各指标在3组之间的差异及相关性。结果FFA在对照组（0．36±0．14）mmol／L、FDRs组（0．52±0．17）mmol／L和T2DM组（0．68±0．23）mmol／L，呈依次增高趋势，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。脂联素在对照组和FDRs组分别为（10．25±2．34）mg／L和（6．03±1．91）mg／L，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；而T2DM组为（4．75±1．27）mg／L，低于FDRs组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；HOMA-IR在对照组、FDRs组和T2DM组呈依次增高趋势，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。FFA与HOMA-IR呈正相关，与脂联素呈负相关；脂联素与体质指数、HOMA-IR呈负相关。结论FDRs组已经存在IR，并且血清FFA水平升高，脂联素水平降低；FFA、脂联素与IR密切相关，可作为评估IR的较好指标。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.